Respiratory System Flashcards
Causes of an acute cough
with normal CXR
Viral respiratory tract infection
Bacterial infection
Inhaled foreign body
Red flag symptoms associated with a cough
Haemoptysis Breathlessness Fever Chest pain Weight loss
Causes of an acute cough
Abnormal CXR
Pneumonia
Inhaled foreign body
Acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Causes of a chronic cough (>8 weeks)
Normal CXR
GORD Asthma Postviral bronchial hyperreactivity Rhinitis Smoking Drugs- ACE inhibitors Dust/fumes
Causes of a chronic cough
Abnormal CXR
Lung tumour
TB
Interstitial lung disease
Brinchiectasis
Cause of clear, watery sputum
Acute pulmonary oedema
Cause of frothy, pink sputum
Alveolar cell cancer
Causes of clear, grey sputum
COPD
Chronic bronchitis
Cause of white, viscid sputum
Asthma
Causes of yellow sputum
Acute bronchopulmonary infection
Asthma (eosinophils)
Causes of green sputum
Longer standing infection Pneumonia Bronchiectasis CF Lung abscess
Cause if rusty red sputum
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Non cardiorespiratory causes of SOB
Anaemia Metabolic acidosis Obesity Psychogenic Neurogenic
Cardiac causes of SOB
L ventricular failure Mitral valve disease Cardiomyopathy Constrictive pericarditis Pericardial effusion
Respiratory airway causes of SOB
Laryngeal tumour Foreign body Asthma COPD Bronchiecstasis Lung Ca Bronchiolitis CF
Respiratory parenchymal reasons for SOB
Pulmonary fibrosis Alveolitis Sarcoidosis TB Pneumonia Tumour
Pulmonary circulation causes of SOB
Pulmonary thromboembolism
Pulmonary vasculitis
Primary pulmonary ⬆️BP
Pleural causes of SOB
Pneumothorax
Effusion
Diffuse pleural fibrosis
Chest wall causes of SOB
Kyphoscoliosis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Neuromuscular causes of SOB
MG
Neuropathies
Muscular dystrophies
Guillain-Barr syndrome
What drugs can cause bronchoconstriction?
B blockers
Opioids
NSAIDs
What drug can cause a cough?
ACE inhibitors
What drug can cause Bronchiolitis obliterans
Penicillamine
What drugs can cause diffuse parenchymal lung disease?
Cytotoxic agents - bleomycin. Anti inflammatory agents - penicillamine, aspirin. Cardiovascular drugs - amiodarone. Antibiotics - nitrofuranton Intravenous drug misuse Radiation
What drugs can cause pulmonary thromboembolism?
Oestrogens
What drugs can cause pulmonary ⬆️BP?
Oestrogens
Dexfenfluramine
Fenfluramine
What drugs can cause pleural effusion?
Amiodarone Nitrofurantoin Phenytoin Methotrexate Pergolide
What drugs can cause respiratory depression?
Opioids
Benzodiazepines
What can be seen in a patient with SVC obstruction?
Distended neck veins
Dilated superficial veins over chest
Common causes of tracheal deviation towards the side of the lung lesion
Upper lobe or lung collapse
Upper lobe fibrosis
Pneumonectomy
Common cause of tracheal deviation away from the side of the lung lesion
Tension pneumothorax
Massive pleural effusion
Causes of an upper mediastinal mass
Retrosternal goitre
Lymphoma
Lung Ca
Causes of early crackles
Small airways disease- Bronchiolitis
Causes of middle crackles
Pulmonary oedema
Causes of late crackles
Pulmonary fibrosis Pulmonary oedema Bronchial secretions in COPD Pneumonia Lung abscesses Tubercular lung cavities
Causes of biphasic crackles
Bronchiectasis
In what condition is white cell count high?
Lower respiratory tract infection
In what condition is the haematocrit high?
Polycythaemia
In what conditions are eosinophils high?
Allergic asthma
Pulmonary eosinophilia
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
In what conditions is CRP high?
Pneumonia
Empyema
