GI System Flashcards
Name some uncommon causes of Ascites
Hepatic vein occlusion
(Budd-Chiari syndrome)
Constrictive pericarditis & other R ❤️ failure
Hypoproteinaemia (neph syndrome)
TB peritonitis
Pancreatitis (⬆️ amylase)
Name 2 common causes of Ascites
Hepatic cirrhosis with portal ⬆️BP
Intra-abdominal malignancy with peritoneal spread
Name the 6 Fs that can cause abdominal distension
Fat Flatus Faeces Fluid Foetus Functional (IBS)
Name 2 causes of acute diarrhoea
Infective gastroenteritis (eg C. Diff)
Drugs (antibiotics)
List some causes of chronic diarrhoea (>4 weeks)
IBS IBD Parasitic infestations Colorectal cancer Autonomic neuropathy (especially diabetic) Laxative abuse Hyperthyroidism Bowel resection Malabsorption
List causes if constipation
Lack of fibre IBS Intestinal obstruction (Ca) Drugs (opioids, Fe) ⬇️thyroidism ⬆️calcaemia Immobility (stroke, Parkinson's)
List causes of upper GI bleeding
Gastric/ duodenal ulcer Mallory-Weiss oesophageal tear Oesophagitis, gastritis, duodenitis Oesophagogastric varices Oesophageal or gastric Ca Vascular malformations
Cause of rectal bleeding
Haemorrhoids Anal fissure Colorectal polyps/ Ca IBD Ischaemic colitis Complicated diverticulitis Vascular malformation
Name the cause of jaundice due to ⬆️ bilirubin production
Haemolysis
unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
Name the common CONGENITAL causes of jaundice due to impaired bilirubin excretion
Gilbert’s
Name common HEPATOCELULAR causes of jaundice due to impaired bilirubin excretion
Viral hep
Cirrhosis
Drugs
Autoimmune hep
Name common INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS causes of jaundice due to impaired bilirubin excretion
Drugs
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Name common EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS causes of jaundice due to impaired bilirubin excretion
Gallstones
Ca: pancreas, cholangiocarcinoma
List some features of chronic liver disease
Yellow sclera Spider naevi Gynacomastia/ breast atrophy Splenomegaly Hepatomagaly (liver may be small) Dilates collateral vessels around umbilicus Leukonychia Palmer erythema Clubbing Testicular atrophy Oedema Hair loss Skin pigmentation Bruising
What chronic parenchymal liver diseases cause Hepatomegaly?
Alcoholic liver disease Hepatic steatosis Autoimmune hepatitis Viral hepatitis Primary biliary cirrhosis
What are the 2 malignant causes of hepatomegaly?
Primary hepatocellular cancer
Secondary metastatic cancer
What is the the cardiac cause of hepatomegaly?
Right ❤️ failure
What haematological disorders cause hepatomegaly?
Lymphoma
Leukaemia
Myelofibrosis
Polycythemia
What rare conditions cause hepatomegaly?
Amyloidosis
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Sarcoidosis
Glycogen storage diseases
What haematological disorders cause splenomegaly?
Lymphoma & lymphatic leukemias
Myeloproliferative disorders, polycythemia ruba vera & myelofibrosis
Haemolytic anaemia, congenital spherocytosis
What is a portal cause of splenomegaly?
Portal ⬆️BP
What infections cause splenomegaly?
Glandular fever
Malaria, Leishmaniasis
Brucellosis, TB, salmonellosis
Bacterial endocarditis
What rheumatological conditions cause splenomegaly?
RA
SLE
What rare conditions cause splenomegaly?
Sarcoidosis
Amyloidosis
Glycogen storage diseases
Causes of hepatosplenomegaly
Lymphoma
Myeloproliferative disorders
Cirrhosis & portal ⬆️BP
Amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, GSD
Causes of palpable swellings in the groin
Inguinal hernia Femoral hernia Lymph node(s) Saphena varix Skin & subcutaneous lumps (lipoma, sebaceous cyst) Hydrocoele of spermatic chord Undescended testes Femoral aneurysm Psoas abscess
Inflammation of the Fallopian tube
Salpingitis
What abnormal bruising can be seen in acute pancreatitis?
Bruising over the flanks (Grey-Turner’s)
Bruising around the umbilicus (Cullen’s)
