GI System Flashcards
Name some uncommon causes of Ascites
Hepatic vein occlusion
(Budd-Chiari syndrome)
Constrictive pericarditis & other R ❤️ failure
Hypoproteinaemia (neph syndrome)
TB peritonitis
Pancreatitis (⬆️ amylase)
Name 2 common causes of Ascites
Hepatic cirrhosis with portal ⬆️BP
Intra-abdominal malignancy with peritoneal spread
Name the 6 Fs that can cause abdominal distension
Fat Flatus Faeces Fluid Foetus Functional (IBS)
Name 2 causes of acute diarrhoea
Infective gastroenteritis (eg C. Diff)
Drugs (antibiotics)
List some causes of chronic diarrhoea (>4 weeks)
IBS IBD Parasitic infestations Colorectal cancer Autonomic neuropathy (especially diabetic) Laxative abuse Hyperthyroidism Bowel resection Malabsorption
List causes if constipation
Lack of fibre IBS Intestinal obstruction (Ca) Drugs (opioids, Fe) ⬇️thyroidism ⬆️calcaemia Immobility (stroke, Parkinson's)
List causes of upper GI bleeding
Gastric/ duodenal ulcer Mallory-Weiss oesophageal tear Oesophagitis, gastritis, duodenitis Oesophagogastric varices Oesophageal or gastric Ca Vascular malformations
Cause of rectal bleeding
Haemorrhoids Anal fissure Colorectal polyps/ Ca IBD Ischaemic colitis Complicated diverticulitis Vascular malformation
Name the cause of jaundice due to ⬆️ bilirubin production
Haemolysis
unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
Name the common CONGENITAL causes of jaundice due to impaired bilirubin excretion
Gilbert’s
Name common HEPATOCELULAR causes of jaundice due to impaired bilirubin excretion
Viral hep
Cirrhosis
Drugs
Autoimmune hep
Name common INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS causes of jaundice due to impaired bilirubin excretion
Drugs
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Name common EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS causes of jaundice due to impaired bilirubin excretion
Gallstones
Ca: pancreas, cholangiocarcinoma
List some features of chronic liver disease
Yellow sclera Spider naevi Gynacomastia/ breast atrophy Splenomegaly Hepatomagaly (liver may be small) Dilates collateral vessels around umbilicus Leukonychia Palmer erythema Clubbing Testicular atrophy Oedema Hair loss Skin pigmentation Bruising
What chronic parenchymal liver diseases cause Hepatomegaly?
Alcoholic liver disease Hepatic steatosis Autoimmune hepatitis Viral hepatitis Primary biliary cirrhosis