GI System Flashcards

0
Q

Name some uncommon causes of Ascites

A

Hepatic vein occlusion
(Budd-Chiari syndrome)

Constrictive pericarditis & other R ❤️ failure

Hypoproteinaemia (neph syndrome)

TB peritonitis

Pancreatitis (⬆️ amylase)

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1
Q

Name 2 common causes of Ascites

A

Hepatic cirrhosis with portal ⬆️BP

Intra-abdominal malignancy with peritoneal spread

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2
Q

Name the 6 Fs that can cause abdominal distension

A
Fat
Flatus
Faeces
Fluid
Foetus 
Functional (IBS)
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3
Q

Name 2 causes of acute diarrhoea

A

Infective gastroenteritis (eg C. Diff)

Drugs (antibiotics)

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4
Q

List some causes of chronic diarrhoea (>4 weeks)

A
IBS
IBD
Parasitic infestations
Colorectal cancer
Autonomic neuropathy (especially diabetic)
Laxative abuse
Hyperthyroidism 
Bowel resection 
Malabsorption
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5
Q

List causes if constipation

A
Lack of fibre
IBS
Intestinal obstruction (Ca)
Drugs (opioids, Fe)
⬇️thyroidism
⬆️calcaemia
Immobility (stroke, Parkinson's)
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6
Q

List causes of upper GI bleeding

A
Gastric/ duodenal ulcer
Mallory-Weiss oesophageal tear
Oesophagitis, gastritis, duodenitis
Oesophagogastric varices 
Oesophageal or gastric Ca
Vascular malformations
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7
Q

Cause of rectal bleeding

A
Haemorrhoids
Anal fissure
Colorectal polyps/ Ca
IBD
Ischaemic colitis 
Complicated diverticulitis
Vascular malformation
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8
Q

Name the cause of jaundice due to ⬆️ bilirubin production

A

Haemolysis

unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia

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9
Q

Name the common CONGENITAL causes of jaundice due to impaired bilirubin excretion

A

Gilbert’s

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10
Q

Name common HEPATOCELULAR causes of jaundice due to impaired bilirubin excretion

A

Viral hep
Cirrhosis
Drugs
Autoimmune hep

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11
Q

Name common INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS causes of jaundice due to impaired bilirubin excretion

A

Drugs

Primary biliary cirrhosis

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12
Q

Name common EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS causes of jaundice due to impaired bilirubin excretion

A

Gallstones

Ca: pancreas, cholangiocarcinoma

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13
Q

List some features of chronic liver disease

A
Yellow sclera 
Spider naevi
Gynacomastia/ breast atrophy
Splenomegaly
Hepatomagaly (liver may be small)
Dilates collateral vessels around umbilicus 
Leukonychia
Palmer erythema
Clubbing
Testicular atrophy
Oedema 
Hair loss
Skin pigmentation
Bruising
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14
Q

What chronic parenchymal liver diseases cause Hepatomegaly?

A
Alcoholic liver disease
Hepatic steatosis
Autoimmune hepatitis
Viral hepatitis
Primary biliary cirrhosis
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15
Q

What are the 2 malignant causes of hepatomegaly?

A

Primary hepatocellular cancer

Secondary metastatic cancer

16
Q

What is the the cardiac cause of hepatomegaly?

A

Right ❤️ failure

17
Q

What haematological disorders cause hepatomegaly?

A

Lymphoma
Leukaemia
Myelofibrosis
Polycythemia

18
Q

What rare conditions cause hepatomegaly?

A

Amyloidosis
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Sarcoidosis
Glycogen storage diseases

19
Q

What haematological disorders cause splenomegaly?

A

Lymphoma & lymphatic leukemias

Myeloproliferative disorders, polycythemia ruba vera & myelofibrosis

Haemolytic anaemia, congenital spherocytosis

20
Q

What is a portal cause of splenomegaly?

A

Portal ⬆️BP

21
Q

What infections cause splenomegaly?

A

Glandular fever
Malaria, Leishmaniasis
Brucellosis, TB, salmonellosis
Bacterial endocarditis

22
Q

What rheumatological conditions cause splenomegaly?

A

RA

SLE

23
Q

What rare conditions cause splenomegaly?

A

Sarcoidosis
Amyloidosis
Glycogen storage diseases

24
Q

Causes of hepatosplenomegaly

A

Lymphoma
Myeloproliferative disorders
Cirrhosis & portal ⬆️BP
Amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, GSD

25
Q

Causes of palpable swellings in the groin

A
Inguinal hernia 
Femoral hernia
Lymph node(s)
Saphena varix
Skin & subcutaneous lumps (lipoma, sebaceous cyst)
Hydrocoele of spermatic chord
Undescended testes
Femoral aneurysm
Psoas abscess
26
Q

Inflammation of the Fallopian tube

A

Salpingitis

27
Q

What abnormal bruising can be seen in acute pancreatitis?

A

Bruising over the flanks (Grey-Turner’s)

Bruising around the umbilicus (Cullen’s)