Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Non cardiac causes of oedema
Nephrotic syndrome
Liver disease
Drugs
Immobility
Cardiac causes of oedema
❤️ failure
Constructive pericarditis
Venous stasis
Lymphoedema
Causes of paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (PND)
IHD Aortic valve disease ⬆️BP Cardiomyopathy AF Mitral valve disease Atrial tumours
What drugs can cause dyspnoea?
B blockers in asthmatics
Exacerbation of ❤️ failure by B blockers
Ca channel antagonists (verapamil)
NSAIDs
What drug can cause dizziness?
Vasodilators (nitrates, a blockers, ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin 2 receptor antagonists)
What drugs can aggregate angina?
Thyroxine
Drug induced anaemia- aspirin or NSAIDs
What drugs can cause oedema?
Steroids
NSAIDs
Ca channel antagonists (amlodipine)
What drugs can cause palpitations?
Thyroxine B2 stimulants Digoxin toxicity Hypokalaemia from diuretics Tricyclic antidepressants
Causes of unilateral leg oedema
DVT Soft tissue infection Trauma Immobility - hemiplagia Lymphoedema
Causes of bilateral leg oedema
❤️ failure Chronic venous insufficiency Hypoproteinaemia (nephrotic syndrome) Lymphatic obstruction Drugs IVC obstruction Thiamine deficiency Milroy's disease Immobility
What drugs cause bilateral leg oedema
NSAIDs
Amlodipine
Nifedipine
Fludrocortisone
Cardiovascular cause of a stroke
Cerebral embolism
Endocarditis
⬆️BP
Cardiovascular causes of jaundice & abdo pain
Liver congestion secondary to ❤️ failure
Mesenteric embolism
Cardiovascular cause if Oligouria
⬇️ urine output
❤️ failure
Facial clues for ❤️ disease
Central cyanosis Xanthalasma Corneal Arcus Malar flush Venous pulsation Carotid bruit
Causes of secondary hypertension
Renal artery disease PCC Conn's (aldosterone) Cushing's (ACTH) Coarctation of the aorta Adult Polycystic kidney disease
JVP in ❤️ failure
Elevation
Sustained abdominojugular reflux
>10 seconds
JVP in pulmonary embolism
Elevation
JVP in pericardial effusion
Elevation
Prominent ‘y’ descent
JVP in pericardial constriction
Elevation
Kussmaul’s sign
JVP in SVC obstruction
Elevation
Loss of pulsation
JVP in AF
Absent ‘a’ waves
JVP in tricuspid stenosis
Giant ‘a’ waves
JVP in in tricuspid regurgitation
Giant ‘v’ waves
JVP in complete ❤️ block
‘Cannon’ waves
Physiological causes if a 3rd ❤️ sound
Healthy young adults
Athletes
Pregnancy
Fever
Pathological causes of a 3rd ❤️ sound
Large, poorly contracting L ventricle
Mitral regurgitation
How many grades of murmur are there? Which is the loudest?
1-6
6- heard without a stethoscope!
Risk factors for DVT
Recent bed rest/ operations Resent travel/ long flights Previous trauma to leg Pregnancy Malignant disease Previous DVT Family history Recent central venous catheterisation
