Cardiovascular System

Question 0

Non cardiac causes of oedema

Answer 0

Nephrotic syndrome
Liver disease
Drugs
Immobility

Question 1

Cardiac causes of oedema

Answer 1

❤️ failure
Constructive pericarditis
Venous stasis
Lymphoedema

Question 2

Causes of paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (PND)

Answer 2

IHD
Aortic valve disease
⬆️BP
Cardiomyopathy
AF
Mitral valve disease
Atrial tumours

Question 3

What drugs can cause dyspnoea?

Answer 3

B blockers in asthmatics
Exacerbation of ❤️ failure by B blockers
Ca channel antagonists (verapamil)
NSAIDs

Question 4

What drug can cause dizziness?

Answer 4

Vasodilators (nitrates, a blockers, ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin 2 receptor antagonists)

Question 5

What drugs can aggregate angina?

Answer 5

Thyroxine

Drug induced anaemia- aspirin or NSAIDs

Question 6

What drugs can cause oedema?

Answer 6

Steroids
NSAIDs
Ca channel antagonists (amlodipine)

Question 7

What drugs can cause palpitations?

Answer 7

Thyroxine
B2 stimulants 
Digoxin toxicity
Hypokalaemia from diuretics 
Tricyclic antidepressants

Question 8

Causes of unilateral leg oedema

Answer 8

DVT
Soft tissue infection
Trauma
Immobility - hemiplagia
Lymphoedema

Question 9

Causes of bilateral leg oedema

Answer 9

❤️ failure
Chronic venous insufficiency
Hypoproteinaemia (nephrotic syndrome)
Lymphatic obstruction
Drugs
IVC obstruction
Thiamine deficiency
Milroy's disease
Immobility

Question 10

What drugs cause bilateral leg oedema

Answer 10

NSAIDs
Amlodipine
Nifedipine
Fludrocortisone

Question 11

Cardiovascular cause of a stroke

Answer 11

Cerebral embolism
Endocarditis
⬆️BP

Question 12

Cardiovascular causes of jaundice & abdo pain

Answer 12

Liver congestion secondary to ❤️ failure

Mesenteric embolism

Question 13

Cardiovascular cause if Oligouria

⬇️ urine output

Answer 13

❤️ failure

Question 14

Facial clues for ❤️ disease

Answer 14

Central cyanosis
Xanthalasma
Corneal Arcus
Malar flush 
Venous pulsation 
Carotid bruit

Question 15

Causes of secondary hypertension

Answer 15

Renal artery disease
PCC
Conn's (aldosterone)
Cushing's (ACTH) 
Coarctation of the aorta
Adult Polycystic kidney disease

Question 16

JVP in ❤️ failure

Answer 16

Elevation
Sustained abdominojugular reflux
>10 seconds

Question 17

JVP in pulmonary embolism

Answer 17

Elevation

Question 18

JVP in pericardial effusion

Answer 18

Elevation

Prominent ‘y’ descent

Question 19

JVP in pericardial constriction

Answer 19

Elevation

Kussmaul’s sign

Question 20

JVP in SVC obstruction

Answer 20

Elevation

Loss of pulsation

Question 21

JVP in AF

Answer 21

Absent ‘a’ waves

Question 22

JVP in tricuspid stenosis

Answer 22

Giant ‘a’ waves

Question 23

JVP in in tricuspid regurgitation

Answer 23

Giant ‘v’ waves

Question 24

JVP in complete ❤️ block

Answer 24

‘Cannon’ waves

Question 25

Physiological causes if a 3rd ❤️ sound

Answer 25

Healthy young adults
Athletes
Pregnancy
Fever

Question 26

Pathological causes of a 3rd ❤️ sound

Answer 26

Large, poorly contracting L ventricle

Mitral regurgitation

Question 27

How many grades of murmur are there? Which is the loudest?

Answer 27

1-6

6- heard without a stethoscope!

Question 28

Risk factors for DVT

Answer 28

Recent bed rest/ operations
Resent travel/ long flights
Previous trauma to leg
Pregnancy
Malignant disease
Previous DVT
Family history
Recent central venous catheterisation