General Examination Flashcards
Cardiovascular causes of clubbing
Infective endocarditis
Cyanotic congenital heart disease
Arteriovenous shunts & aneurysms
Thoracic causes of clubbing
Ca lung Empyema CF Bronchiectasis Mesothelioma Fibrosing alveolitis - pulm fibrosis Fibroma
Gastrointestinal causes of clubbing
Cirrhosis
IBD
Coeliac disease
Other causes of clubbing
Thyrotoxicosis
Name the features to note in any lump or swelling (SPACESPIT)
Size Position Attachments Consistency Edge Surface & shape Pulsations, thrills & bruits Inflammation Transillumination
Name some common causes of generalised lymphadenopathy
Viral : EB - CMV - HIV
Bacterial : Brucellosis - Syphilis
Protozoal : Toxoplasmosis
Malignancy : Lymphoma - ALL - CLL
Inflammatory: RA - SLE - Sarcoidosis
Causes of localised lynphadenopathy
Infective: acute, chronic, bac, viral
Malignancy: Lymphoma
Complications of obesity
Benign intracranial ⬆️BP Female hirsutism Sleep apnoea Exertional breathlessness GORD ⬆️BP Non- alcoholic steatohepatitis Gallstones Abdo striae Impaired fertility OA Varicose veins Dependant oedema
Vit A deficiency
Xerophthalmia - night blindness
Keratimalacia
Vit D deficiency (cholecalciferol)
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Vit E deficiency
Haemolytic anaemia
Ataxia
Vit K deficiency
Bleeding disorders
Vit B1 (thiamine) deficiency
Beri beri
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Vit B2 def
Glossitis
Stomatitis
Vit B3 def
Pellagra- dermatitis, diarrhoea, dementia
Vit B6 def
Polyneuropathy
Biotin def
Dermatitis
Alopecia
Paraesthesiae
Folate def
Megaloblastic anaemia
Vit B12 def
Megaloplastic anaemia
Neurological disorders
Drugs associated with weight gain
Anticonvulsants Antidepressants Antipsychotics Beta- blockers Oral corticosteroids Migraine prophylaxis Hypoglycaemic agents Insulin Protease inhibitors for HIV infection
Name the 4 broad causes of oedema
⬇️plasma oncotic pressure (⬇️ alb)
⬆️ hydrostatic pressure
⬆️ capillary permeability
Lymphatic obstruction
Causes of ⬇️ serum albumin
⬆️ loss = nephrotic syndrome
⬇️ synthesis = CLD
Malabsorption = Crohn’s, coeliac
Malnutrition = Kwashiorkor
Causes of ⬆️ hydrostatic pressure
High venous pressure/obstruction
DVT Venous insufficiency Pregnancy Pelvic tumour ❤️ failure Intravascular vol expansion - renal fail
Causes of ⬆️ capillary permeability
Local- soft tissue infection/inflam
Systemic- sever septicaemia
Drugs - Ca channel blockers
Acute allergy
Causes of lymphatic obstruction
Malignant infiltration
Congenital abnorm - Milroy’s
Radiation injury
Elephantiasis
Features to look for in oedema
Peripheral oedema JVP ❤️ size/ apex beat Gynaecomastia Hepatomagaly BP PE Splenomegaly Ascites Abdo veins Clubbing, leukonychia Genital oedema Body hair distribution Ankle swelling
