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Macleod's > General Examination > Flashcards

General Examination Flashcards

0
Q

Cardiovascular causes of clubbing

A

Infective endocarditis
Cyanotic congenital heart disease
Arteriovenous shunts & aneurysms

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1
Q

Thoracic causes of clubbing

A 
Ca lung
Empyema
CF
Bronchiectasis
Mesothelioma
Fibrosing alveolitis - pulm fibrosis 
Fibroma
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2
Q

Gastrointestinal causes of clubbing

A

Cirrhosis
IBD
Coeliac disease

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3
Q

Other causes of clubbing

A

Thyrotoxicosis

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4
Q

Name the features to note in any lump or swelling (SPACESPIT)

A 
Size
Position
Attachments
Consistency
Edge
Surface & shape
Pulsations, thrills & bruits
Inflammation
Transillumination
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5
Q

Name some common causes of generalised lymphadenopathy

A

Viral : EB - CMV - HIV

Bacterial : Brucellosis - Syphilis

Protozoal : Toxoplasmosis

Malignancy : Lymphoma - ALL - CLL

Inflammatory: RA - SLE - Sarcoidosis

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6
Q

Causes of localised lynphadenopathy

A

Infective: acute, chronic, bac, viral

Malignancy: Lymphoma

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7
Q

Complications of obesity

A 
Benign intracranial ⬆️BP
Female hirsutism
Sleep apnoea
Exertional breathlessness
GORD
⬆️BP
Non- alcoholic steatohepatitis
Gallstones
Abdo striae
Impaired fertility
OA
Varicose veins
Dependant oedema
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8
Q

Vit A deficiency

A

Xerophthalmia - night blindness

Keratimalacia

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9
Q

Vit D deficiency (cholecalciferol)

A

Rickets

Osteomalacia

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10
Q

Vit E deficiency

A

Haemolytic anaemia

Ataxia

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11
Q

Vit K deficiency

A

Bleeding disorders

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12
Q

Vit B1 (thiamine) deficiency

A

Beri beri

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

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13
Q

Vit B2 def

A

Glossitis

Stomatitis

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14
Q

Vit B3 def

A

Pellagra- dermatitis, diarrhoea, dementia

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15
Q

Vit B6 def

A

Polyneuropathy

16
Q

Biotin def

A

Dermatitis
Alopecia
Paraesthesiae

17
Q

Folate def

A

Megaloblastic anaemia

18
Q

Vit B12 def

A

Megaloplastic anaemia

Neurological disorders

19
Q

Drugs associated with weight gain

A 
Anticonvulsants 
Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
Beta- blockers
Oral corticosteroids 
Migraine prophylaxis 
Hypoglycaemic agents
Insulin
Protease inhibitors for HIV infection
20
Q

Name the 4 broad causes of oedema

A

⬇️plasma oncotic pressure (⬇️ alb)

⬆️ hydrostatic pressure

⬆️ capillary permeability

Lymphatic obstruction

21
Q

Causes of ⬇️ serum albumin

A

⬆️ loss = nephrotic syndrome

⬇️ synthesis = CLD

Malabsorption = Crohn’s, coeliac

Malnutrition = Kwashiorkor

22
Q

Causes of ⬆️ hydrostatic pressure

High venous pressure/obstruction

A 
DVT
Venous insufficiency 
Pregnancy
Pelvic tumour
❤️ failure
Intravascular vol expansion - renal fail
23
Q

Causes of ⬆️ capillary permeability

A

Local- soft tissue infection/inflam

Systemic- sever septicaemia

Drugs - Ca channel blockers

Acute allergy

24
Q

Causes of lymphatic obstruction

A

Malignant infiltration
Congenital abnorm - Milroy’s
Radiation injury
Elephantiasis

25
Q

Features to look for in oedema

A 
Peripheral oedema
JVP
❤️ size/ apex beat
Gynaecomastia
Hepatomagaly
BP
PE
Splenomegaly
Ascites
Abdo veins
Clubbing, leukonychia
Genital oedema
Body hair distribution
Ankle swelling

Macleod's (9 decks)

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