Respiratory System 2

Question 1

Most common chest injury resulting from blunt trauma which can cause potential intrathoracic injury such as pneumothorax or pulmonary contusion
Ribs 4-8 are most commonly fracture because chest muscles least protect them. Splintered or displace fracture ribs may penetrate the pleura and lungs.

Answer 1

FRACTURE RIBS

Question 2

Complications of chest trauma occurring when 3 or more adjacent ribs are fracture at two or more sites, resulting in free floating rib segments.

Answer 2

FLAIL CHEST

Question 3

Partial or complete collapse of the lung due to an accumulation of air or fluid in the pleural space.
Accumulation of atmospheric air in the pleural space, which result in a rise in intrathoracic pressure and reduce vital capacity.

Answer 3

PNEUMOTHORAX/ HEMOTHORAX

Question 4

4 types of Pneumothorax/ hemothorax

Answer 4

SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX
OPEN PNEUMOTHORAX
TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX
HEMOTHORAX

Question 5

The most common type of closed pneumothorax; air accumulates within the pleural space without an obvious cause. Rapture of a small bleb on the visceral pleura most frequent produces this type of pneumothorax

Answer 5

SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX

Question 6

Air enters the pleural space through an opening in the chest wall; usually caused by stabbing or gunshot wound.

Answer 6

OPEN PNEUMOTHORAX

Question 7

Air enters the pleural space with each inspiration but cannot escape; causes increased intrathoracic pressure shifting of the mediastinal contents to the unaffected side ( mediastinal shift).

Answer 7

TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX

Question 8

Accumulation of the blood in the pleural space; frequently found with an open pneumothorax resulting in a hemopneumothorax

Answer 8

HEMOTHORAX

Question 9

Defined as lack of gas exchange within the alveoli, due to alveolar collapse/ fluid consolidation that may affect a part or all part of a lung.
Also a condition where in the alveoli is deflated.

Answer 9

ALVEOLAR COLLAPSE

Question 10

Accumulation of air, H20 blood in the pleura space.
A symptom not a disease may be produced by numerous conditions.

Answer 10

PLEURAL EFFUSION

Question 11

What are the general classification of pleural effusion?

Answer 11

TRANSUDATIVE EFFUSION
HYDROTHORAX
EXUDATIVE EFFUSION
PYOTHORAX OR EMPYEMA
HEMOTHORAX
CHYLOTHORAX

Question 12

Accumulation of protein poor, cell-poor fluid

Answer 12

TRANSUDATIVE EFFUSION

Question 13

Accumulation of water/serious fluid

Answer 13

HYDROTHORAX

Question 14

Accumulation of protein rich in fluid

Answer 14

EXUDATIVE EFFUSION

Question 15

Accumulation of pus

Answer 15

PYOTHORAX OR EMPYEMA

Question 16

Accumulation of blood

Answer 16

HEMOTHORAX

Question 17

Accumulation of lymphatic fluid due to leakage from thoracic duct and lymphatic vessel.

Answer 17

CHYLOTHORAX “CHYLE LEAK”

Question 18

A form of pulmonary insufficiency commonly encountered in adults with no previous lung disorders than in those with existing lung disease.
A form of acute respiratory failure that occurs as a complicated of some other condition; it is cause by diffuse lung injury and leads to extra vascular lung fluid.

Answer 18

ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)

Question 19

Acute respiratory distress syndrome has also been called shock lung and the causes are the following.

Answer 19

SHOCK, ASPIRATION
INHALATION OF TOXIC AGENT O2 TOXICITY
NARCOTIC ABUSE, DRUGS (ASA)
NEAR DROWNING, TRAUMA, NEUROLOGICAL INJURIES
INFECTION, SEPSIS
DIC (DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION)
FAT EMBOLI
PANCREATITIS
RADIATION
PNEUMONITIS
FLUID OVERLOAD

Question 20

This refers to the obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one if it’s branches by a blood clot (thrombus) that originates somewhere in the venous system or in the right side of the heart.

Answer 20

PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Question 21

Common risk factor of pulmonary embolism

Answer 21

MULTIPLE TRAUMA
OBESITY, PREGNANCY
CONGESTIVE HEART
HISTORY OF THROMBOEMBOLISM
ABDOMINAL SURGERY
IMMOBILITY
HYPERCOAGULABILITY
FLUID AND SEPTIC THROMBUS FROM A BACTERIAL INVASION

Question 22

Collection of pus ( thick, opaque and foul smelling fluid) within the pleural cavity.
The most common cause is pulmonary infection and lung abscess cause by thoracic surgery or chest trauma in which bacteria are introduced directly into the pleural space.

Answer 22

EMPYEMA

Question 23

Inflammation of the visceral and parietal membranes, may be caused by pulmonary infarction or pneumonia.
The visceral and parietal membranes rub together during respiration.
Usually occurs on one side of the chest, usually in the lower lateral portion in the chest wall.

Answer 23

PLEURISY

Question 24

What are the types of thoracic surgery

Answer 24

EXPLORATORY THORACOTOMY
LOBECTOMY
PNEUMONECTOMY
SEGMENTAL RESECTION
WEDGE RESECTION

Question 25

Anterior or posterolateral incision through the fourth, fifth, sixth, or seventh intercostal spaces to expose and examine the pleura and lung.

Answer 25

EXPLORATORY THORACOTOMY

Question 26

Removal of one lobe of a lung; treatment for bronchiectasis, bronchogenic carcinoma, emphysematous blebs, lung abscesses.

Answer 26

LOBECTOMY

Question 27

Removal of the entire lungs, most commonly done as treatment for bronchogenic carcinoma

Answer 27

PNEUMONECTOMY

Question 28

Removal of one or more segments of lungs; most often done as treatment for bronchiectasis

Answer 28

SEGMENTAL RESECTION

Question 29

Removal of lesions that occupy only part of a segment of lung tissue; for excision of small nodules or to obtain in a biopsy.

Answer 29

WEDGE RESECTION