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Leadership And Management > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Process of acquiring, transporting, utilizing O2 to support cellular metabolism, thereby maintaining body function

A

OXYGENATION

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2
Q

Process in which oxygen is transported from atmosphere to the cells and carbon dioxide came from the cells to the atmosphere.

A

RESPIRATION

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3
Q

What are the 3 process of respiration?

A

VENTILATION
DIFFUSION
PERFUSSION

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4
Q

Movement of air to and from the alveoli which has 2 aspects: inhalation and exhalation which controlled by medulla and pons

A

VENTILATION

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5
Q

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood from an area of high concentration to low concentration with out ATP expenditure.

A

DIFFUSION

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6
Q

Availability and movements of blood for transport of gases; nutrients and metabolic waste products.

A

PERFUSION

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7
Q

Opening of the nose
1. Nostrils
2. Chonae

A

NARES

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8
Q

Funnel shape tube that extends from nose to larynx.

A

PHARYNX

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9
Q

3 components of Pharynx?

A
  1. NASOPHARYNX
  2. OROPHARYNX
  3. LARYNGOPHARYNX
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10
Q

Voice box
Located above the trachea
Contains 2 pairs of vocal cord, true and false cords
The opening between the true vocal cords is the glottis, which plays an important role coughing, the most fundamental defense mechanism of the lungs.

A

LARYNX

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11
Q

Air filled space lined with mucous membrane, located within some of the bones of the skull.
It provides resonance during speech.

A

PARANASAL SINUSES

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12
Q

Paranasal sinuses according to their location

A
  1. FRONTAL
  2. ETHMOIDAL
  3. SPHENOIDAL
  4. MAXILLARY
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13
Q

Left shape elastic flap structure at the top of the larynx.
Prevents food from entering the tracheobronchial tree by closing over the glottis during swallowing.

A

EPIGLOTTIS

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14
Q

Wind pipe
Located in front of esophagus
Conducts air toward the lungs
It’s mucosa is lined up with mucus and cilia to trap particles and carry them towards the upper airway
Contains cilia which are microscopic hair like projections that is needed to remove foreign particles through rapid, coordinated, unidirectional motion

A

TRACHEA

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15
Q

The right and left primary bronchi begin at the carina
The function is for air passage
Divide into secondary or lobar bronchi that enter each of the lobes of the lung
Are lined with cilia, which propel mucus up and away from the lower airway to the trachea where it can be expectorated or swallowed

A

BRONCHI

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16
Q

The primary bronchus further divides into secondary, tertiary then into bronchioles.
The terminal bronchioles is the last part of the conducting airway
The terminal bronchiole contains no cilia and do not participate in gas exchange
Contain no cartilage and depend on the elastic recoil of the lung for patency

A

BRONCHIOLES

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17
Q

The chief respiratory organ
Acinus, is a term used to indicate all structures distal to the terminal bronchiole
Functions for gas exchange through the respiratory membrane

A

RESPIRATORY ACINUS

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18
Q

Respiratory acinus consist of;

A
  1. RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLE
  2. ALVEOLI DUCT
  3. ALVEOLI SAC
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19
Q

Located in the pleural cavity in the thorax
Extend from just above the clavicles to the diaphragm, the major muscle of inspiration
The respiratory structures are innervated by the phrenic nerve, the vagus nerve and thoracic nerve.

A

LUNGS

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20
Q

What are the 2 types of pleura?

A
  1. PARIETAL PLEURA
  2. VISCERAL PLEURAL
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21
Q

Lines the inside of the thoracic cavity, including the upper surface of the diaphragm

A

PARIETAL PLEURA

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22
Q

Covers the pulmonary surfaces
A thin fluid layer, which is produced by the cells lining the pleura, lubricates the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura, allowing them to glide smoothly and painlessly during aspiration.
Blood flows throughout the lungs via the pulmonary circulation system.

A

VISCERAL PLEURA

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23
Q

The chest wall composed of the sternum and the rib cage
The cavity is separated by the diaphragm, the most important respiratory muscle.

A

THORACIC CAVITY

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24
Q

The respiratory membrane is composed of two epithelial cells

A

RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE

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25
Q

Most abundant, thin and flat.
This is where gas exchange occurs.
Lines the alveoli

A

TYPE 1 PNEUMOCYTE

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26
Q

Secretes the lung surfactant
Surfactant is a phospholipid protein that reduces the surface tension in the alveoli; without surfactant, the alveoli would collapse.

A

TYPE 2 PNEUMOCYTE

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27
Q

The macrophage that ingest foreign material and act as an important defense mechanism

A

TYPE 3 PNEUMOCYTE

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28
Q

Accessory muscles of respiration

A
  1. SCALENE MUSCLES
  2. STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLES
  3. TRAPEZIUS AND PECTORALIS MUSCLES
29
Q

Elevates the first ribs

A

SCALENE MUSCLES

30
Q

Raise the sternum

A

STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLES

31
Q

Fixed the shoulders

A

TRAPEZIUS AND PECTORALIS MUSCLES

32
Q

Function of lower airways

A

CLEARANCE MECHANISM
COUGH
MUCOCILIARY SYSTEM
MACROPHAGE
LYMPHATICS

33
Q

General functions of the respiration system

A

FOR GAS EXCHANGE
ACID BALANCE BASE- imbalance can cause alterations in arterial pH
ELIMINATION OF CO2
FLUID BALANCE
TEMPERATURE REGULATION

34
Q

Obtained by expectoration or tracheal suction in order to assist in identifying organisms or abnormal cells

A

SPUTUM SPECIMEN

35
Q

Direct visual examination of the larynx, trachea and bronchi with a fiber optic bronchoscope.

A

LARYNGOSCOPY AND BRONCHOSCOPY

36
Q

Tissue samples are obtained from central lung masses and lymph nodes, using a bronchoscope with the help of ultrasound guidance
Monitor for signs of bleeding and respiratory distress

A

ENDOBRONCHIAL ULTRASOUND

37
Q

An invasive fluoroscopic procedure
A catheter is inserted through the antecubital or femoral vein into the pulmonary artery or one of its branches
Involves an injection of iodine or radiopaque contrast material

A

PULMONARY ANGIOGRAPHY

38
Q

Removal of fluid or air from the pleural Space via trans thoracic aspiration

A

THORACENTESIS

39
Q

A transbronchial biopsy and a transbronchial needle aspiration may be performed to obtain tissue for analysis by culture or cytological examination

A

LUNG BIOPSY

40
Q

Frequently used to diagnose pulmonary embolism
IV injection of contrast medium is used. If not, a ventilation-perfusion V/Q scan will be done.

A

SPIRAL (helical) COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) SCAN

41
Q

Perfusion scan, evaluates blood flow to the lungs
Ventilatory scan: determines the patency of the pulmonary airways
Radionuclide may be injected for the procedure

A

VENTILATION- PERFUSION LUNG SCAN

42
Q

An intradermal injection to help diagnose various infectious disease

A

SKIN TESTS

43
Q

Measurement of the dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood to indicate acid base state how well oxygen is being carried to the body.
Avoid suctioning the client before drawing an ABG sample because the suctioning procedure will deplete the client’s oxygen, resulting in inaccurate ABG result.

A

ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES

44
Q

A noninvasive test that registera oxygen saturation of the client’s hemoglobin
The normal value is 96% to 100%

A

PULSE OXIMETRY

45
Q

Measure clot formation and lysis
Helps to diagnose the presence of thrombus

A

D-DIMER

46
Q

Breathing retraining (pursed lip breathing and diaphragmatic breathing) o inhale through the nose and exhale through the mouth.

A

RESPIRATORY TREATMENT

47
Q

What are the 8 supplemental oxygen delivery systems?

A

NASAL CANNULA FOR LOW FLOW
NASAL HIGH FLOW RESPIRATORY THERAPY
SIMPLE FACE MASK
VENTURI MASK
PARTIAL REBREATHER MASK
NON REBREATHER MASK
TRACHEOSTOMY COLLAR AND T BAR OR T PIECE
FACE TENT

48
Q

For client with chronic airflow limitation and for long term oxygen use
1 to 6 Lpm
24-44%

A

NASAL CANNULA FOR LOW FLOW

49
Q

For hypoxemic clients in mild to moderate respiratory distress

A

NASAL HIGH FLOW RESPIRATORY THERAPY

50
Q

For short term oxygen therapy or to deliver oxygen in an emergency
Use to deliver 40-60% if concentration
Minimum of 5lpm

A

SIMPLE MASK

51
Q

For at risk for or experiencing accurate respiratory failure
High flow oxygen deliver system
An adapter is located between the bottom of the mask and the oxygen.

A

VENTURI MASK

52
Q

A partial rebreather mask consists of mask with a reservoir bag that provided an oxygen concentration of 70-90% with flow rates of 6 to 15 L/m .
When the oxygen concentration needs to be raised; not usual prescribed for a client with COPD

A

PARTIAL REBREATHER MASK

53
Q

For Client as deteriorating respiratory status who might require intubation
Can deliver an FiO2 higher than 90% depending on the clients ventilators pattern

A

NON REBREATHER MASK

54
Q

To deliver high humidity and the desired oxygen to the client with a tracheostomy; the T bar or T piece is used to deliver the desired FiO2.

A

TRACHEOTOMY COLLAR AND T BAR OR T PIECE

55
Q

Used instead of a tight fitting mask from the client who has facial trauma or burns

A

FACE TENT

56
Q

What are the types of Mechanical ventilation

A

PRESSURE CYCLED VENTILATOR
TIME CYCLED VENTILATOR
VOLUME CYCLED VENTILATOR

57
Q

The ventilator pushes air into the lungs until a specific airway pressure is reached
It is used for short periods.

A

PRESSURE CYCLED VENTILATOR

58
Q

The ventilator pushes air into the lungs until a preset time has elapsed

A

TIME CYCLED VENTILATOR

59
Q

The ventilator pushes air into the lungs until present volume is delivered
A constant tidal volume is delivered regardless of the changing compliance of the lungs and chest wall or the airway resistance in the client or ventilator

A

VOLUME CYCLED VENTILATOR

60
Q

Maintains a set positive airway pressure during inspiration and expiration; beneficial in clients who have acute exacerbations of COPD or obstructive sleep apnea

A

CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE (CPAP)

61
Q

Provide positive airway pressure during inspiration and ceases airway support during expiration; there is only enough pressure provided during expiration to keep the airways open; usually used if CPAP is ineffective.

A

BILEVEL POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE (BiPAP)

62
Q

Bleeding from the nose caused by rupture of tiny, distended vessels in the mucus membrane

A

EPISTAXIS

63
Q

Most common site anterior septum cause in Epistaxis

A

TRAUMA
INFECTION
HYPERTENSION
BLOOD DYSCRASIA
CANCER
RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE

64
Q

Infection and inflammation of the tonsils
Can be viral bacterial ( most complicated infection)

A

TONSILITIS

65
Q

Sudden and life threatening deterioration of the gas exchange function of the lungs
Occurs when the lungs no longer meet the body’s metabolic needs
Occurs when the insufficient oxygen is transported to the blood or inadequate carbon dioxide is removed from the lungs and the clients compensatory mechanisms fail.

A

ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE

66
Q

Acute respiratory failure defined clinically as;

A

PaO2 OF LESS THAN 50 mmHg
PaCO2 OF GREATER THAN 50 mmHg
ARTERIAL pH OF LESS THAN 7. 35

67
Q

The acute Episode of airway obstruction is characterized by airway hyperactivity to various stimuli that results in recurrent wheezing brought about by edema and bronchospasm

A

ASTHMA

68
Q

Permanent abnormal dilation of the bronchi with destruction of muscular and elastic structures of bronchial wall
Caused by bacterial infection; recurrent lower respiratory tract infection; congenital defects (altered bronchial structures), lung tumors

A

BRONCHIECTASIS

69
Q

Most common chest injury resulting from blunt trauma which can cause potential intrathoracic injury such as pneumothorax or pulmonary contusion
Ribs 4-8 are most commonly fractured because chest muscles least protect them. Splintered or displaced fractured ribs may penetrate the pleura and lungs.

A

FRACTURED RIBS

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