Respiratory System Flashcards
Process of oxygen into the lungs?
Nose- pharynx- larynx- trachea- bronchi and the bronchioles- alveoli
What are the 2 functions of the respiratory system?
The inspiration and expiration of air
Gaseous exchange
External= movement of oxygen into the blood stream and carbon dioxide into the lungs
Internal= release of oxygen to respiring cells for energy production and collection of waste products
What is Inspiration and expiration and how do they work?
Inspiration
The diaphragm and external intercostals contract
Rib cage moves up and out
Volume of thoracic cavity increases
Pressure of air inside lungs decreases
Area of high to low pressure
Outside to inside
Expiration
Diaphragm and external intercostals relax
Rib cage moves down and in
Volume of thoracic cavity decreases
Pressure of air inside lungs increases
High to low pressure
Inside to outside
What is BF, TV and MV?
Breathing frequency= the number of breaths per minute
Units breaths per minute
Tidal volume= the volume of air inspired or expired per breath
Units= ml
Minute ventilation= the volume of air inspired or expired per minute
Units= l/ min
What are the Average values for BF, TV and VE?
Rest=
12 breaths per minute
0.5l
6l/min
Maximal=
50 breaths per minute
2.5l
125l/min
Trained athlete
Rest=
10 breaths per minute
0.5l
5l/min
Maximal
60 breaths per minute
3l
180l/min
What are the two additional muscles to help us increase the depth of breathing?
Sternocleidomastoid=
Muscle in the neck attached to the sternum. Helps lifts the rib cage higher
Pectoralis minor=
Muscle in the chest. Attached to top of the rib cage. Helps lift the rib cage higher
Volume of thoracic cavity increases more at rest and therefore larger pressure difference and more air rushes in.
What are the two additional muscles that help the expiration of breathing?
Internal intercostals=
Muscle on the inside of the rib cage. Helps squeeze the ribs back towards the lungs
Rectus abdominis=
Abdominal muscles. Work in conjuction with diaphragm to squeeze the lungs from below
The volume of thoracic cavity decreases more than at rest and therefore more pressure is put on the lungs and more air rushes out.
Nerves and control centres to help with the regulation of breathing?
Respiratory control= situated in the brain and controls centre respiration rate and depth
Inspiratory centre= the part of the RCC that controls inspiration
Expiratory centre= the part of the RCC that controls expiration
Phrenic nerve= the nerve that stimulates the diaphragm to contract
Intercostal nerve= the nerve that stimulates the external intercostals to contract
What is gaseous exchange?
The movement of O2 and CO2 at the lungs and at the muscles by the process of diffusion
What is diffusion and partial pressure?
Diffusion= The movement of a gas down a diffusion gradient from an area of high partial pressure and to an area of low partial pressure
Partial pressure= the pressure a gas
Description of external respiration
Happens at the lungs
Between alveoli and capillaries
Movement of O2 from alveoli to capillaries
Movement of CO2 from capillaries to alveoli
Higher PPO2 in the alveoli travels down the diffusion gradient
Higher PPCO2 in the blood travels down the diffusion gradient to the alveoli
Description of internal respiration
Happens at the muscles
Between capillaries and muscles
Movement of O2 from capillaries to muscles
Movement of CO2 from muscles to capillaries
Higher PPO2 in the blood than the muscle travels down the diffusion gradient
Higher PPCO2 in the muscle than the blood, travels down the diffusion gradient into the blood
Oxyhaemoglobin disassociation curve
Association= when O2 combines with haemoglobin through diffusion at the lungs to give oxyhaemoglobin
Saturated= the amount of O2 combined with haemoglobin
Disassociation= when O2 releases from haemoglobin through diffusion at the muscles
What happens to the curve at rest and exercise?
Rest=
At the lungs, haemoglobin is 100% saturated with O2
At the muscle, haemoglobin is 75% saturated with O2
Exercice=
Curve moves to the right
Steeper diffusion gradient
More O2 to dissociate from haemoglobin
More O2 means decreased PP02 inside the muscle
More CO2 means increased PPCO2 inside the muscle
