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Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

Total volume of air you can bring in (Tidal volume + IRV)

IRV stands for Inspiratory Reserve Volume.

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2
Q

What is expiratory capacity?

A

Total volume of air you can breathe out (TV + ERV)

ERV stands for Expiratory Reserve Volume.

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3
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

Total volume of air remaining in lungs after a normal expiration

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4
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Total volume of air you can inhale and exhale forcefully (ERV + TV + IRV)

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5
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Total volume of air that can be occupied in your lungs (TV + ERV + IRV + RV)

RV stands for Residual Volume.

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6
Q

What is forced spirometry?

A

Pulmonary function test measures the amount and speed of air a person can inhale or exhale forcefully

It is commonly used to assess lung function using a spirometer.

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7
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Normal breath in and out (0.5L)

Tidal volume is a standard measure in respiratory physiology.

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8
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

3L in

This is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation.

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9
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

1.5L out

This is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation.

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10
Q

What is residual volume?

A

1L

This is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation.

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11
Q

What is the average lung volume for males?

A

6L

This value can vary based on factors like age and physical fitness.

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12
Q

What is the average lung volume for females?

A

4.5L

This value is generally lower than that of males.

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13
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect?

A

Changes in the acidity in the blood

Chemoreceptors play a crucial role in monitoring blood pH levels.

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14
Q

What do baroreceptors detect?

A

Changes in movement

Baroreceptors are sensitive to pressure changes in the cardiovascular system.

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15
Q

What is pulmonary diffusion?

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood

This process is essential for respiration and gas exchange.

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16
Q

What components are involved in oxygen transport?

A
  • Red blood cells
  • Haemoglobin
  • Oxygen

Haemoglobin is the primary molecule responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood.

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17
Q

What determines the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood?

A

Haemoglobin concentration

Higher concentrations of haemoglobin increase the blood’s ability to carry oxygen.

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18
Q

How do acidity and temperature of the muscles affect oxygen unloading?

A

Higher acidity and temperature in muscles promote the release of oxygen from haemoglobin

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19
Q

How does training affect oxygen transport in the muscle?

A

Enhances blood flow and oxygen delivery to muscles

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20
Q

What are the main forms of carbon dioxide transport in the blood?

A
  • Bicarbonate ions
  • Plasma
  • Haemoglobin

These forms help in effectively transporting carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs.

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21
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide is dissolved in blood plasma?

A

7-10%

This is a minor pathway for carbon dioxide transport compared to bicarbonate ions.

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22
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions?

A

60-70%

Bicarbonate ions form from the dissociation of carbonic acid in the blood.

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23
Q

What is carbaminohaemoglobin?

A

Carbon dioxide bound to haemoglobin (20-33%)

This form of haemoglobin helps transport carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

24
Q

What is respiration?

A

Delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide from the tissue

Respiration is a vital process for maintaining cellular functions and energy production.

25
What is external respiration?
Exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood at the alveoli in the lungs (gas exchange with environment) Part 1! ## Footnote External respiration involves the intake of oxygen and the expulsion of carbon dioxide through the lungs.
26
What is internal respiration?
Exchange of gases between blood and tissues (gas exchange with tissues) Part 2! ## Footnote Internal respiration is crucial for delivering oxygen to cells and removing metabolic waste products.
27
Spirometry parameters - FEV1
Forced expiratory volume in one second - Litres
28
Spirometry parameters - FVC
Forced vital capacity - Litres
29
Spirometry parameters - FER
Forced expiratory ratio - %
30
Spirometry parameters - PEF
Peak expiratory flow - L/Min (to the power of -1)
31
32
What type of condition is asthma?
Obstructive ## Footnote Inflammation and narrowing of the airways = difficulty in breathing.
33
What are the causes of asthma?
Genetics, pollution, environment ## Footnote These factors can contribute to the onset and exacerbation of asthma symptoms.
34
How does FEV1 change during an asthma attack?
Lower during an attack ## Footnote FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second) is reduced due to airway obstruction.
35
What happens to FVC in asthma compared to a healthy adult?
Same or lower ## Footnote FVC (Forced Vital Capacity) may remain unchanged or decrease depending on the severity of the asthma.
36
What is the FER value during an asthma attack?
Significantly lower during an attack ## Footnote FER (FEV1/FVC ratio) decreases due to a disproportionate reduction in FEV1.
37
How does PEF behave during an asthma attack?
Lower and variable ## Footnote Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) can fluctuate significantly during an asthma episode.
38
What type of condition is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
Obstructive ## Footnote COPD encompasses a group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breathe.
39
What causes Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?
Smoking, long-term exposure to toxic dust or fumes (potentially air pollution and genetics) ## Footnote These factors are primary contributors to the development of COPD.
40
How does FEV1 change in COPD?
Lower ## Footnote FEV1 is consistently reduced due to chronic airway obstruction.
41
What happens to FVC in COPD?
Lower ## Footnote The reduction in lung function leads to a decrease in FVC.
42
What is the FER value in COPD?
Lower ## Footnote The FEV1/FVC ratio decreases, indicating obstructive pathology.
43
How does PEF behave in COPD?
Lower and variable ## Footnote PEF is also affected by the severity of the disease.
44
What type of condition is emphysema?
Obstructive ## Footnote Emphysema is a specific type of COPD characterized by damage to the alveoli.
45
What causes emphysema?
Smoking, air pollution, dust and chemical fumes ## Footnote These environmental factors contribute to the destruction of alveolar walls.
46
How does FEV1 change in emphysema?
Lower ## Footnote Similar to other obstructive conditions, FEV1 is decreased.
47
What happens to FVC in emphysema?
Lower ## Footnote The reduction in lung volume affects FVC as well.
48
What is the FER value in emphysema?
Lower ## Footnote The ratio indicates a significant obstruction in airflow.
49
How does PEF behave in emphysema?
Lower and variable ## Footnote PEF can show variability depending on the extent of airway obstruction.
50
What type of condition is chronic bronchitis?
Obstructive ## Footnote Chronic bronchitis is characterized by persistent cough and mucus production.
51
What causes chronic bronchitis?
Smoking, air pollution, genetics ## Footnote These factors lead to inflammation and narrowing of airways.
52
How does FEV1 change in chronic bronchitis?
Lower ## Footnote Chronic inflammation results in reduced airflow.
53
What happens to FVC in chronic bronchitis?
Lower ## Footnote Similar to other obstructive diseases, FVC is reduced.
54
What is the FER value in chronic bronchitis?
Lower ## Footnote The FEV1/FVC ratio is decreased due to more significant reduction in FEV1.
55
How does PEF behave in chronic bronchitis?
Lower and variable ## Footnote PEF is affected by the chronic nature of the condition.
56
Oxygen makes up 20.93% of the air that we breathe, but what it the partial pressure?
160mmHg

A+P (12 decks)

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