Musculoskeletal system Flashcards
How does the muscular system support the skeletal system?
- Provides support and movement
- Stabilises bone position/joints
- Stress exerted by tendons
How does the skeletal system support the muscular system?
- Provides attachment sites
- Maintains normal calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids and enables contractions
Age in the human body creates:
- Changes in bone mineral density = brittle bones
- Decline in muscle mass
- Decrease in fast myosin fibres
- Accumulation of fat tissues
Osteoporosis
Bones become more spongey and break easily due to lower mineral bone density
Osteopenia
Wasting of bone denstity
Age and osteoporosis
Men have a higher MBD than women, with both seeing a decline after 30
When do women see a significant decline in their MBD
As they enter menopause due to:
- Lower oestrogen
- Decrease in the ability to absorb calcium and vitamin D (increases risk of osteoporosis and fractures)
Sarcopenia
Wasting of muscle tissues (atrophy)
Female athlete triad
Medical condition often seen in physically active women and girls
- Low energy available
- Menstrual dysfunction,
- Decreased mineral bone density
If enough energy isn’t being consumed, the body has run out of carbohydrate and fat stores, it will use the protein stores within the muscles (can cause sarcopenia).
High levels of exercise may promote…
The maintenance of motor units into old age delaying sarcopenia
Helps to reduce the decline of
- Muscle fibre size
- Motor unit decline
- Strength
- Neuromuscular function
Paradigm of muscle growth order
Resistance training and nutritional intake
Muscle activation
Hormone and immune response
Satellite cell activation
Protein cell activation
Protein synthesis
Muscle growth
Muscle shapes and orientation of fasciculi
Dictate degree of contraction and force generation
Name the 4 muscle shapes
Pennate, parallel, convergent and circular
Pennate example
Unipennate – tibialis anterior, bipennate – rectus femoris
Parallel example
Extensor digitorum longus (groin)
Convergent example
Pectoralis major
Circular example
Anus and orbicularis oris (mouth)
First class lever system
Effort, fulcrum, load
Neck completing flexion and extension
Second class level system
Effort, load, fulcrum
Ankle completing dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Third class lever system
Fulcrum, effort, load
Completing flexion and extension
Isoinertial meaning
Strength training where resistance remains constant throughout the entire range of motion in an exercise
Iso - the same
Inertial - resistance
