Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

conducting zone

A

moves air
-last part is terminal bronchioles
-ciliated bronchial epithelial cells -mucus traps particles and cilia sweeps it out of lungs

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2
Q

alveolar sac

A

cluster of alveoli

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3
Q

alveolus

A

inside air filled
blood gas barrier
wrapped in capillaries

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4
Q

type 2 epithelial cell

A

make up alveolar wall
-produces surfactant

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5
Q

type 1 epithelial cell

A

most of alveoli wall
-gas exchange

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6
Q

alveolar macrophage

A

helps keep alveoli free from bacteria and viruses using endocytosis

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7
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

moving air in and out alveoli

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8
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

how much air enters the whole lung
= tidal volume x respiratory rate

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9
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air 1 breath during normal breathing
500ml

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10
Q

anatomical dead space VD

A

conducting zone
every 1lb is 1lm of dead space x resp. rate

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11
Q

alveolar ventilation equation

A

=(tidal volume x resp. rate) - (body weight x resp. rate)

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12
Q

pleural membranes

A

2 thin membranes that surrounds lungs
parietal and visceral pleura
P-attached to top of diaphragm and inside ribs
v- attached to lungs

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13
Q

intrapleural space

A

fluid filled space within the pleural membranes

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14
Q

boyle’s law

A

increase P, decrease V
vis versa

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15
Q

intrapulmonary P

A

pressure of air inside lungs

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16
Q

atmospheric P

A

P in air we breathe
760mmHg

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17
Q

intrapleural P

A

p in intrapleural space
-always less then intrapulmonary P

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18
Q

pneumothorax

A

collapsed lung
-transpulmonary P=0
2 ways
puncturing parietal pleura so atm. P fills intrapleural space
puncturing visceral pleura so intrapul. P fills intrapleural space

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19
Q

transpulmonary P

A

intrapulmonary P - intrapleural P.
-mmHg
-pressure across intrapleural space
-stops collapse
when 0 it has reached equilibrium

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20
Q

lung recoil

A

elastic tissues causes it to recoil (deflate)
-can promote pneumothorax
-elastin is found in walls of alveoli to promot this
-caused by surface tension

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21
Q

surface tension

A

h2o attracted to each other b/c of H-bond
too much surface tension in alveolus can cause it to collapse

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22
Q

pulmonary surfactant

A

-phospholipids so head attracts h20 but tails balances out forces to stop collapse
-lies over air-liquid interface
=decreases surface tension

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23
Q

lung compliance

A

measure of stretchability of lungs
-lower compliance by too much elastin, too much surface tension

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24
Q

Neonatal Respiratory Distress syndrome

A

occurs in premature infants
-lack mature surfactant system
>poor lung function, alveolar collapse, hypoxemia
treatment: administer surfactant (bLES)

25
Q

emphysema

A

-types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
-inhales irritants, damaging alveoli and its wall
- decrease number of available involved in gas exchange decrease o2 in blood
-loss of elastin
increase lung compliance, issue with exhalations
-increase [] of co2 in aveoli

26
Q

spirometry

A

measures tidal V, inspiratory pressure V, expiratory pressure V

27
Q

inspiratory reserve V

A

how much air a person can inhale forcefully after a normal breath (extra air on top of tidal volume

28
Q

expiratory reserve V

A

the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal breath

29
Q

residual volume

A

air that stays in lung after all breathing
-can’t use spirometry

30
Q

total lung capacity

A

Vt + inspiratory reserve V + expiratory reserve V + residual V
=5-6L

31
Q

vital capacity

A

max air inhaled and exhaled
Vt + inspiratory reserve V + expiratory reserve V

32
Q

forced vital capacity

A

max air inhaled, force air out as quickly as you can

33
Q

FEV1

A

measure FEV (forced expiratory volume) in 1 sec
/how much air comes out in 1 sec

34
Q

obstructive lung diseases

A

uses spirometry
FEV1/FVC (Forced vital capacity)= normal lung =80%
ex. asthma, emphysema

35
Q

asthma

A

narrowing of airways b/c smooth muscle contraction/hyper responsive
-hyper secretion of mucus
thickened + inflamed air way wall

causes: allergens, pollution, cold air, exercise

36
Q

restrictive lung disease and example

A

issue with inhaling
-decrease lung compliance
pulmonary fibrosis>less compliant b/c scar tissue on alveoli walls (less stretch and thicker)

37
Q

partial pressure of o2 (PO2)

A

how much pressure o2 contributes to total atmospheric pressure
-PO2 of atmosphere air is =160mmHg

38
Q

partial pressure of CO2

A

how much pressure co2 contributes to total atmospheric pressure
-0.3mmHg

39
Q

high elevations

A

decrease atm. p
o2 % same
less o2 entering alveoli, less o2 in systemic circulation

40
Q

transporting o2 in blood

A

plasma (dissolved) and hemoglobin

41
Q

hemoglobin

A

4 polypeptide globin (chains)
4 heme (Fe) binds with o2
1 hemoglobin binds with 4 oxygen

42
Q

carrying co2 in blood

A

plasma (7%)
RBC (23%) called carbamino transport
RBC/plasma: by using hco3 and enzyme carbonic anhydrase

43
Q

bicarbonate reaction

A

co2 + h2o from cytoplasm + carbonic anhydrase >carbonic acid > H and hco3
(high co2 rx to right, high hco3 rx to left

44
Q

unloading co2 in pulmonary capillary

A

as co2 leaves blood, hco3 higher shifting rx to L (making co2 and h2o) so blood leaving lungs are basic

45
Q

loading co2 in systemic capillary

A

higher co2 in cap., rx to right, producing hco3 and h
more acidic

46
Q

negative feedback with blood gases

A

central and peripheral chemoreceptors detect change in po2, pco2, pH,
-then send AP to respiratory center in medulla oblongata
-diaphragm and intercostals change to restore balance

47
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A

found in aortic arch and carotid sinus
-monitoring blood flow through systemic arteries
stimulus:
po2 under 100, pco2 higher 40, acidic

48
Q

central chemoreceptors

A

-in medulla oblongata
-bathed in cerebrospinal fluid (interstitial fluid)
stimulus: pH change
low pH, high frequency of AP send to respiratory center to increase VA

49
Q

how do central chemoreceptors work

A

co2 from brain cap. enters cerebrospinal fluid
-then co2 and h2o from fluid make hco3 and h
-H then increases AP sent and increase alveiolar ventilation

50
Q

mechanisms to balance pH in blood

A
  1. reabsorb hco3 if too acidic
  2. excrete H if too acidic
    3) excrete hco3 if too basic
51
Q

conserving hco3

A

-H going in tubule lumen from epithelial cells using Na/H exchanger
-H and hco3 in lumen react to from co2 and h2o
-h2o moves in epithelial cells by h2o channels
and co2 in b/c non-polar
-co2 and h2o make H and hco3 in cells
-hco3 using protein carriers on basolateral membrane to move in blood
-H gets used again in cycle
-happens regardless of pH levels

52
Q

type A intercalated cells

A

will activate to secrete H if blood too acidic
-H secretes in tubule using protein carrier with ATP
-then is excreted
-primary active transport

53
Q

type B intercalated cells

A

will activate to secrete hco3 if blood too basic
hco3 is secreted using hco3/cl exchanger
-then is excreted

54
Q

norm blood pH, acidosis and alkalosis

A

7.4
= less than 7.4
= more than 7.4

55
Q

respiratory vs metabolic acidosis and alkalosis

A

-lung function changes alveolar gas exchange
-unrelated to lungs

56
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

preventing co2 from being exhaled properly
1. hypoventilation
2. pulmonary fibrosis
3. emphysema

57
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

decrease in PCO2, less H b/c no hco3 reaction
-overventilation of alveoli
-exhaling excess co2
-hyperventilation

58
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

decrease pco2
too much H excreted or hco3 retained
-prolonged vomiting -HCl imbalance

59
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

increase pco2
-kidney disease- decrease filtration, more H
-prolonged diarrhea- too much hco3 excreted