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Physiology 1020 > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

kidney’s functions

A

regulation of extracellular fluid volume and BP
-regulation of osmolarity
-maintains ion balance and body ph
-excretion of waste
-hormone production >vitamin D, EPO
-gluconeogenesis> produce glucose from noncarb source

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2
Q

location of kidneys

A

posterior abdomen, position is retroperitoneal

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3
Q

kidneys

A

filters blood and items are excreted as urine

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4
Q

renal artery

A

BV that brings oxygenated blood to kidney

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5
Q

renal vein

A

BV brings blood out of kidneys back to heart

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6
Q

ureter

A

tube that brings urine to bladder

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7
Q

bladder

A

collects urine
increase of urine, urination will occur

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8
Q

urethrae

A

tube that removes urine, longer in males

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9
Q

kidney stones

A

form by precipitation and crystallization of increase concentration of minerals and ions
too large, get stuck in renal pelvis, ureter or urethra

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10
Q

nephron

A

functional unit of kidneys
main parts> renal corpuscle and tubule

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11
Q

renal corpuscles

A

filters blood and turns into filtrate
3 part
bowman’s capsule, glomerulus, juxtaglomerular apparatus

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12
Q

glomerulus

A

specialized leaky capillaries

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13
Q

tubule

A

tube structure made of single layer of epithelial cells

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14
Q

bowman’s capsule/renal capsule

A

outside of renal corpuscle
-where fluid filters into
-surrounds glomerulus
-cellular part made of podocytes

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15
Q

podocytes

A

specialized type of epithelial cells

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16
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

composed of junction of tubule called late ascending limb of loop of henle then enters and exits afferent and efferent arterioles

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17
Q

muscula densa cells

A

specialized cells in late ascending limb of loop of henle
detects concentration of Na and Cl in filtrate

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18
Q

juxtaglomerular cells

A

beside muscla dense
also called granular cells
responsible for producing and releasing renin

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19
Q

types of nephrons

A

cortical 80% and juxtamedullary 20%y

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20
Q

difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons

A

jux- nephron next to medulla, cort- upper cortex
jux-long loop of henle, cort-short
juz-vasa recti-help with [] urine
cort- peritubular capillaries

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21
Q

similarities between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons

A

all nephrons in cortex, reabsorb filtrate

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22
Q

blood components

A

plasma- mostly water with macro molecules proteins, glucose, AA, co2, o2
RBC and WBC _cellular component

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23
Q

blood flow to kidneys in cortical nephrons

A

afferent arterioles > glomerulus >efferent arterioles > peritubular capillaries > venule > renal vein

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24
Q

processes of nephron

A

filtration + reabsorption + secretion and excretion

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25
Q

filtration

A

movement of fluid and solutes in blood from glomerulus to bowman’s capsule

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26
Q

reabsorption

A

movement of solutes from filtrate within tubule back into surrounding capillary bed
most is reabsorbed

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27
Q

secretion

A

solutes dissolved in blood can be added to filtrate as it travels through tubule
movement from peritubular capillary

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28
Q

excretion

A

production of urine
urine=filtrated collected in renal pelvis and collects in bladder

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29
Q

formula for excretion

A

filtration - reabsorption +secretion = excretion

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30
Q

barriers to filtration

A

size of fenestration and size of spaces between endothelial cells
-space between fibers of basal lamina
-spaces between podocytes

31
Q

fenestrations

A

additional holes in endothelial cells
-size limits what can be filtered out of blood into bowman’s space

32
Q

basal lamina

A

sticky tissue that connects endothelial cells to podocytes
-composed of collagen and negative charged glycoproteins
-filter plasma
0the negative charge prevents them from moving through basal lamina

33
Q

podocyte

A

inside bowman’s capsule, specialized cells
-prevent some fluid filtration by wrapping around glomerulus
-long projections

34
Q

bowman’s space

A

area within corpuscle where filtrate can move into from glomerulus

35
Q

slit space

A

between podocytes
-blood can move through here
-larger items can’t pass
-limits how much volume of fluid is filtered

36
Q

endothelial cells

A

make up capillaries
-have small spaces in between cells
have fenestrations

37
Q

3 ways to analysis urine

A

visual inspection, microscopic evaluation, chemical analysis

38
Q

visual inspection

A

colour
-brown liver
clear overhydrated vs. dark yellow dehydrated
-particles, kidney stones
-milky bacteria
frothy proteins

39
Q

microscopic evaluation

A

sediments and or crystals, kidney stones
-bacteria
-bacteria and RBC, UTI
RBC, types of urinary tract cancers

40
Q

chemical analysis

A

test for stuff like glucose, proteins, ketones and WBC (don’t want)

41
Q

glomerular filtration

A

healthy kidneys produce large volume of filtrate b/c of pressures in renal corpuscle

42
Q

net filtration pressure

A

-sum of all forces
-=10 mm HG

43
Q

glomerular filtration rate

A

-quantity of fluid and solutes dissolved in water filtered into bowman’s space from glomerular caps
-influenced by BF (more, than more)
-^GFR more solutes and h2o are excreted

usually L/day

44
Q

Hydrostatic pressure of glomerular capillaries

A

blood pushed through vessels by heart’s pumps
-as blood flows through glomerulus capillary, fluid is forced into capsule space
-this P favours filtration
-largest force that promotes filtration

45
Q

colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular capillaries

A

-proteins in blood don’t filter into capsular space b/c size and change
-proteins generate force, drawing water to where proteins flow
-force inhibits filtration

46
Q

hydrostatic pressure of bowman’s capsule

A

-fluid filters, it fills capsule space
-fluid movement out of tubule is slow
-the back pressure of fluid in capsule limits more fluid from filtering capsule space
-inhibits fluid filtration

47
Q

colloid osmotic pressure of bowman’s capsule

A

-if proteins could filter in capsular space, proteins pull fluid in
-positive force that favours filtration
-usually doesn’t exist =0
-must be accounted for b/c if presence affects fluid filtration

48
Q

NFP equation

A

(Pgc + nbc) - (Pbc + ngc)

49
Q

autoregulation of GFR

A

protects kidneys from getting damaged

50
Q

myogenic response

A

-increase blood flow in glomerulus, increase pressure, increase GFR
-myogenic response will reduce GFR
-reflexive contraction of afferent arterioles > this reduces blood flow, decrease GFR

51
Q

tubuloglomerular feedback -high

A

-macula densa cells detect salt composition of filtrate and detectors and rate of fluid flow
-if blood pressure increases, increase the amount of fluid filtered
- when Na and Cl level in filtrate are too high or fluid flow is too high, macula dense cells release a paracrine factor that stimulate afferent arterioles (constrict) therefore decrease rate of fluid filtration

52
Q

paracine factor

A

release adenosine

53
Q

tubuloglomerular feedback- low flow

A

if low fluid flow rate or low [ ] in filtrate, macula densa cells release nitric oxide
-release smooth muscle in afferent arteriole therefore GFR

54
Q

macula densa cells

A

detect how fast filtrate is flowing how much salt is in filtrate

55
Q

afferent arteriole constricts

A

-when they vasoconstrict, decrease blood enter glomerulus
-hydrostatic pressure would decrease
-decrease GFR

56
Q

efferent arteriole constricted

A

-when they vasoconstricted, decrease blood leaves glomerulus
-hydrostatic pressure would increase
-increase GFR

57
Q

vasoconstriction of afferent and efferent arterioles

A

caused by angiotensin II
-result is decrease GFR

58
Q

estimating the GFR

A

excretion= filtration - reabsorption + secretion

59
Q

how to measure GFR

A

-use creatinine (waste product in blood)
-why bad is increase skeletal muscle, increase creatinine produced

creatinine in urine x urine/day divide by creatinine plasma

60
Q

creatinine

A

-not perfect measurement because some creatinine is secreted in tubule
-so amount of creatinine excreted and little extra that was secreted into filtrate
-overestimates GFR

61
Q

other methods to measure GFR

A

inulin, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine

62
Q

inulin

A

-plant polysaccharide
-given via intravenous, isn’t produced by kidneys
=then [ ] of inulin in blood and filtered bt kidneys
-epithelial cells of tubule don’t recognize, so inulin is not reabsorbed or secreted so 100% is excreted
-quite invasive

63
Q

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

-urea waste product excreted by kidney
-partially reabsorbed by tubules so doesn’t show all filtration
-blood plasma levels can be measured
-[ ] of urea in blood can determine if less urea is being filtered
-decrease kidney function, decrease urea filtered, increase urea in blood
-measures nitrogen in urea
-however high protein diet and strenuous exercise can increase urea levels in blood

64
Q

serum creatinine

A

-quick way to estimate GFR
-of serum creation levels increase in blood, can indicate kidneys are no longer filtering as much fluid
-flow >normal values + normal [ ] of plasma creatinine is different for different people

65
Q

converting L/day to ml/min

A

100ml
1440 min

66
Q

GFR lower than expected

A

-with age, natural decline in renal function
-too much lower, kidneys are no longer functioning as they should

67
Q

kidney failure GFR

A

15ml/min

68
Q

normal GFR

A

180L/day or 125 ml/min

69
Q

chronic kidney disease (CKD)

A

-progressive disease can result in complete kidney failure
-damage can’t be reversed but slowed + stay
-nephrons damaged can’t heal
5 stages

70
Q

stage 1-2 of CKD

A

mild decrease in GFR, may not experience symptoms

71
Q

stage 3 of CKD

A

GFR decrease further, symptoms swelling in hands and feet b/c less blood being filtered

72
Q

stage 4 of CKD

A

last stage before kidney failure, move severe symptoms

73
Q

stage 5 of CKD

A

kidney failure > no longer functioning to support body
-dialysis or transplant

Physiology 1020 (3 decks)

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