Reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

chromosomes

A

long strands of DNA and genetic material
wrapped in histones

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2
Q

diploid

A

46 chromosomes (half from xx other xy
-referred as 2n

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3
Q

haploid

A

23 chromosomes
n

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4
Q

gametes

A

haploid cells made in gonads

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5
Q

germ line cells

A

cells that give rise to gametes through meiosis

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6
Q

oocytes

A

eggs
contain X chromosome

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7
Q

sperm

A

contains x or y chromosome
determines sex

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8
Q

meiosis

A

diploid cells become haploid gamete
interphase (replicates DNA)
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis 1
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis 2

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9
Q

external genitalia in males

A

penis and scrotum (has testes)

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10
Q

order of fluid release during ejaculation

A

bulbourethral gland, seminal vesicle, prostate

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11
Q

testes

A

produce sperm
produce testosterone and inhibin in response to GnRH from anterior pituitary

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12
Q

epididymis

A

site of sperm maturation and storage

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13
Q

vas deferens

A

tube connecting testes to ureter

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14
Q

seminal vesicle

A

contributes fluid to semen during ejaculation
-fluid is rich in fructose and enzymes

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15
Q

prostate

A

gland secretes enzymes and fluid to help neutralise acidic environment of urethra and vagina
-without it, sperm would die due to acidity
-regulates by testosterone

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16
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

drains into urethra

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17
Q

bulbourethral gland

A

release alkaline and lubricating fluid

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18
Q

urethra in males

A

has urine and sperm

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19
Q

penis

A

consists of erectile tissue

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20
Q

seminiferous tubule

A

site of spermatogenesis, where meiosis occurs
3 cells spermatocytes, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells

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21
Q

spermatocytes

A

adult stem cells that are developing

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22
Q

sertoli cell

A

support and regulate spermatogenesis
-creates blood teste barrier
FSH receptors
-produces inhibin

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23
Q

Leydig cells

A

produce testosterone
-located between seminiferous tubules
LH receptors

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24
Q

spermatogenesis

A

production of sperm, results in haploid cells

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25
Q

spermatogenesis steps

A
  1. spermatogonia/ germ cell (2n/46c) at outer edge of somniferous tubule
  2. spermatogonia divide by mitosis into 2 cells 1 spermatogonia (2n) and 1 primary spermatocyte (2n)
  3. primary spermatocyte crosses the tight junctions and more internal divide by meiosis into 2 secondary spermatocytes each n
  4. secondary spermatocytes moves more internal and divided by meiosis 2 in 4 spermatids, each n/23c
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26
Q

spermatozoa

A

released by sertoli cells into lumen seminiferous tubules
-mature spermatids
-sperm
-shed cytosol and grow tail
-mature in the epididymis

27
Q

spermatozoa’s tail

A

allows sperm to propel itself towards an oocytes

28
Q

spermatozoa’s mitochondrial spiral

A

densely packed to generate NRG to support tail movement

29
Q

spermatozoa’s head

A

nucleus with 23 c/n

30
Q

spermatozoa’s acrosome

A

contains enzymes and allows sperm to penetrate oocyte

31
Q

spermiogenesis

A

-spermatids > sperm/ spermatoza
takes 64-72 days

32
Q

HPG for males

A

hypothalamus (GnRH) > ant. pit. (FSH and LH)>
-sertoli cells (FSH stims. spermatogenesis and production of inhibin)
-leydig cells (LH sti. production of testosterone)

-inhibin - feedback on ant. pit.
-testosterone - feedback on hypothalamus and ant. pit.

33
Q

testosterone

A

muscle growth
produced from cholesterol

34
Q

fimbrea

A

capture the oocyte after it is released by ovary
-finger projection that sweeps oocyte in uterine tube

35
Q

ovary

A

site of developing female gamete
-response to FSH + LH, secretes estrogen + progesterone
-releases oocyte during ovulation

36
Q

uterus

A

muscular organ
-site of embryo implantation into endometrium
-development is regulated by estrogen, maturation by progesterone

37
Q

cervix

A

forms between vaginal canal + uterus
-secretes mucus
-high estrogen, thinner cervical mucus, high progesterone thicker mucus

38
Q

uterine tube

A

-where sperm + oocyte meet + fertilization
-has cilia moving oocyte or embryo to uterus
-movement regulated by progesterone

39
Q

what stage blocks most oocyte

A

oocytes begin meiosis then stop at prophase/diplotene stage

40
Q

polar body

A

can’t be fertilized
-with unneeded chromosomes + cytoplasm
made during metaphase 2

41
Q

syngamy

A

joining sperm + oocyte DNA

42
Q

oogenesis

A

oocyte development
-formation of zona pellucida (egg shell)

43
Q

granulosa + theca cells

A

contribute to maturation, maintenance + care
-secretes estrogen and progesterone
-together + oocyte make up follicle + matures through folliculogenesis

44
Q

folliculogenesis

A

process where ovarian follicles mature, small primordial follicles to larger preovulatory follicles
-leads to ovulation or atresia

45
Q

ovulation vs. atresia

A

-release of oocytes
-follicle degenerates

46
Q

stages of folliculogenesis

A

primordial follicle
primary follicle
secondary follicle
tertiary/antral follicle
preovulatory follicle

47
Q

primordial follicle

A

initial stage
-has oocyte with single layer of granulosa cell

48
Q

primary follicle

A

activates 30-50 primordial follicle
-1 will ovulate, the rest atresia
-multi layers of granulosa cells
-zona pellucide forms

49
Q

secondary follicle

A

-granulosa cells multiple
-theca cells form around follicle

50
Q

tertiary/antral follicle

A

forms antrum (fluid filled cavity)
-granulosa and theca cells multiples
-follicle grows larger

51
Q

preovulatory follicle

A

follicle matures + ready for ovulation
-antrum enlarges

52
Q

corpus luteum

A

remnants of follicles form it
-secretes hormones for potential pregnancy
-no, pregnancy, degrades into scar tissue called corpus albican

53
Q

what system regulates female reproductive system

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal
2 processes
folliculogenesis and endometrial changes

54
Q

endometrial changes

A

thickening and prep of uterine lining for potential implantation

55
Q

HPG for females

56
Q

no pregnancy

A

corpus luteum breaks down and endometrial lining sheds
cycle restarts
not * post ovulation both G and T cells convert to corpus luteum cells and express LH receptors

57
Q

uterine lining

A

estrogen stimulates thickening of lining during 1st
-after ovulation, progesterone stabilizes lining, if not fertilized, there is a drop in progesterone and sheds the lining

58
Q

birth control

A

-synthetic estrogen + progestin to suppress ovulation
-constant estrogen + progestin, negative feedback to hypothalamus + pituitary to stop LH surging
-progesterone prevents estrogen from being carcinogenic

59
Q

menopause

A

low reproductive hormones by non responsive ovaries
-45-55years
-stops ovulations ad periods

60
Q

hormone changes in menopause

A

GnRH- still released by less effective
FSH- increase b/c to try to sti. ovaries but they aren’t responsive
LH- increase
estrogen- decrease (hot flashes, mood changes, and bone loss)
progesterone- decrease (no corpus luteum)

61
Q

why do hormones change during menopause

A

ovaries less response
-ovarian follicle depletion (few follicles, lost through ovulation and atresia)
-less est.(produced by developing follicles) + prog. produced (produced by corpus luteum)
-increase FSH and LH, b/c less negative feedback

62
Q

menopause effects

A

hot flashes + night sweats
-irregular and absent periods
-bone loss
-mood changes
-vaginal dryness

63
Q

oocyte’s pathway

A

ovary> fimbrea>uterine tube>uterus