respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

describe what happens during inhalation at rest

A

-external intercostals contract, pulling ribs up and out
-diaphragm contracts and flattens
-thoracic capacity volume increases
-lung air pressure fills below atmospheric air pressure
-air is inhaled

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2
Q

describe what happens during inhalation at exercise

A

-external intercostals contract more than at rest, pulling ribs up
-recruited the muscles: sternocleidomastoid, scalene and pectoralis major
-diaphragm contracts with more force than at rest
-thoracic capacity volume increases more than at rest
-lung air pressure decreases below atmospheric air pressure more than at rest
-more air is inhaled than at rest

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3
Q

what happens during exhalation at exercise

A

-external intercostals relax
-internal intercostals and rectus abdominus contract
-diaphragmrelaxes back to dome
-thoracic capacity volume decreases faster than at rest
-lung airpressure increases faster than at rest
-air is forced out faster than at rest

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4
Q

what happens during gaseous exchange at rest (external)

A

a diffusion gradient is created by there being a high PPO2 in alveoli and low PPO2 in capillaries. Also a high PPCO2 in capillaries and low PPCO2 in alveoli.

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5
Q

what happens during gaseous exchange at rest (internal)

A

a diffusion gradient is created by there being a high PPO2 in capillaries surrounding muscles and low PPO2 in muscles. Also a high PPCO2 in muscles and low PPCO2 in capillaries surrounding muscles

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6
Q

what happens during gaseous exchange at exercise (external)

A

a larger diffusion gradient is created by there being a higher PPO2 in alveoli and lower PPO2 in capillaries. Also a higher PPCO2 in capillaries and lower PPCO2 in alveoli.

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7
Q

what happens during gaseous exchange at exercise (internal)

A

a larger diffusion gradient is created by there being a higher PPO2 in capillaries surrounding muscles and lower PPO2 in muscles. Also a higher PPCO2 in muscles and lower PPCO2 in capillaries surrounding muscles

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8
Q

What is partial pressure

A

The pressure of a gas tells us how much oxygen is available
Higher O2 in blood means higher partial pressure

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9
Q

What does the disassociation curve describe

A

How much of the O2 is going to be saturated with haemoglobin in the blood

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10
Q

What happens when the disassociation graph plateaus

A

Increased partial pressure means a smaller increase in saturation

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11
Q

What is the Bohr shift

A

haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen at working muscles, giving up oxygen more easily

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12
Q

What determines the direction which the curve shifts on a disassociation graph

A

An increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide will shift the curve to the right, whereas a decrease in partial pressure of carbon dioxide shifts the curve to the left.

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13
Q

What affect does the Bohr shift have on the blood

A

Increases CO2 levels And Decreases pH which causes a reduced affinity of haemoglobin for O2

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14
Q

what is oxyhaemohlobin

A

haemoglobin carrying oxygen in blood

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15
Q

what is tidal volume

A

the amount of air breathed in with each normal breath

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16
Q

what muscles are recruited during inhalation during exercise

A

sternocleidomastoid
scalene
pectoralis major

17
Q

what muscles are contracted and relaxed during exhalation during exercise

A

-external intercostals are relaxed
-internal intercostals and rectus abdominus are contracted

18
Q

what happens during neural control of breathing

A

chemoReceptors to IC detect chemical changed, baroreceptors detect lung stretch to EC. Inspiratory centre stimulates motor neurones to increase depth of breathing. Phrenic nerve stimulates diaphragm to contract more strongly. Intercostal nerves stimulate external intercostals to contract with more force 5. Recruitment of the Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, internal intercostals, rectus abdominis

19
Q

what are the receptors in the RCC

A

inspiratory centre
expiatory centre

20
Q

what do the receptors sending info to the RCC detect

A

chemoreceptors- chemical changes
proprioreceptors- movement
thermoreceptors- temp changes
baro receptors- lung stretch

21
Q

what is the equation for minute ventilation (VE)

A

VE= frequency x tidal volume

22
Q

what does VE stand for

A

minute ventilation

23
Q

what is the unit for breathing frequency (f)

A

breath/min

24
Q

what is the unit for tidal volume (TV)

25
Q

what is the unit for minute ventilation (VE)

26
Q

why is resting VE lower for a trained person

A

as their respiratory system is more efficient which means it’s better at taking oxygen out of the air. this explains why the breathing frequency is lower for the trained person

27
Q

why is tidal volume greater for a trained person at maximal exercise

A

as of the strength of the inspiratoire muscles

28
Q

why is breathing frequency at maximal exercise higher for a trained person

A

as of the strength of the expiratory muscles like the internal intercostals

29
Q

what effect does exercise have on the dissociation curve

A

-curve moves to the right
-haemoglobin at tissues is saturated with oxygen
-the 75% released has dissociated and gone into the muscle

30
Q

what is the dissociation curve like at rest

A

-in haemoglobin at resting tissues 75% is saturated with O2
-25% of haemoglobin has given O2 to the tissues(this is dissociation)
-100% of haemoglobin is saturated with oxygen at lungs

31
Q

what does a decrease in pH do to the oxygen dissociation curve

A

causes a shift to the right

32
Q

what does an increase in pH do to the oxygen dissociation curve

A

causes a shift to the left

33
Q

what are three factors that mean blood acidity increases

A

-increase CO2
-increased production of lactic acid
-increased oxygen consumption

34
Q

how does an increased of temp effect oxygen dissociation curve

A

causes a shift to the right

35
Q

bohr shift means that athletes can produce energy at higher intensities… when

A

aerobically

36
Q

when does oxygen associate with haemoglobin faster

A

if other oxygen molecules have done so first

37
Q

what is the effect of decreases temperature on oxygen dissociation curve

A

shift to the left