RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
- The respiratory system functions to supply oxygen for the metabolic needs of the
cells and to remove one of the waste materials of cellular metabolism which is
carbon dioxide.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
This involves the processes of RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
- External respiration
- Internal respiration
- Absorption of O2 and removal of CO2 from the lungs.
External respiration
- Gaseous exchanges between the cells of the body and their fluid medium.
- The RBC will give oxygen to your tissues and get the metabolic wastes product of your tissues, your carbon dioxide to be brought to the lungs for exhalation – external respiration.
Internal respiration
- Movement of air in and out of the respiratory system
Pulmonary ventilation
- For passage of air
a. Nose
b. Pharynx
c. Larynx
d. Trachea
e. Bronchi and their divisions
A. Conducting passages (dead spaces)
- Where absorption of O2 and removal of CO2 from the blood takes place.
a. Lungs (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli)
B. Respiratory passages
A. External nose
Boundaries:
* Superiorly
o nasal and frontal bones
* Laterally
o maxillary bones
* Inferiorly
o plates of hyaline cartilage(hard palate)
o the lateral septal and alar cartilages
Nose
- Lies posterior to the external nose
oAnterior nares (nostrils)
Communication between nasal cavity and outside.
Are separated by septum mobile nasi or columella (ito un nasa gitna)
Entrance – anterior nares; exit - posterior nares/Choanae
Nasal cavity
– ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone and frontal bone
Roof
– hard palate
Floor
− conchae or turbinates
Laterally
o(Superior, middle, inferior) which protrude medially forming grooves inferior to each conchae
meatus
o Recess and meatuses:
a. Superior meatus
b. Middle meatus
c. Inferior meatus
d. (Sphenoethmoidal recess)
o Nasal conchae
a. Superior concha (parts of ethmoid - cranial bone)
b. Middle concha (parts of ethmoid – cranial bone)
c. Inferior concha (facial bone)
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- the nasal septum which is formed anteriorly by hyaline cartilage, and posteriorly
by the vomer bone and perpendicular plate of ethmoid
Medially
- Purely respiratory in function. (only air)
- Behind the nasal cavity
- From posterior nares to uvula
Nasopharynx
- soft palate to epiglottis
- located behind the oral cavity
- digestive and respiratory function (air, food and water)
- from uvula to tip of epiglottis
Oropharynx
- Located behind the larynx
- digestive and respiratory function (air, food and water)
- from tip of epiglottis to cricoid cartilage.
Laryngopharynx
- Voice box
- extend 5 cm from the level of the 4th – 6th cervical vertebra
- with 9 cartilages (3 paired and 3 unpaired)
Larynx
- largest; shield shaped; anterior portion
- with laryngeal prominence (Adam’s Apple):
- Adam’s apple: angulation formed from the union of 2 laminae.
Thyroid cartilage
- signet ring shaped
- narrow anterior part and wide posterior part (2)
Cricoid cartilage
- spoon or leaf – shaped
- Guardian of the airway – will move down to close laryngeal to enter foods to the larynx.
- found behind the tongue
- only elastic cartilage (the rest are hyaline)
Epiglottis
- Thyroid cartilage
- Cricoid cartilage
- Epiglottis
Unpaired
- Arytenoid cartilage
- Corniculate
- Cuneiform cartilages
Paired
- Pyramidal
Arytenoid cartilage
- non-movable
- surrounds the opening called Rima vestibuli
- False vocal cords (Vestibular fold)
- Movable
- surrounds the opening called Rima glottidis (the narrowest part of the adult larynx)
- True vocal cords (Vocal Folds)
– between these 2 vocals chords
Laryngeal Ventricle
- “windpipe” is a cylindrical tube about 10-12 cm in length; 2.5 cm in diameter
- 16-20 C-shaped cartilage
- lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
- C6 - T5
- Anterior of esophagus
- Posterior part of trachea will be made up of smooth muscles.
Trachea
- The branches of the trachea.
- Trachea will branch out
Bronchi
which supply the lobes of the lungs (superior, middle and inferior in the right lung; superior and inferior in the left)
Secondary lobar bronchi
wider and shorter
more direct continuation of trachea
3 lobar bronchi
o Right primary bronchus
Longer and narrower
obliquely position
2 lobar bronchi
Left primary bronchus
in turn divides into tertiary, or segmental bronchi, each of which is distributed to a unit of the lung called a bronchopulmonary segment.
o Secondary bronchi
continue to divide into successively smaller branches.
Segmental bronchi
- bronchioles
- lobules -
- Each bronchiole divides upon entering a lobule into several terminal bronchioles,
Fine branches
basic units of the lung.
lobules
- End of the conducting passages
- Passage of air only
- each of which further subdivides into two or more respiratory bronchioles.
Terminal bronchioles
- exchange of gases
- start of respiratory portion
- open into alveolar ducts from which alveoli arise
Respiratory bronchioles
- respiratory bronchioles
- branch into: Alveolar ducts, Alveolar sacs, Alveoli
Respiratory zones
- walls of alveoli composed of simple squamous epithelium.
- Flatten cells
Type I pneumocytes
- secretes surfactant – decreasing the surface tension of the alveoli which will prevent the lungs from collapsing.
Type II pneumocytes
Respiratory membrane made up of:
* the structures that the gases will be traversing
o Basement membrane of alveolar epithelium
o Basement membrane of capillary epithelium
o Interstitial space
o Capillary endothelium
o Alveolar epithelium
o Alveolar fluid with surfactant
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- dust cells, defense against inhaled dust, bacteria, and foreign particles
Alveolar Macrophages
