Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the organs of the respiratory system?
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs-alveoli
Where do gas exchanges between the blood and external environment occur?
Alveoli of the lungs
includes passageways from the nose to larynx
Upper respiratory tract
includes passageways from trachea to alveoli
Lower respiratory tract
Passageways to the _____ purify, humidify, and warm the incoming air.
Lungs
The only externally visible part of the respiratory system
Nose
What are the parts of the nose?
Nostrils
Nasal cavity
Nasal septum
Nostrils are also called _____.
Nares
It is the route through which air enters the nose.
Nostrils (nares)
It is the route through which air enters the nose.
Nostrils (nares)
What divides the nasal cavity?
Nostrils (nares)
Where are olfactory receptors located?
mucosa on the superior surface
The rest of the nasal cavity is lined with respiratory _____.
Mucosa
What are the functions of respiratory mucosa?
Moistens air
Traps incoming foreign particles
Enzymes in the mucus destroy bacteria chemically
They are projections from the lateral walls.
Conchae
What are the functions of the conchae?
Increase surface area
Increase air turbulence within the nasal cavity
Increased trapping of inhaled particles
What separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?
Palate
What are the two palates?
Hard palate and soft palate
True or False: The soft palate is anterior and supported by bone, while the hard palate is posterior and unsupported.
FALSE. Suli hahahhaa
Cavities surrounding the nasal cavity.
Paranasal sinuses
What bones surround the paranasal sinuses?
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
Lighten the skull
Act as resonance chambers for speech
Produce mucus
Muscular passageway from nasal cavity to larynx
Pharynx
The pharynx is common called the ____.
Throat
Continuous with the ______.
posterior nasal aperture
What are the three regions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Superior region of the pharynx behind nasal cavity.
Nasopharynx
Middle region of the pharynx behind mouth.
Oropharynx
Inferior region of the pharynx attached to larynx.
Laryngopharynx
What two regions of the pharynx serve as common passageway for air and food?
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
What routes food into the esophagus?
Epiglottis
They drain the middle ear and open into the nasopharynx.
Pharyngotympanic tubes
They are clusters of lymphatic tissue that play a role in protecting the body from infection.
Tonsils
What are the three types of tonsils?
Pharyngeal tonsil
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
A single tonsil, located in the nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
These tonsils are located in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate
Palatine tonsils
These tonsils are found at the base of the tongue.
Lingual tonsils
The larynx is commonly known as the _____.
Voice box
What are the roles of the larynx?
Routes air and food into proper channels
Plays a role in speech
Located inferior to the pharynx
The larynx is made of how many rigid hyaline cartilages?
Eight
What is the largest cartilage in the larynx?
Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
Spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage
Epiglottis
What are the functions of the epiglottis?
Protects the superior opening of the larynx
Routes food to the posteriorly situated esophagus and routes air toward the trachea
During swallowing, the epiglottis rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx
Vibrate with expelled air
Allow us to speak
Vocal folds (true vocal cords)
includes the vocal cords and the opening between the vocal cords
Glottis
4-inch-long tube that connects to the larynx
Trachea
The traches is commonly called the ____
Windpipe
The trachea walls are reinforced with _____, which keep the trachea patent (open)
C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
The trachea is lined with ______.
ciliated mucosa
In the trachea, they beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air.
Cilia
Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs
Ciliated mucosa
The lungs occupy the entire thoracic cavity except for the _____.
central mediastinum
Apex of each lung is near the _____, while the base rests on the _____.
clavicle (superior portion); diaphragm
Each lung is divided into lobes by _______.
Fissures
True or False: The left lung has three lobes, while the right lung has two lobes.
FALSE. Suli
It covers the outer surface of the lungs.
Pleura
______ covers the lung surface.
Pulmonary (visceral) pleura
______ lines the walls of the thoracic cavity.
Parietal pleura
______ fills the area between layers
Pleural fluid
What are the functions of the pleural fluid?
Allows the lungs to glide over the thorax
Decreases friction during breathing
______ (between the layers) is more of a potential space.
Pleural space
Formed by division of the trachea
Main bronchi
Each bronchus enters the lung at the _____.
hilum (medial depression)
True or False: Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left
TRUE.
True or False: Bronchi subdivide into larger and larger branches.
FALSE. Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches
the network of branching passageways
Bronchial tree
True or False: In the bronchial tree, all but the smallest passageways have reinforcing cartilage in the walls.
TRUE.
The bronchial tree conduits to and from the _____
respiratory zone
What are the smallest conducting passageways in the bronchial tree?
Bronchioles
They lead into respiratory zone structures and terminate in alveoli.
Terminal bronchioles
What are included in the respiratory zone?
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli (air sacs)—the only site of gas exchange
Alveoli are made up of what type of cells?
Simple squamous epithelial cells
What connect neighboring air sacs in the alveoli?
Alveolar pores
What cover external surfaces of alveoli?
Pulmonary capillaries
On one side of this membrane is air, and on the other side is blood flowing past
Respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier)
Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by what process?
Diffusion
In diffusion, oxygen enters the _____, while carbon dioxide enters the _____.
Blood; alveoli
These cells add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris
Alveolar macrophages (“dust cells”)
This lipid molecule coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces
Surfactant
What cells secrete surfactant?
cuboidal surfactant-secreting cells
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
Supply the body with oxygen
Dispose of carbon dioxide
What are the four events associated with respiration?
Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Respiratory gas transport
Internal respiration
Moving air into and out of the lungs
Pulmonary ventilation
Pulmonary ventilation is common called ____.
Breathing
gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli
External respiration
transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream
Respiratory gas transport
gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries
Internal respiration
Pulmonary ventilation is a mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the _____.
thoracic cavity
Air leaving lungs
Expiration/exhalation
Flow of air into lungs
Inspiration/inhalation
What happens during inhalation?
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
Intrapulmonary volume increases
Gas pressure decreases
Air flows into the lungs until intrapulmonary pressure equals atmospheric pressure
What happens during exhalation?
Largely a passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity
Intrapulmonary volume decreases
Gas pressure increases
Gases passively flow out to equalize the pressure
Forced expiration can occur mostly by contraction of internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage
Interpleural pressure
The pressure within the pleural space is always negative
Major factor preventing lung collapse
If intrapleural pressure equals atmospheric pressure, the lungs recoil and collapse
What factors affect respiratory capacity?
Size
Sex
Age
Physical condition
Normal quiet breathing
Tidal volume (TV)
How much air is moved in/out of lungs with each breath of tidal volume?
500 ml
Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Air remaining in lung after expiration, cannot be voluntarily exhaled
Residual volume
Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Allows gas exchange to go on continuously, even between breaths, and helps keep alveoli open (inflated)
Residual volume
How much is Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) usually?
Usually around 3,100 ml
How much is Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) usually?
Approximately 1,200 ml
How much is residual volume usually?
About 1,200 ml
The total amount of exchangeable air
Vital capacity
Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli
Dead space volume
TV + IRV + ERV
Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone
Functional volume
How much is vital capacity usually?
4,800 ml in men; 3,100 ml in women
How much is dead space volume usually?
About 150 ml
How much is functional volume usually?
Usually about 350 ml
Respiratory capacities are measured with a _____.
spirometer
Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions
Nonrespiratory Air Movements
Taking a deep breath, closing glottis, and forcing air superiorly from lungs against glottis. Then, glottis opens suddenly, and a blast of air rushes upward. They act to clear the lower respiratory passageways.
Cough
Similar to a cough, except that expelled air is directed through nasal cavities instead of through oral cavity. The uvula, a dangling tag of tissue hanging from the soft palate, becomes depressed and closes oral cavity off from pharynx, routing air through nasal cavities. They clear upper respiratory passages.
Sneeze
Inspiration followed by release of air in a number of short expirations. Primarily an emotionally induced mechanism.
Crying
Essentially same as crying in terms of the air movements produced. Also an emotionally induced response.
Laughing
Sudden inspirations resulting from spasms of diaphragm; initiated by irritation of diaphragm or phrenic nerves, which serve diaphragm. The sound occurs when inspired air hits vocal folds of closed glottis.
Hiccups
Very deep inspiration, taken with jaws wide open; ventilates all alveoli (some alveoli may remain collapsed during normal quiet breathing).
Yawn
Respiratory sounds are monitored with a _____.
Stethoscope
What two recognizable sounds can be heard with a stethoscope?
Bronchial sounds and
vesicular breathing sounds
Soft sounds of air filling alveoli
Vesicular breathing sounds
Sounds produced by air rushing through large passageways such as the trachea and bronchi
Bronchial sounds
an exchange of gases occurring between the alveoli and pulmonary blood (pulmonary gas exchange)
External respiration
an exchange of gases occurring between the blood and tissue cells (systemic capillary gas exchange)
Internal respiration
True or False: Movement of the gas is toward the area of higher concentration.
FALSE. Movement of the gas is toward the area of lower concentration
Normal respiratory rate (eupnea)
12 to 15 respirations per minute
Increased respiratory rate, often due to extra oxygen needs
Hyperpnea
