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Anaphy Endterm > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organs of the respiratory system?

A

Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs-alveoli

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2
Q

Where do gas exchanges between the blood and external environment occur?

A

Alveoli of the lungs

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3
Q

includes passageways from the nose to larynx

A

Upper respiratory tract

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4
Q

includes passageways from trachea to alveoli

A

Lower respiratory tract

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5
Q

Passageways to the _____ purify, humidify, and warm the incoming air.

A

Lungs

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6
Q

The only externally visible part of the respiratory system

A

Nose

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7
Q

What are the parts of the nose?

A

Nostrils
Nasal cavity
Nasal septum

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8
Q

Nostrils are also called _____.

A

Nares

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9
Q

It is the route through which air enters the nose.

A

Nostrils (nares)

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10
Q

It is the route through which air enters the nose.

A

Nostrils (nares)

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11
Q

What divides the nasal cavity?

A

Nostrils (nares)

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12
Q

Where are olfactory receptors located?

A

mucosa on the superior surface

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13
Q

The rest of the nasal cavity is lined with respiratory _____.

A

Mucosa

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14
Q

What are the functions of respiratory mucosa?

A

Moistens air
Traps incoming foreign particles
Enzymes in the mucus destroy bacteria chemically

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15
Q

They are projections from the lateral walls.

A

Conchae

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16
Q

What are the functions of the conchae?

A

Increase surface area
Increase air turbulence within the nasal cavity
Increased trapping of inhaled particles

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17
Q

What separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?

A

Palate

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18
Q

What are the two palates?

A

Hard palate and soft palate

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19
Q

True or False: The soft palate is anterior and supported by bone, while the hard palate is posterior and unsupported.

A

FALSE. Suli hahahhaa

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20
Q

Cavities surrounding the nasal cavity.

A

Paranasal sinuses

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21
Q

What bones surround the paranasal sinuses?

A

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

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22
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Lighten the skull
Act as resonance chambers for speech
Produce mucus

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23
Q

Muscular passageway from nasal cavity to larynx

A

Pharynx

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24
Q

The pharynx is common called the ____.

A

Throat

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25
Q

Continuous with the ______.

A

posterior nasal aperture

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26
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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27
Q

Superior region of the pharynx behind nasal cavity.

A

Nasopharynx

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28
Q

Middle region of the pharynx behind mouth.

A

Oropharynx

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29
Q

Inferior region of the pharynx attached to larynx.

A

Laryngopharynx

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30
Q

What two regions of the pharynx serve as common passageway for air and food?

A

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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31
Q

What routes food into the esophagus?

A

Epiglottis

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32
Q

They drain the middle ear and open into the nasopharynx.

A

Pharyngotympanic tubes

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33
Q

They are clusters of lymphatic tissue that play a role in protecting the body from infection.

A

Tonsils

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34
Q

What are the three types of tonsils?

A

Pharyngeal tonsil
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils

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35
Q

A single tonsil, located in the nasopharynx

A

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)

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36
Q

These tonsils are located in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate

A

Palatine tonsils

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37
Q

These tonsils are found at the base of the tongue.

A

Lingual tonsils

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38
Q

The larynx is commonly known as the _____.

A

Voice box

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39
Q

What are the roles of the larynx?

A

Routes air and food into proper channels
Plays a role in speech
Located inferior to the pharynx

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40
Q

The larynx is made of how many rigid hyaline cartilages?

A

Eight

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41
Q

What is the largest cartilage in the larynx?

A

Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)

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42
Q

Spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage

A

Epiglottis

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43
Q

What are the functions of the epiglottis?

A

Protects the superior opening of the larynx
Routes food to the posteriorly situated esophagus and routes air toward the trachea
During swallowing, the epiglottis rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx

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44
Q

Vibrate with expelled air
Allow us to speak

A

Vocal folds (true vocal cords)

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45
Q

includes the vocal cords and the opening between the vocal cords

A

Glottis

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46
Q

4-inch-long tube that connects to the larynx

A

Trachea

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47
Q

The traches is commonly called the ____

A

Windpipe

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48
Q

The trachea walls are reinforced with _____, which keep the trachea patent (open)

A

C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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49
Q

The trachea is lined with ______.

A

ciliated mucosa

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50
Q

In the trachea, they beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air.

A

Cilia

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51
Q

Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs

A

Ciliated mucosa

52
Q

The lungs occupy the entire thoracic cavity except for the _____.

A

central mediastinum

53
Q

Apex of each lung is near the _____, while the base rests on the _____.

A

clavicle (superior portion); diaphragm

54
Q

Each lung is divided into lobes by _______.

A

Fissures

55
Q

True or False: The left lung has three lobes, while the right lung has two lobes.

A

FALSE. Suli

56
Q

It covers the outer surface of the lungs.

A

Pleura

57
Q

______ covers the lung surface.

A

Pulmonary (visceral) pleura

58
Q

______ lines the walls of the thoracic cavity.

A

Parietal pleura

59
Q

______ fills the area between layers

A

Pleural fluid

60
Q

What are the functions of the pleural fluid?

A

Allows the lungs to glide over the thorax
Decreases friction during breathing

61
Q

______ (between the layers) is more of a potential space.

A

Pleural space

62
Q

Formed by division of the trachea

A

Main bronchi

63
Q

Each bronchus enters the lung at the _____.

A

hilum (medial depression)

64
Q

True or False: Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left

A

TRUE.

65
Q

True or False: Bronchi subdivide into larger and larger branches.

A

FALSE. Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches

66
Q

the network of branching passageways

A

Bronchial tree

67
Q

True or False: In the bronchial tree, all but the smallest passageways have reinforcing cartilage in the walls.

A

TRUE.

68
Q

The bronchial tree conduits to and from the _____

A

respiratory zone

69
Q

What are the smallest conducting passageways in the bronchial tree?

A

Bronchioles

70
Q

They lead into respiratory zone structures and terminate in alveoli.

A

Terminal bronchioles

71
Q

What are included in the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli (air sacs)—the only site of gas exchange

72
Q

Alveoli are made up of what type of cells?

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells

73
Q

What connect neighboring air sacs in the alveoli?

A

Alveolar pores

74
Q

What cover external surfaces of alveoli?

A

Pulmonary capillaries

75
Q

On one side of this membrane is air, and on the other side is blood flowing past

A

Respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier)

76
Q

Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by what process?

A

Diffusion

77
Q

In diffusion, oxygen enters the _____, while carbon dioxide enters the _____.

A

Blood; alveoli

78
Q

These cells add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris

A

Alveolar macrophages (“dust cells”)

79
Q

This lipid molecule coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

A

Surfactant

80
Q

What cells secrete surfactant?

A

cuboidal surfactant-secreting cells

81
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

Supply the body with oxygen
Dispose of carbon dioxide

82
Q

What are the four events associated with respiration?

A

Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Respiratory gas transport
Internal respiration

83
Q

Moving air into and out of the lungs

A

Pulmonary ventilation

84
Q

Pulmonary ventilation is common called ____.

A

Breathing

85
Q

gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli

A

External respiration

86
Q

transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream

A

Respiratory gas transport

87
Q

gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries

A

Internal respiration

88
Q

Pulmonary ventilation is a mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the _____.

A

thoracic cavity

89
Q

Air leaving lungs

A

Expiration/exhalation

90
Q

Flow of air into lungs

A

Inspiration/inhalation

91
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
Intrapulmonary volume increases
Gas pressure decreases
Air flows into the lungs until intrapulmonary pressure equals atmospheric pressure

92
Q

What happens during exhalation?

A

Largely a passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity
Intrapulmonary volume decreases
Gas pressure increases
Gases passively flow out to equalize the pressure
Forced expiration can occur mostly by contraction of internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage

93
Q

Interpleural pressure

A

The pressure within the pleural space is always negative
Major factor preventing lung collapse
If intrapleural pressure equals atmospheric pressure, the lungs recoil and collapse

94
Q

What factors affect respiratory capacity?

A

Size
Sex
Age
Physical condition

95
Q

Normal quiet breathing

A

Tidal volume (TV)

96
Q

How much air is moved in/out of lungs with each breath of tidal volume?

A

500 ml

96
Q

Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

96
Q

Air remaining in lung after expiration, cannot be voluntarily exhaled

A

Residual volume

96
Q

Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

97
Q

Allows gas exchange to go on continuously, even between breaths, and helps keep alveoli open (inflated)

A

Residual volume

98
Q

How much is Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) usually?

A

Usually around 3,100 ml

99
Q

How much is Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) usually?

A

Approximately 1,200 ml

100
Q

How much is residual volume usually?

A

About 1,200 ml

101
Q

The total amount of exchangeable air

A

Vital capacity

102
Q

Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli

A

Dead space volume

103
Q
A

TV + IRV + ERV

104
Q

Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone

A

Functional volume

105
Q

How much is vital capacity usually?

A

4,800 ml in men; 3,100 ml in women

106
Q

How much is dead space volume usually?

A

About 150 ml

107
Q

How much is functional volume usually?

A

Usually about 350 ml

108
Q

Respiratory capacities are measured with a _____.

A

spirometer

109
Q

Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions

A

Nonrespiratory Air Movements

110
Q

Taking a deep breath, closing glottis, and forcing air superiorly from lungs against glottis. Then, glottis opens suddenly, and a blast of air rushes upward. They act to clear the lower respiratory passageways.

A

Cough

110
Q

Similar to a cough, except that expelled air is directed through nasal cavities instead of through oral cavity. The uvula, a dangling tag of tissue hanging from the soft palate, becomes depressed and closes oral cavity off from pharynx, routing air through nasal cavities. They clear upper respiratory passages.

A

Sneeze

111
Q

Inspiration followed by release of air in a number of short expirations. Primarily an emotionally induced mechanism.

A

Crying

111
Q

Essentially same as crying in terms of the air movements produced. Also an emotionally induced response.

A

Laughing

112
Q

Sudden inspirations resulting from spasms of diaphragm; initiated by irritation of diaphragm or phrenic nerves, which serve diaphragm. The sound occurs when inspired air hits vocal folds of closed glottis.

A

Hiccups

113
Q

Very deep inspiration, taken with jaws wide open; ventilates all alveoli (some alveoli may remain collapsed during normal quiet breathing).

A

Yawn

114
Q

Respiratory sounds are monitored with a _____.

A

Stethoscope

115
Q

What two recognizable sounds can be heard with a stethoscope?

A

Bronchial sounds and
vesicular breathing sounds

116
Q

Soft sounds of air filling alveoli

A

Vesicular breathing sounds

116
Q

Sounds produced by air rushing through large passageways such as the trachea and bronchi

A

Bronchial sounds

116
Q

an exchange of gases occurring between the alveoli and pulmonary blood (pulmonary gas exchange)

A

External respiration

117
Q

an exchange of gases occurring between the blood and tissue cells (systemic capillary gas exchange)

A

Internal respiration

118
Q

True or False: Movement of the gas is toward the area of higher concentration.

A

FALSE. Movement of the gas is toward the area of lower concentration

119
Q

Normal respiratory rate (eupnea)

A

12 to 15 respirations per minute

120
Q

Increased respiratory rate, often due to extra oxygen needs

A

Hyperpnea

Anaphy Endterm (6 decks)

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