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Anaphy Endterm > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: The cardiovascular system is an open system.

A

FALSE. It is a closed system of the heart and blood vessels.

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2
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues
Remove carbon dioxide and other waste products from cells and tissues

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3
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Thorax, between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum

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4
Q

The ____ pumps blood, while ____ allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body.

A

Heart; blood vessels

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5
Q

True or False: The apex of the heart is located inferiorly, while the base is located superiorly.

A

TRUE

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6
Q

The pointed apex of the heart directed toward the ____, while the base points toward ____.

A

Left hp; right shoulder

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7
Q

How large is the heart?

A

About the size of a human fist

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8
Q

A double-walled sac covering the heart.

A

Pericardium

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9
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium and serous membrane

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10
Q

This layer of the pericardium is loose and superficial.

A

Fibrous pericardium

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11
Q

This layer of the pericardium is deep to the fibrous pericardium.

A

Serous membrane

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12
Q

What are the two layers of the serous membrane?

A

Parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium

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13
Q

Outside layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal pericardium

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14
Q

This layer of the serous membrane is next to heart.

A

Visceral pericardium

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15
Q

The visceral pericardium is also known as the ____.

A

Epicardium

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16
Q

_____ fills the space between the layers of pericardium.

A

Serous fluid

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17
Q

What the three layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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18
Q

This outer connective layer is also called the visceral pericardium.

A

Epicardium

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19
Q

Middle heart wall layer that is mostly cardiac muscle.

A

Myocardium

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20
Q

Inner heart wall layer known as endothelium.

A

Endocardium

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21
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Right and left atria, right and left ventricles

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22
Q

Receiving chambers of the heart

A

Atria

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23
Q

Discharging chambers of the heart

A

Ventricles

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24
Q

Separates the two ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

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25
Q

Separates the two atria

A

Interatrial septum

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26
Q

This type of circulation is when blood flows from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart

A

Pulmonary circulation

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27
Q

This type of circulation is when blood flows from the left side of the heart through body tissues, and back to the right side of the heart.

A

Systemic circulation

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28
Q

Allow blood to flow in only one direction, to prevent backflow

A

Heart valves

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29
Q

What are the four heart valves?

A

2 Atrioventricular (AV) valves and 2 semilunar valves

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30
Q

These heart valves are located between atria and ventricles.

A

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

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31
Q

What are the two atrioventricular (AV) valves?

A

Bicuspid (mitral) valve (left side of heart)
Tricuspid valve (right side of heart)

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32
Q

These heart valves are located between ventricle and artery.

A

Semilunar valves

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33
Q

What are the two semilunar valves?

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve

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34
Q

AV valves are anchored in place by _____, also known as heart strings.

A

Chordae tendineae

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35
Q

AV valves are ____ during heart relaxation and ____ during ventricular contraction.

A

Open; closed

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36
Q

Semilunar valves are ____ during heart relaxation and ____ during ventricular contraction.

A

Closed; open

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37
Q

Semilunar valves open and close in response to _____.

A

Pressure changes in the heart

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38
Q

Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish which layer of the heart walls?

A

Myocardium

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39
Q

The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system, which consists of ____.

A

Coronary arteries, cardiac veins, and coronary sinus

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40
Q

Branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.

A

Coronary arteries

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41
Q

Drain the myocardium of blood.

A

Cardiac veins

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42
Q

A large vein on the posterior of the heart, receives blood from cardiac veins.

A

Coronary sinus

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43
Q

Blood empties into the right atrium via the ___.

A

Coronary sinus

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44
Q

This system increases the rate of heart contraction and ensures that the heart beats as a unit.

A

Intrinsic conduction (nodal) system

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45
Q

This node is the heart’s pacemaker.

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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46
Q

This node is at the junction of the atria and ventricles.

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

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47
Q

These nodes are in the interventricular septum.

A

Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His)
Bundle branches

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48
Q

These nodes spread within the ventricle wall muscles

A

Purkinje fibers

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49
Q

Intrinsic conduction system enforces how many beats per minute?

A

75

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50
Q

Contraction is initiated by which node?

A

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

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51
Q

Where does sequential stimulation occur?

A

Autorhythmic cells

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52
Q

It is when damaged AV node releases the ventricles from control of the SA node; result is in a slower heart rate as ventricles contract at their own rate.

A

Heart block

53
Q

It is lack of adequate oxygen supply to heart muscle.

A

Ischemia

54
Q

A rapid, uncoordinated shuddering of the heart muscle.

A

Fibrillation

55
Q

Rapid heart rate over 100 beats per minute.

A

Tachycardia

56
Q

Slow heart rate less than 60 beats per minute.

A

Bradycardia

57
Q

Refers to one complete heartbeat

A

Cardiac cycle

58
Q

____ refers to heart contraction, while ____ refers to heart relaxation.

A

Systole; diastole

59
Q

What is the normal length of a single cardiac cycle?

A

0.8 seconds

60
Q

What are the three processes in a cardiac cycle?

A

Mid-to-late diastole
Ventricular systole
Early diastole

61
Q

Faulty valves reduce the efficiency of the heart as a pump and result in abnormal heart sounds called _____.

A

Murmurs

62
Q

Amount of blood pumped by each side (ventricle) of the heart in one minute

A

Cardiac output (CO)

63
Q

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction (each heartbeat)

A

Stroke volume (SV)

64
Q

Typically 75 beats per minute

A

Heart rate (HR)

65
Q

How much blood is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat?

A

About 70 ml

66
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

CO = (HR)(SV)

67
Q

This law is a critical factor controlling SV.

A

Starling’s law of the heart

68
Q

True or False: Starling’s law of the heart states that the more the cardiac muscle is stretched, the weaker the contraction.

A

FALSE. The more the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction.

69
Q

SV rises or falls with the volume of ____.

A

Venous return

70
Q

Heart rate is modified by what factors?

A

Neural (ANS) controls (sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system)
Hormones and ions
Physical factors

71
Q

What system transports blood to the tissues and back to the heart?

A

Vascular system

72
Q

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

Arteries and arterioles

73
Q

Vessels that play a role in exchanges between tissues and blood

A

Capillary beds

74
Q

Vessels that return blood toward the heart

A

Venules and veins

75
Q

What are the three layers in blood vessels?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa

76
Q

All blood vessels have three tunics except ____.

A

Capillaries

77
Q

This tunic is an endothelium that forms a friction-reducing lining

A

Tunica intima

78
Q

This tunic is smooth muscle and elastic tissue controlled by sympathetic nervous system.

A

Tunica media

79
Q

This tunic is mostly fibrous connective tissue that forms protective outermost covering.

A

Tunica externa

80
Q

These blood vessels have a thicker tunica media than veins to withstand changes in pressure.

A

Arteries

81
Q

These blood vessels have a thinner tunica media than arteries and operate under low pressure.

A

Veins

82
Q

Veins also have _____ to prevent backflow of blood.

A

Valves

83
Q

True or False: Lumen of veins is larger than that of arteries.

A

TRUE

84
Q

This type of muscle “milks” blood in veins toward the heart.

A

Skeletal muscle

85
Q

These blood vessels are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue.

A

Capillaries

86
Q

What tunic makes up the single cell layer of capillaries?

A

Tunica intima

87
Q

Capillaries form networks called ____.

A

Capillary beds

88
Q

Blood flow through a capillary bed

A

Microcirculation

89
Q

Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels, which are _____.

A

Vascular shunt and true capillaries

90
Q

Entrances to capillary beds are guarded by ____.

A

Precapillary sphincters

91
Q

Where do exchanges with tissue cells occur?

A

Across walls of true capillaries

92
Q

When precapillary sphincters are closed, blood bypasses the local area via the ____.

A

Vascular shunt

93
Q

Common vascular problem, especially in people who are obese and people who stand for long periods of time.

A

Varicose veins

94
Q

Varicose veins are a structural defect that occur due to _____.

A

Incompetent valves

95
Q

Varicose veins are a predisposing factor for _____.

A

thrombophlebitis

96
Q

A temporary circulation seen only in the fetus.

A

Fetal circulation

97
Q

Fetus receives exchanges of gases, nutrients, and wastes through the _____.

A

Placenta

98
Q

Umbilical cord contains what three vessels?

A

Umbilical vein and 2 umbilical arteries

99
Q

This vessel carries blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.

A

Umbilical vein

100
Q

These vessels carry carbon dioxide and debris-laden blood from fetus to placenta.

A

Umbilical arteries

101
Q

Alternate expansion and recoil of a blood vessel wall (the pressure wave) that occurs as the heart beats

A

Pulse

102
Q

Pulse is monitored at ______ in superficial arteries where pulse is easily palpated.

A

Pressure points

103
Q

In a healthy person, pulse averages how many beats per minute at rest?

A

70-76

104
Q

The pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels

A

Blood pressure

105
Q

The force that causes blood to continue to flow in the blood vessels

A

Blood pressure

106
Q

True or False: Blood is forced along an ascending pressure gradient.

A

FALSE. It is forced along a descending pressure gradient.

107
Q

True or False: Pressure in blood pressure and distance from the heart are inversely proportionate.

A

TRUE. Pressure in blood vessels decreases as distance from the heart increases.

108
Q

In blood vessels, pressure is high in the ____, lower in the ______, and lowest in the _____.

A

Arteries, capillaries, veins

109
Q

Where do health professionals measure blood pressure?

A

Large arteries

110
Q

Pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction

A

Systolic

111
Q

Pressure when ventricles relax

A

Diastolic

112
Q

Blood pressure is expressed as ______ pressure over _______ pressure.

A

Systolic; diastolic

113
Q

What is the formula for blood pressure?

A

BP = (CO)(PR)

114
Q

In calculating blood pressure, what does CO refer to?

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute

115
Q

In calculating blood pressure, what does PR refer to?

A

peripheral resistance, or the amount of friction blood encounters as it flows through vessels

116
Q

What are the various factors on blood pressure?

A

Neural factors: the autonomic nervous system
Renal factors: the kidneys
Temperature
Chemicals
Diet

117
Q

Referring to temperature, ____ has a vasodilating effect; while _____ has a vasoconstricting effect.

A

Heat; cold

118
Q

What enzyme is released when arterial pressure is low?

A

Renin

119
Q

Renin triggers formation of what a vasoconstrictor?

A

Angiotensin II

120
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates release of which nutrient?

A

Aldosterone

121
Q

Aldosterone enhances sodium reabsorption (and water) by what organs?

A

Kidneys

122
Q

What hormone increases heart rate and blood pressure?

A

Epinephrine

123
Q

What is the normal range for blood pressure?

A

140 to 110 mm Hg systolic
80 to 70 mm Hg diastolic

124
Q

Low systolic pressure (below 100 mm Hg); often associated with illness

A

Hypotension (low blood pressure)

125
Q

Acute hypotension is a warning sign for _____.

A

Circulatory shock

126
Q

Sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 mm Hg

A

Hypertension (high blood pressure)

127
Q

Hypertension warns for increased ______.

A

Peripheral resistance

128
Q

Substances move to and from the blood and tissue cells through _____.

A

Capillary beds

Anaphy Endterm (6 decks)

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