Cardiovascular System Flashcards
True or False: The cardiovascular system is an open system.
FALSE. It is a closed system of the heart and blood vessels.
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
Deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues
Remove carbon dioxide and other waste products from cells and tissues
Where is the heart located?
Thorax, between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum
The ____ pumps blood, while ____ allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body.
Heart; blood vessels
True or False: The apex of the heart is located inferiorly, while the base is located superiorly.
TRUE
The pointed apex of the heart directed toward the ____, while the base points toward ____.
Left hp; right shoulder
How large is the heart?
About the size of a human fist
A double-walled sac covering the heart.
Pericardium
What are the two layers of the pericardium?
Fibrous pericardium and serous membrane
This layer of the pericardium is loose and superficial.
Fibrous pericardium
This layer of the pericardium is deep to the fibrous pericardium.
Serous membrane
What are the two layers of the serous membrane?
Parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium
Outside layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
Parietal pericardium
This layer of the serous membrane is next to heart.
Visceral pericardium
The visceral pericardium is also known as the ____.
Epicardium
_____ fills the space between the layers of pericardium.
Serous fluid
What the three layers of the heart wall?
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
This outer connective layer is also called the visceral pericardium.
Epicardium
Middle heart wall layer that is mostly cardiac muscle.
Myocardium
Inner heart wall layer known as endothelium.
Endocardium
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Right and left atria, right and left ventricles
Receiving chambers of the heart
Atria
Discharging chambers of the heart
Ventricles
Separates the two ventricles
Interventricular septum
Separates the two atria
Interatrial septum
This type of circulation is when blood flows from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart
Pulmonary circulation
This type of circulation is when blood flows from the left side of the heart through body tissues, and back to the right side of the heart.
Systemic circulation
Allow blood to flow in only one direction, to prevent backflow
Heart valves
What are the four heart valves?
2 Atrioventricular (AV) valves and 2 semilunar valves
These heart valves are located between atria and ventricles.
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
What are the two atrioventricular (AV) valves?
Bicuspid (mitral) valve (left side of heart)
Tricuspid valve (right side of heart)
These heart valves are located between ventricle and artery.
Semilunar valves
What are the two semilunar valves?
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve
AV valves are anchored in place by _____, also known as heart strings.
Chordae tendineae
AV valves are ____ during heart relaxation and ____ during ventricular contraction.
Open; closed
Semilunar valves are ____ during heart relaxation and ____ during ventricular contraction.
Closed; open
Semilunar valves open and close in response to _____.
Pressure changes in the heart
Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish which layer of the heart walls?
Myocardium
The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system, which consists of ____.
Coronary arteries, cardiac veins, and coronary sinus
Branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.
Coronary arteries
Drain the myocardium of blood.
Cardiac veins
A large vein on the posterior of the heart, receives blood from cardiac veins.
Coronary sinus
Blood empties into the right atrium via the ___.
Coronary sinus
This system increases the rate of heart contraction and ensures that the heart beats as a unit.
Intrinsic conduction (nodal) system
This node is the heart’s pacemaker.
Sinoatrial (SA) node
This node is at the junction of the atria and ventricles.
Atrioventricular (AV) node
These nodes are in the interventricular septum.
Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His)
Bundle branches
These nodes spread within the ventricle wall muscles
Purkinje fibers
Intrinsic conduction system enforces how many beats per minute?
75
Contraction is initiated by which node?
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
Where does sequential stimulation occur?
Autorhythmic cells
It is when damaged AV node releases the ventricles from control of the SA node; result is in a slower heart rate as ventricles contract at their own rate.
Heart block
It is lack of adequate oxygen supply to heart muscle.
Ischemia
A rapid, uncoordinated shuddering of the heart muscle.
Fibrillation
Rapid heart rate over 100 beats per minute.
Tachycardia
Slow heart rate less than 60 beats per minute.
Bradycardia
Refers to one complete heartbeat
Cardiac cycle
____ refers to heart contraction, while ____ refers to heart relaxation.
Systole; diastole
What is the normal length of a single cardiac cycle?
0.8 seconds
What are the three processes in a cardiac cycle?
Mid-to-late diastole
Ventricular systole
Early diastole
Faulty valves reduce the efficiency of the heart as a pump and result in abnormal heart sounds called _____.
Murmurs
Amount of blood pumped by each side (ventricle) of the heart in one minute
Cardiac output (CO)
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction (each heartbeat)
Stroke volume (SV)
Typically 75 beats per minute
Heart rate (HR)
How much blood is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat?
About 70 ml
What is the formula for cardiac output?
CO = (HR)(SV)
This law is a critical factor controlling SV.
Starling’s law of the heart
True or False: Starling’s law of the heart states that the more the cardiac muscle is stretched, the weaker the contraction.
FALSE. The more the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction.
SV rises or falls with the volume of ____.
Venous return
Heart rate is modified by what factors?
Neural (ANS) controls (sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system)
Hormones and ions
Physical factors
What system transports blood to the tissues and back to the heart?
Vascular system
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Arteries and arterioles
Vessels that play a role in exchanges between tissues and blood
Capillary beds
Vessels that return blood toward the heart
Venules and veins
What are the three layers in blood vessels?
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa
All blood vessels have three tunics except ____.
Capillaries
This tunic is an endothelium that forms a friction-reducing lining
Tunica intima
This tunic is smooth muscle and elastic tissue controlled by sympathetic nervous system.
Tunica media
This tunic is mostly fibrous connective tissue that forms protective outermost covering.
Tunica externa
These blood vessels have a thicker tunica media than veins to withstand changes in pressure.
Arteries
These blood vessels have a thinner tunica media than arteries and operate under low pressure.
Veins
Veins also have _____ to prevent backflow of blood.
Valves
True or False: Lumen of veins is larger than that of arteries.
TRUE
This type of muscle “milks” blood in veins toward the heart.
Skeletal muscle
These blood vessels are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue.
Capillaries
What tunic makes up the single cell layer of capillaries?
Tunica intima
Capillaries form networks called ____.
Capillary beds
Blood flow through a capillary bed
Microcirculation
Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels, which are _____.
Vascular shunt and true capillaries
Entrances to capillary beds are guarded by ____.
Precapillary sphincters
Where do exchanges with tissue cells occur?
Across walls of true capillaries
When precapillary sphincters are closed, blood bypasses the local area via the ____.
Vascular shunt
Common vascular problem, especially in people who are obese and people who stand for long periods of time.
Varicose veins
Varicose veins are a structural defect that occur due to _____.
Incompetent valves
Varicose veins are a predisposing factor for _____.
thrombophlebitis
A temporary circulation seen only in the fetus.
Fetal circulation
Fetus receives exchanges of gases, nutrients, and wastes through the _____.
Placenta
Umbilical cord contains what three vessels?
Umbilical vein and 2 umbilical arteries
This vessel carries blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.
Umbilical vein
These vessels carry carbon dioxide and debris-laden blood from fetus to placenta.
Umbilical arteries
Alternate expansion and recoil of a blood vessel wall (the pressure wave) that occurs as the heart beats
Pulse
Pulse is monitored at ______ in superficial arteries where pulse is easily palpated.
Pressure points
In a healthy person, pulse averages how many beats per minute at rest?
70-76
The pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels
Blood pressure
The force that causes blood to continue to flow in the blood vessels
Blood pressure
True or False: Blood is forced along an ascending pressure gradient.
FALSE. It is forced along a descending pressure gradient.
True or False: Pressure in blood pressure and distance from the heart are inversely proportionate.
TRUE. Pressure in blood vessels decreases as distance from the heart increases.
In blood vessels, pressure is high in the ____, lower in the ______, and lowest in the _____.
Arteries, capillaries, veins
Where do health professionals measure blood pressure?
Large arteries
Pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction
Systolic
Pressure when ventricles relax
Diastolic
Blood pressure is expressed as ______ pressure over _______ pressure.
Systolic; diastolic
What is the formula for blood pressure?
BP = (CO)(PR)
In calculating blood pressure, what does CO refer to?
The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute
In calculating blood pressure, what does PR refer to?
peripheral resistance, or the amount of friction blood encounters as it flows through vessels
What are the various factors on blood pressure?
Neural factors: the autonomic nervous system
Renal factors: the kidneys
Temperature
Chemicals
Diet
Referring to temperature, ____ has a vasodilating effect; while _____ has a vasoconstricting effect.
Heat; cold
What enzyme is released when arterial pressure is low?
Renin
Renin triggers formation of what a vasoconstrictor?
Angiotensin II
Angiotensin II stimulates release of which nutrient?
Aldosterone
Aldosterone enhances sodium reabsorption (and water) by what organs?
Kidneys
What hormone increases heart rate and blood pressure?
Epinephrine
What is the normal range for blood pressure?
140 to 110 mm Hg systolic
80 to 70 mm Hg diastolic
Low systolic pressure (below 100 mm Hg); often associated with illness
Hypotension (low blood pressure)
Acute hypotension is a warning sign for _____.
Circulatory shock
Sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 mm Hg
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Hypertension warns for increased ______.
Peripheral resistance
Substances move to and from the blood and tissue cells through _____.
Capillary beds