Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
True or False: The cardiovascular system is an open system.
A
FALSE. It is a closed system of the heart and blood vessels.
2
Q
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
A
Deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues
Remove carbon dioxide and other waste products from cells and tissues
3
Q
Where is the heart located?
A
Thorax, between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum
4
Q
The ____ pumps blood, while ____ allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body.
A
Heart; blood vessels
5
Q
True or False: The apex of the heart is located inferiorly, while the base is located superiorly.
A
TRUE
6
Q
The pointed apex of the heart directed toward the ____, while the base points toward ____.
A
Left hp; right shoulder
7
Q
How large is the heart?
A
About the size of a human fist
8
Q
A double-walled sac covering the heart.
A
Pericardium
9
Q
What are the two layers of the pericardium?
A
Fibrous pericardium and serous membrane
10
Q
This layer of the pericardium is loose and superficial.
A
Fibrous pericardium
11
Q
This layer of the pericardium is deep to the fibrous pericardium.
A
Serous membrane
12
Q
What are the two layers of the serous membrane?
A
Parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium
13
Q
Outside layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
A
Parietal pericardium
14
Q
This layer of the serous membrane is next to heart.
A
Visceral pericardium
15
Q
The visceral pericardium is also known as the ____.
A
Epicardium
16
Q
_____ fills the space between the layers of pericardium.
A
Serous fluid
17
Q
What the three layers of the heart wall?
A
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
18
Q
This outer connective layer is also called the visceral pericardium.
A
Epicardium
19
Q
Middle heart wall layer that is mostly cardiac muscle.
A
Myocardium
20
Q
Inner heart wall layer known as endothelium.
A
Endocardium
21
Q
What are the four chambers of the heart?
A
Right and left atria, right and left ventricles
22
Q
Receiving chambers of the heart
A
Atria
23
Q
Discharging chambers of the heart
A
Ventricles
24
Q
Separates the two ventricles
A
Interventricular septum
25
Separates the two atria
Interatrial septum
26
This type of circulation is when blood flows from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart
Pulmonary circulation
27
This type of circulation is when blood flows from the left side of the heart through body tissues, and back to the right side of the heart.
Systemic circulation
28
Allow blood to flow in only one direction, to prevent backflow
Heart valves
29
What are the four heart valves?
2 Atrioventricular (AV) valves and 2 semilunar valves
30
These heart valves are located between atria and ventricles.
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
31
What are the two atrioventricular (AV) valves?
Bicuspid (mitral) valve (left side of heart)
Tricuspid valve (right side of heart)
32
These heart valves are located between ventricle and artery.
Semilunar valves
33
What are the two semilunar valves?
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve
34
AV valves are anchored in place by _____, also known as heart strings.
Chordae tendineae
35
AV valves are ____ during heart relaxation and ____ during ventricular contraction.
Open; closed
36
Semilunar valves are ____ during heart relaxation and ____ during ventricular contraction.
Closed; open
37
Semilunar valves open and close in response to _____.
Pressure changes in the heart
38
Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish which layer of the heart walls?
Myocardium
39
The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system, which consists of ____.
Coronary arteries, cardiac veins, and coronary sinus
40
Branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.
Coronary arteries
41
Drain the myocardium of blood.
Cardiac veins
42
A large vein on the posterior of the heart, receives blood from cardiac veins.
Coronary sinus
43
Blood empties into the right atrium via the ___.
Coronary sinus
44
This system increases the rate of heart contraction and ensures that the heart beats as a unit.
Intrinsic conduction (nodal) system
45
This node is the heart’s pacemaker.
Sinoatrial (SA) node
46
This node is at the junction of the atria and ventricles.
Atrioventricular (AV) node
47
These nodes are in the interventricular septum.
Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His)
Bundle branches
48
These nodes spread within the ventricle wall muscles
Purkinje fibers
49
Intrinsic conduction system enforces how many beats per minute?
75
50
Contraction is initiated by which node?
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
51
Where does sequential stimulation occur?
Autorhythmic cells
52
It is when damaged AV node releases the ventricles from control of the SA node; result is in a slower heart rate as ventricles contract at their own rate.
Heart block
53
It is lack of adequate oxygen supply to heart muscle.
Ischemia
54
A rapid, uncoordinated shuddering of the heart muscle.
Fibrillation
55
Rapid heart rate over 100 beats per minute.
Tachycardia
56
Slow heart rate less than 60 beats per minute.
Bradycardia
57
Refers to one complete heartbeat
Cardiac cycle
58
____ refers to heart contraction, while ____ refers to heart relaxation.
Systole; diastole
59
What is the normal length of a single cardiac cycle?
0.8 seconds
60
What are the three processes in a cardiac cycle?
Mid-to-late diastole
Ventricular systole
Early diastole
61
Faulty valves reduce the efficiency of the heart as a pump and result in abnormal heart sounds called _____.
Murmurs
62
Amount of blood pumped by each side (ventricle) of the heart in one minute
Cardiac output (CO)
63
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction (each heartbeat)
Stroke volume (SV)
64
Typically 75 beats per minute
Heart rate (HR)
65
How much blood is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat?
About 70 ml
66
What is the formula for cardiac output?
CO = (HR)(SV)
67
This law is a critical factor controlling SV.
Starling’s law of the heart
68
True or False: Starling’s law of the heart states that the more the cardiac muscle is stretched, the weaker the contraction.
FALSE. The more the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction.
69
SV rises or falls with the volume of ____.
Venous return
70
Heart rate is modified by what factors?
Neural (ANS) controls (sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system)
Hormones and ions
Physical factors
71
What system transports blood to the tissues and back to the heart?
Vascular system
72
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Arteries and arterioles
73
Vessels that play a role in exchanges between tissues and blood
Capillary beds
74
Vessels that return blood toward the heart
Venules and veins
75
What are the three layers in blood vessels?
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa
76
All blood vessels have three tunics except ____.
Capillaries
77
This tunic is an endothelium that forms a friction-reducing lining
Tunica intima
78
This tunic is smooth muscle and elastic tissue controlled by sympathetic nervous system.
Tunica media
79
This tunic is mostly fibrous connective tissue that forms protective outermost covering.
Tunica externa
80
These blood vessels have a thicker tunica media than veins to withstand changes in pressure.
Arteries
81
These blood vessels have a thinner tunica media than arteries and operate under low pressure.
Veins
82
Veins also have _____ to prevent backflow of blood.
Valves
83
True or False: Lumen of veins is larger than that of arteries.
TRUE
84
This type of muscle “milks” blood in veins toward the heart.
Skeletal muscle
85
These blood vessels are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue.
Capillaries
86
What tunic makes up the single cell layer of capillaries?
Tunica intima
87
Capillaries form networks called ____.
Capillary beds
88
Blood flow through a capillary bed
Microcirculation
89
Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels, which are _____.
Vascular shunt and true capillaries
90
Entrances to capillary beds are guarded by ____.
Precapillary sphincters
91
Where do exchanges with tissue cells occur?
Across walls of true capillaries
92
When precapillary sphincters are closed, blood bypasses the local area via the ____.
Vascular shunt
93
Common vascular problem, especially in people who are obese and people who stand for long periods of time.
Varicose veins
94
Varicose veins are a structural defect that occur due to _____.
Incompetent valves
95
Varicose veins are a predisposing factor for _____.
thrombophlebitis
96
A temporary circulation seen only in the fetus.
Fetal circulation
97
Fetus receives exchanges of gases, nutrients, and wastes through the _____.
Placenta
98
Umbilical cord contains what three vessels?
Umbilical vein and 2 umbilical arteries
99
This vessel carries blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.
Umbilical vein
100
These vessels carry carbon dioxide and debris-laden blood from fetus to placenta.
Umbilical arteries
101
Alternate expansion and recoil of a blood vessel wall (the pressure wave) that occurs as the heart beats
Pulse
102
Pulse is monitored at ______ in superficial arteries where pulse is easily palpated.
Pressure points
103
In a healthy person, pulse averages how many beats per minute at rest?
70-76
104
The pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels
Blood pressure
105
The force that causes blood to continue to flow in the blood vessels
Blood pressure
106
True or False: Blood is forced along an ascending pressure gradient.
FALSE. It is forced along a descending pressure gradient.
107
True or False: Pressure in blood pressure and distance from the heart are inversely proportionate.
TRUE. Pressure in blood vessels decreases as distance from the heart increases.
108
In blood vessels, pressure is high in the ____, lower in the ______, and lowest in the _____.
Arteries, capillaries, veins
109
Where do health professionals measure blood pressure?
Large arteries
110
Pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction
Systolic
111
Pressure when ventricles relax
Diastolic
112
Blood pressure is expressed as ______ pressure over _______ pressure.
Systolic; diastolic
113
What is the formula for blood pressure?
BP = (CO)(PR)
114
In calculating blood pressure, what does CO refer to?
The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute
115
In calculating blood pressure, what does PR refer to?
peripheral resistance, or the amount of friction blood encounters as it flows through vessels
116
What are the various factors on blood pressure?
Neural factors: the autonomic nervous system
Renal factors: the kidneys
Temperature
Chemicals
Diet
117
Referring to temperature, ____ has a vasodilating effect; while _____ has a vasoconstricting effect.
Heat; cold
118
What enzyme is released when arterial pressure is low?
Renin
119
Renin triggers formation of what a vasoconstrictor?
Angiotensin II
120
Angiotensin II stimulates release of which nutrient?
Aldosterone
121
Aldosterone enhances sodium reabsorption (and water) by what organs?
Kidneys
122
What hormone increases heart rate and blood pressure?
Epinephrine
123
What is the normal range for blood pressure?
140 to 110 mm Hg systolic
80 to 70 mm Hg diastolic
124
Low systolic pressure (below 100 mm Hg); often associated with illness
Hypotension (low blood pressure)
125
Acute hypotension is a warning sign for _____.
Circulatory shock
126
Sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 mm Hg
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
127
Hypertension warns for increased ______.
Peripheral resistance
128
Substances move to and from the blood and tissue cells through _____.
Capillary beds
