Blood Flashcards
It is the only fluid tissue in the human body.
Blood
What does blood transport throughout the body?
Nutrients, wastes, hormones, body heat
What are the components of blood?
Living cells (formed elements)
Nonliving matrix (plasma)
True or False: Blood is homogenous, but can be turned into a heterogenous mixture.
TRUE. This can be achieved by centrifuge.
If blood is centrifuged, what sinks to the bottom?
Erythrocytes
Erythrocytes make up what percentage of hemocrit?
45%
If blood is centrifuged, what rises to the top?
Plasma
Plasma makes up what percentage of blood?
55%
It is a thin, whitish layer between erythrocytes and plasma.
Buffy coat
What does the buffy coat in blood contain?
Leukocytes and platelets
Buffy coat makes up what percentage of blood?
Less than 1%
In terms of color, what is the difference between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood?
Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red, while oxygen-poor blood is dull red.
What is the ideal pH level of blood?
Between 7.35 and 7.45
What is the ideal temperature level for blood?
Slightly higher than body temperature (100.4 degrees Fahrenheit or 38 degrees Celsius)
How much is the normal blood volume in a healthy man?
5-6 liters or 6 quarts
Blood makes up what percent of our body weight?
8%
True or False: Blood plasma is composed of approximately 90% water.
TRUE
What are some of the dissolved substances that can be found in blood plasma?
Nutrients, salts (electrolytes), hormones, plasma proteins, waste products
They are the most abundant solutes in plasma.
Plasma proteins
Most plasma proteins are made by which organ?
Liver
Give three examples of plasma proteins.
Albumin
Clotting proteins
Antibodies
These plasma proteins regulate osmotic pressure.
Albumin
These plasma proteins help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured.
Clotting proteins
These plasma proteins help protect the body from pathogens.
Antibodies
It is when blood pH becomes too acidic.
Acidosis
It is when blood pH becomes too basic.
Alkalosis
What helps to restore blood pH back to normal when acidosis/alkalosis occurs?
Respiratory system and kidneys
What are the three main types of formed elements that can be found in blood?
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
What is another name for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
White blood cells are also called ___.
Leukocytes
Platelets are alternatively termed as ____.
Thrombocytes
The main function of these formed elements is to carry oxygen.
Erythrocytes
True or False: Erythrocytes are anucleate.
TRUE. They contain no nucleus in order to carry more hemoglobin/oxygen.
What is the shape of red blood cells?
Biconcave disks
What is the normal count for erythrocytes?
5 million RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood
How many hemoglobin molecules does every erythrocyte have?
250 million
What is the normal amount of hemoglobin in blood?
12–18 g of hemoglobin per 100 mL of blood
How many oxygen binding sites does a single hemoglobin molecule have?
4
_____ is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood.
Anemia
______ results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin.
Sickle cell anemia (SCA)
_______ is an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of RBCs.
Polycythemia
A type of polycythemia caused by bone marrow cancer.
polycythemia vera
A type of polycythemia that may be a response to life at higher altitudes.
secondary polycythemia
True or False: Increase in RBCs increases blood flow and decreases blood viscosity.
FALSE. It slows blood flow and increases blood viscosity.
A decrease in RBCs resulting from a sudden hemorrhage.
Hemorrhagic anemia
A decrease in RBCs resulting from lysis of RBCs due to bacterial infections.
Hemolytic anemia
A decrease in RBCs resulting from lack of Vitamin B12.
Pernicious anemia
A decrease in RBCs resulting from depression/destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation, or certain medications.
Aplastic anemia
Inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs as a result of low iron in diet or slow/prolonged breathing.
Iron-deficiency anemia
Abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs as a result of a genetic defect, which becomes sharp and sickle-shaped.
Sickle cell anemia
These cells are crucial in the body’s defense against disease.
Leukocytes
Leukocytes are commonly known as ___.
White blood cells
True or False: White blood cells, like erythrocytes, are anucleate.
FALSE. Leukocytes are complete cells, with nucleus and organelles
It is the ability of WBCs to move into and out of blood vessels.
diapedesis
Leukocytes move by what specific motion?
amoeboid motion
Leukocytes respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues known as ______.
positive chemotaxis
What is the normal count for leukocytes?
4,800 to 10,800 WBCs per cubic millimeter of blood
It is when the WBC count is above 11,000 cells/mm3, and generally indicates an infection.
Leukocytosis
Abnormally low leukocyte level commonly caused by certain drugs, such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents.
Leukopenia
It is when bone marrow becomes cancerous, and turns out excess WBCs.
Leukemia
What are the two types of leukocytes?
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
This type of leukocyte has granules in the cytoplasm can be stained.
Granulocytes
This type of leukocyte lacks visible cytoplasmic granules.
Agranulocytes
True or False: Agranulocytes possess lobed nuclei, while the nuclei of granulocytes are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped.
FALSE. Granulocytes possess lobed nuclei, while the nuclei of agranulocytes are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped.
What are the three types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
What is the order of leukocytes from most to least abundant?
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
The cytoplasm of these granulocytes stains pale pink and contains fine granules.
Neutrophils
The deep purple nucleus of neutrophils contains how many lobes?
3-7
True or False: Neutrophil numbers increase during infection.
TRUE
What is the normal amount of neutrophils in blood?
3,000–7,000 neutrophils in a cubic millimeter of blood
Neutrophils constitute what percentage of WBCs?
40-70%
These granulocytes have red, coarse cytoplasmic granules
Eosinophils
What is the shape of the nuclei of eosinophils, and what color do they stain?
Figure-8 or bilobed nucleus that stains blue-red
What is the normal amount of eosinophils in blood?
100–400 eosinophils in a cubic millimeter of blood
Eosinophils constitute what percentage of WBCs?
1–4%
These granulocytes have sparse but large blue-purple granules.
Basophils
What is the shape of the nuclei of basophils, and what color do they stain?
U- or S-shaped nucleus that stains dark blue
Basophils release which vasodilator?
Histamine
Basophils contain what anticoagulant?
Heparin
What is the normal amount of basophils in blood?
20–50 basophils in a cubic millimeter of blood
Basophils constitute what percentage of WBCs?
0-1%
These granulocytes function as phagocytes at active sites of infection.
Neutrophils
These granulocytes function to kill parasitic worms and play a role in allergy attacks.
Eosinophils
What are the two types of agranulocytes?
Monocytes and lymphocytes
The cytoplasm of lymphocytes is colored ____, while the nucleus is colored ____.
Pale blue; deep blue
True or False: Monocytes function as part of the immune response, while lymphocytes function as macrophages and are important in fighting chronic infection.
FALSE. Suli ahahhahaha
What are the two types of Lymphocytes?
T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes
_____ are involved in graft rejection, fighting tumors and viruses, while _____ produce antibodies.
T lymphocytes; B lymphocytes
What is the normal amount of lymphocytes in blood?
1,500–3,000 lymphocytes in a cubic millimeter of blood
Lymphocytes constitute what percentage of WBCs?
20-45%
Largest of the white blood cells
Monocytes
The cytoplasm of monocytes is colored ____, while the nucleus is colored ____.
Gray-blue; Dark blue-purple
What is the normal amount of monocytes in blood?
100–700 monocytes per cubic millimeter of blood
Monocytes constitute what percentage of WBCs?
4-8%
These cell remnants are needed for the clotting process.
Platelets
Platelets are derived from ruptured multinucleate cells called ____.
megakaryocytes
What is the normal count of platelets in blood?
Platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 400,000 per cubic millimeter of blood
The process of blood cell formation.
Hematopoiesis
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
Red bone marrow
All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell called ____.
Hemocytoblast
What are the two types of hemocytoblasts?
Lymphoid stem cell and myeloid stem cell
This hemocytoblast produces lymphocytes.
Lymphoid stem cell
This hemocytoblast produces all other formed elements.
Myeloid stem cell
True of False: Despite being anucleate, RBCs are still able to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins.
FALSE. Since RBCs are anucleate, they are unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins.
RBCs wear out in approximately how many days?
100-120
When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in which organs?
Spleen or liver
Where are lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts?
Red bone marrow
Rate of RBC production is controlled by what hormone?
erythropoietin
What organ produces most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood?
Kidneys
True or False: Homeostasis is maintained by positive feedback from blood oxygen levels.
FALSE. Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels.
What hormones prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes?
Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins
What hormone stimulates production of platelets?
Thrombopoietin
It is the stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vessel.
Hemostasis
Hemostasis involves what three phases?
Vascular spasms
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation (blood clotting)
In this phase of hemostasis, vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm; spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss.
Vascular spasms
In this phase of hemostasis, platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers, release chemicals to attract more platelets, and pile up to form a platelet plug.
Platelet Plug Formation
In this phase of hemostasis, a clotting cascade is triggered, thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hairlike molecules of insoluble fibrin, which forms a meshwork.
Coagulation
A platelet plug is also known as ____.
white thrombus
Plasma minus clotting proteins is called ___.
Serum
Blood usually clots within how many minutes?
3-6
A clot in an unbroken blood vessel.
Thrombus
A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream.
Embolus
Platelet deficiency where even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting.
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia is evidenced by small purplish blotches on the skin called ____.
Petechiae
Hereditary bleeding disorder where normal clotting factors are missing.
Hemophilia
Loss of 15 to 30% of blood causes _____, while loss of over 30% causes ____, which can be fatal.
Weakness; shock
______ are given for substantial blood loss, to treat severe anemia, or for thrombocytopenia.
Blood transfusions
Substances that the body recognizes as foreign and that the immune system may attack
Antigens
The “recognizers” of antigens.
Antibodies
Antibodies cause _____, which is when blood with certain proteins clump together.
Agglutination
How many common red blood cell antigens are there?
Over 30
The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by which blood group antigens?
ABO and Rh
ABO blood groups are based on the presence or absence of which two antigens?
Type A and Type B
Blood with the lack of antigens A and B is called ____.
Type O
Blood with the presence of both antigens A and B is called ____.
Type AB
Blood with the presence of antigen A is called ______.
Type A
Blood with the presence of antigen B is called _____.
Type B
Blood type _____ can receive A, B, AB, and O blood.
AB
Blood type B can receive what blood types?
B and O
Blood type A can receive what blood types?
A and O
Blood type O can receive what blood types?
Type O
Blood type ___ is known as a universal donor, while blood type ____ is known as a universal recipient.
O; AB
Rh blood groups are named because of the presence or absence of which Rh antigen?
agglutinogen D
Problems can occur in mixing Rh _____ blood into a body with Rh _____ blood.
Positive; negative
True or False: In Rh blood groups, hemolysis occurs with the first transfusion.
FALSE. Hemolysis does not occur with first transfusion, because it takes time to make antibodies.
Second, and subsequent, transfusions involve antibodies attacking donor’s Rh+ RBCs.
In Rh blood groups, danger occurs only when the mother is Rh _____ and the father is Rh _____, and the child inherits the Rh _____ factor.
Negative; positive; positive
Testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa.
Cross matching
What are the early sites of blood cell formation?
The fetal liver and spleen
What takes over hematopoiesis by the seventh month?
Bone marrow
Incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood can result in _____.
Fetal cyanosis
True or False: Fetal hemoglobin differs from hemoglobin produced after birth.
TRUE
