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Anaphy Endterm > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

It is the only fluid tissue in the human body.

A

Blood

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2
Q

What does blood transport throughout the body?

A

Nutrients, wastes, hormones, body heat

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3
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Living cells (formed elements)
Nonliving matrix (plasma)

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4
Q

True or False: Blood is homogenous, but can be turned into a heterogenous mixture.

A

TRUE. This can be achieved by centrifuge.

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5
Q

If blood is centrifuged, what sinks to the bottom?

A

Erythrocytes

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6
Q

Erythrocytes make up what percentage of hemocrit?

A

45%

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7
Q

If blood is centrifuged, what rises to the top?

A

Plasma

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8
Q

Plasma makes up what percentage of blood?

A

55%

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9
Q

It is a thin, whitish layer between erythrocytes and plasma.

A

Buffy coat

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10
Q

What does the buffy coat in blood contain?

A

Leukocytes and platelets

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11
Q

Buffy coat makes up what percentage of blood?

A

Less than 1%

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12
Q

In terms of color, what is the difference between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood?

A

Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red, while oxygen-poor blood is dull red.

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13
Q

What is the ideal pH level of blood?

A

Between 7.35 and 7.45

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14
Q

What is the ideal temperature level for blood?

A

Slightly higher than body temperature (100.4 degrees Fahrenheit or 38 degrees Celsius)

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15
Q

How much is the normal blood volume in a healthy man?

A

5-6 liters or 6 quarts

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16
Q

Blood makes up what percent of our body weight?

A

8%

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17
Q

True or False: Blood plasma is composed of approximately 90% water.

A

TRUE

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18
Q

What are some of the dissolved substances that can be found in blood plasma?

A

Nutrients, salts (electrolytes), hormones, plasma proteins, waste products

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19
Q

They are the most abundant solutes in plasma.

A

Plasma proteins

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20
Q

Most plasma proteins are made by which organ?

A

Liver

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21
Q

Give three examples of plasma proteins.

A

Albumin
Clotting proteins
Antibodies

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22
Q

These plasma proteins regulate osmotic pressure.

A

Albumin

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23
Q

These plasma proteins help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured.

A

Clotting proteins

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24
Q

These plasma proteins help protect the body from pathogens.

A

Antibodies

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25
Q

It is when blood pH becomes too acidic.

A

Acidosis

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26
Q

It is when blood pH becomes too basic.

A

Alkalosis

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27
Q

What helps to restore blood pH back to normal when acidosis/alkalosis occurs?

A

Respiratory system and kidneys

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28
Q

What are the three main types of formed elements that can be found in blood?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

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29
Q

What is another name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

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30
Q

White blood cells are also called ___.

A

Leukocytes

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31
Q

Platelets are alternatively termed as ____.

A

Thrombocytes

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32
Q

The main function of these formed elements is to carry oxygen.

A

Erythrocytes

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33
Q

True or False: Erythrocytes are anucleate.

A

TRUE. They contain no nucleus in order to carry more hemoglobin/oxygen.

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34
Q

What is the shape of red blood cells?

A

Biconcave disks

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35
Q

What is the normal count for erythrocytes?

A

5 million RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood

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36
Q

How many hemoglobin molecules does every erythrocyte have?

A

250 million

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37
Q

What is the normal amount of hemoglobin in blood?

A

12–18 g of hemoglobin per 100 mL of blood

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38
Q

How many oxygen binding sites does a single hemoglobin molecule have?

A

4

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39
Q

_____ is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood.

A

Anemia

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40
Q

______ results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin.

A

Sickle cell anemia (SCA)

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41
Q

_______ is an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of RBCs.

A

Polycythemia

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42
Q

A type of polycythemia caused by bone marrow cancer.

A

polycythemia vera

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43
Q

A type of polycythemia that may be a response to life at higher altitudes.

A

secondary polycythemia

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44
Q

True or False: Increase in RBCs increases blood flow and decreases blood viscosity.

A

FALSE. It slows blood flow and increases blood viscosity.

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45
Q

A decrease in RBCs resulting from a sudden hemorrhage.

A

Hemorrhagic anemia

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46
Q

A decrease in RBCs resulting from lysis of RBCs due to bacterial infections.

A

Hemolytic anemia

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47
Q

A decrease in RBCs resulting from lack of Vitamin B12.

A

Pernicious anemia

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48
Q

A decrease in RBCs resulting from depression/destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation, or certain medications.

A

Aplastic anemia

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49
Q

Inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs as a result of low iron in diet or slow/prolonged breathing.

A

Iron-deficiency anemia

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50
Q

Abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs as a result of a genetic defect, which becomes sharp and sickle-shaped.

A

Sickle cell anemia

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51
Q

These cells are crucial in the body’s defense against disease.

A

Leukocytes

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52
Q

Leukocytes are commonly known as ___.

A

White blood cells

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53
Q

True or False: White blood cells, like erythrocytes, are anucleate.

A

FALSE. Leukocytes are complete cells, with nucleus and organelles

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54
Q

It is the ability of WBCs to move into and out of blood vessels.

A

diapedesis

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55
Q

Leukocytes move by what specific motion?

A

amoeboid motion

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56
Q

Leukocytes respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues known as ______.

A

positive chemotaxis

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57
Q

What is the normal count for leukocytes?

A

4,800 to 10,800 WBCs per cubic millimeter of blood

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58
Q

It is when the WBC count is above 11,000 cells/mm3, and generally indicates an infection.

A

Leukocytosis

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59
Q

Abnormally low leukocyte level commonly caused by certain drugs, such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents.

A

Leukopenia

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60
Q

It is when bone marrow becomes cancerous, and turns out excess WBCs.

A

Leukemia

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61
Q

What are the two types of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

62
Q

This type of leukocyte has granules in the cytoplasm can be stained.

A

Granulocytes

63
Q

This type of leukocyte lacks visible cytoplasmic granules.

A

Agranulocytes

64
Q

True or False: Agranulocytes possess lobed nuclei, while the nuclei of granulocytes are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped.

A

FALSE. Granulocytes possess lobed nuclei, while the nuclei of agranulocytes are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped.

65
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

66
Q

What is the order of leukocytes from most to least abundant?

A

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

67
Q

The cytoplasm of these granulocytes stains pale pink and contains fine granules.

A

Neutrophils

68
Q

The deep purple nucleus of neutrophils contains how many lobes?

A

3-7

69
Q

True or False: Neutrophil numbers increase during infection.

A

TRUE

70
Q

What is the normal amount of neutrophils in blood?

A

3,000–7,000 neutrophils in a cubic millimeter of blood

71
Q

Neutrophils constitute what percentage of WBCs?

A

40-70%

72
Q

These granulocytes have red, coarse cytoplasmic granules

A

Eosinophils

73
Q

What is the shape of the nuclei of eosinophils, and what color do they stain?

A

Figure-8 or bilobed nucleus that stains blue-red

74
Q

What is the normal amount of eosinophils in blood?

A

100–400 eosinophils in a cubic millimeter of blood

75
Q

Eosinophils constitute what percentage of WBCs?

A

1–4%

76
Q

These granulocytes have sparse but large blue-purple granules.

A

Basophils

77
Q

What is the shape of the nuclei of basophils, and what color do they stain?

A

U- or S-shaped nucleus that stains dark blue

78
Q

Basophils release which vasodilator?

A

Histamine

79
Q

Basophils contain what anticoagulant?

A

Heparin

80
Q

What is the normal amount of basophils in blood?

A

20–50 basophils in a cubic millimeter of blood

81
Q

Basophils constitute what percentage of WBCs?

A

0-1%

82
Q

These granulocytes function as phagocytes at active sites of infection.

A

Neutrophils

83
Q

These granulocytes function to kill parasitic worms and play a role in allergy attacks.

A

Eosinophils

84
Q

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

85
Q

The cytoplasm of lymphocytes is colored ____, while the nucleus is colored ____.

A

Pale blue; deep blue

86
Q

True or False: Monocytes function as part of the immune response, while lymphocytes function as macrophages and are important in fighting chronic infection.

A

FALSE. Suli ahahhahaha

87
Q

What are the two types of Lymphocytes?

A

T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

88
Q

_____ are involved in graft rejection, fighting tumors and viruses, while _____ produce antibodies.

A

T lymphocytes; B lymphocytes

89
Q

What is the normal amount of lymphocytes in blood?

A

1,500–3,000 lymphocytes in a cubic millimeter of blood

90
Q

Lymphocytes constitute what percentage of WBCs?

A

20-45%

91
Q

Largest of the white blood cells

A

Monocytes

92
Q

The cytoplasm of monocytes is colored ____, while the nucleus is colored ____.

A

Gray-blue; Dark blue-purple

93
Q

What is the normal amount of monocytes in blood?

A

100–700 monocytes per cubic millimeter of blood

94
Q

Monocytes constitute what percentage of WBCs?

A

4-8%

95
Q

These cell remnants are needed for the clotting process.

A

Platelets

96
Q

Platelets are derived from ruptured multinucleate cells called ____.

A

megakaryocytes

97
Q

What is the normal count of platelets in blood?

A

Platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 400,000 per cubic millimeter of blood

98
Q

The process of blood cell formation.

A

Hematopoiesis

99
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

Red bone marrow

100
Q

All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell called ____.

A

Hemocytoblast

101
Q

What are the two types of hemocytoblasts?

A

Lymphoid stem cell and myeloid stem cell

102
Q

This hemocytoblast produces lymphocytes.

A

Lymphoid stem cell

103
Q

This hemocytoblast produces all other formed elements.

A

Myeloid stem cell

104
Q

True of False: Despite being anucleate, RBCs are still able to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins.

A

FALSE. Since RBCs are anucleate, they are unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins.

105
Q

RBCs wear out in approximately how many days?

A

100-120

106
Q

When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in which organs?

A

Spleen or liver

107
Q

Where are lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts?

A

Red bone marrow

108
Q

Rate of RBC production is controlled by what hormone?

A

erythropoietin

109
Q

What organ produces most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood?

A

Kidneys

110
Q

True or False: Homeostasis is maintained by positive feedback from blood oxygen levels.

A

FALSE. Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels.

111
Q

What hormones prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes?

A

Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins

112
Q

What hormone stimulates production of platelets?

A

Thrombopoietin

113
Q

It is the stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vessel.

A

Hemostasis

114
Q

Hemostasis involves what three phases?

A

Vascular spasms
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation (blood clotting)

115
Q

In this phase of hemostasis, vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm; spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss.

A

Vascular spasms

116
Q

In this phase of hemostasis, platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers, release chemicals to attract more platelets, and pile up to form a platelet plug.

A

Platelet Plug Formation

117
Q

In this phase of hemostasis, a clotting cascade is triggered, thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hairlike molecules of insoluble fibrin, which forms a meshwork.

A

Coagulation

118
Q

A platelet plug is also known as ____.

A

white thrombus

119
Q

Plasma minus clotting proteins is called ___.

A

Serum

120
Q

Blood usually clots within how many minutes?

A

3-6

121
Q

A clot in an unbroken blood vessel.

A

Thrombus

122
Q

A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream.

A

Embolus

123
Q

Platelet deficiency where even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting.

A

Thrombocytopenia

124
Q

Thrombocytopenia is evidenced by small purplish blotches on the skin called ____.

A

Petechiae

125
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder where normal clotting factors are missing.

A

Hemophilia

126
Q

Loss of 15 to 30% of blood causes _____, while loss of over 30% causes ____, which can be fatal.

A

Weakness; shock

127
Q

______ are given for substantial blood loss, to treat severe anemia, or for thrombocytopenia.

A

Blood transfusions

128
Q

Substances that the body recognizes as foreign and that the immune system may attack

A

Antigens

129
Q

The “recognizers” of antigens.

A

Antibodies

130
Q

Antibodies cause _____, which is when blood with certain proteins clump together.

A

Agglutination

131
Q

How many common red blood cell antigens are there?

A

Over 30

132
Q

The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by which blood group antigens?

A

ABO and Rh

133
Q

ABO blood groups are based on the presence or absence of which two antigens?

A

Type A and Type B

134
Q

Blood with the lack of antigens A and B is called ____.

A

Type O

135
Q

Blood with the presence of both antigens A and B is called ____.

A

Type AB

136
Q

Blood with the presence of antigen A is called ______.

A

Type A

137
Q

Blood with the presence of antigen B is called _____.

A

Type B

138
Q

Blood type _____ can receive A, B, AB, and O blood.

A

AB

139
Q

Blood type B can receive what blood types?

A

B and O

140
Q

Blood type A can receive what blood types?

A

A and O

141
Q

Blood type O can receive what blood types?

A

Type O

142
Q

Blood type ___ is known as a universal donor, while blood type ____ is known as a universal recipient.

A

O; AB

143
Q

Rh blood groups are named because of the presence or absence of which Rh antigen?

A

agglutinogen D

144
Q

Problems can occur in mixing Rh _____ blood into a body with Rh _____ blood.

A

Positive; negative

145
Q

True or False: In Rh blood groups, hemolysis occurs with the first transfusion.

A

FALSE. Hemolysis does not occur with first transfusion, because it takes time to make antibodies.

Second, and subsequent, transfusions involve antibodies attacking donor’s Rh+ RBCs.

146
Q

In Rh blood groups, danger occurs only when the mother is Rh _____ and the father is Rh _____, and the child inherits the Rh _____ factor.

A

Negative; positive; positive

147
Q

Testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa.

A

Cross matching

148
Q

What are the early sites of blood cell formation?

A

The fetal liver and spleen

149
Q

What takes over hematopoiesis by the seventh month?

A

Bone marrow

150
Q

Incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood can result in _____.

A

Fetal cyanosis

151
Q

True or False: Fetal hemoglobin differs from hemoglobin produced after birth.

A

TRUE

Anaphy Endterm (6 decks)

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