respiratory system Flashcards
the upper respiratory system includes
anything above the larynx.
nose, pharynx, middle ear.
eustachian tubes
saliva and tears
the lower respiratory system includes
trachea, bronchial tubes, alveoli (gas exchange)
ciliary escalator
alveolar macrophages (innate)
respiratory mucus
epiglottitis
*bacterial. URS.
the epiglottis sends food to the esophagus and air to the trachea.
most life-threatening disease.
caused by Haemophilus Influenza type B
prevention: Hib vaccine
Streptococcus pharyngitis
*bacterial. URS.
caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)
gm(+)
ABX: penicillium is effective.
symptoms: local inflammation, fever, tonsilitis, enlarged lymph nodes.
diagnosis: rapid antigen test
Scarlet Fever
*bacterial. URS.
caused by S. pyogenes strain producing the erythrogenic reddening toxin
symptoms: high fever, pinkish red rash, strawberry-like appearance on the tongue.
Diphtheria
*bacterial. URS.
caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae
gm(+) rod
tough grayish membrane in the throat. (fibrin and dead tissue), blocks passage of air to the lungs.
exotoxin released into blood when lysed
Cutaneous DIptheria - skin ulcer
prevent by the DTaP vaccine
treatment: erythromycin and an antitoxin
Otitis media
*bacterial. URS.
INFX of the middle ear. On the other side of the eardrum.
Must be treated empirically and broadly! Broad spectrum penicillins.
tubes are used to help drain the ears
and can be caused by: S. pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, Moraxlla cataphylls, or respiratory syncytial viruses.
common cold/Rhinovirus
*viral. URS.
thrive in temp lower than body temperature, so that’s why we get a cold when it’s cold out.
symptoms: sneezing, congestion, nasal secretion.
accompanied by a fever if viral.
can lead to laryngitis and otitis media
treated with supporting measures like cough drops and antihistamines (to dry out secretions)
Pertussis (whooping cough)
*bacterial. LRS.
caused by Bordetella pertussis
gm(-) coccobacilli\
prevented by DTaP and Tdap vaccine
produces a capsule.
shuts down the ciliary escalator
cytotoxin can enter the blood
stage 1: catarrhal. 1-2 weeks
inflammation and feels like a common cold
stage 2: paroxysmal. 1-6 weeks
spontaneous and comes out of nowhere.
violent coughing and gasping for air
stage 3: covalence. weeks to months
treatment: Erythomycin + other macrolides
vaccines
*bacterial. LRS.
DTaP: 5 doses as a baby/toddler
Tdap: 1 dose in preteens
Td or Tdap
every 10 years
protects you from Diptheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis.
Tuberculosis
*bacterial. LRS.
caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
acid-fast and obligate aerobe
lipids in the cell wall
diagnosis: tuberculin test. check for bump when injecting TB dose or XRAY to check for damage in lungs.
treatment: isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide.
prevention: BCG vaccine. not given in the US.
symptoms: cough. blood in mucus.
bacterial pneumonia
typial pnuemoniaa: S. pnuemoniae
atypical pneumonia: caused by another microbe
lobar pneumonia: infected the lobes of the lungs
bronchopneumonia: infects the alveolus adjacent to the lungs
Pleurisy; Pleurisy membranes become inflamed.
Pneumococcal pneumonia
8bacterial. LRS.
typical. caused by S. pneumonia
gm(+) and encapsulated.
infects alveoli, affecting gas exchange
treatment: macrolides
preventions: conjugated pneumococcal vaccine. *given to the elderly or those with a lung disease
Haemophilus Influenza Pneumona
*bacterial. LRS.
atypical
gm(-) coccobacillus
treatment: Cephalosporins
prevention: Hib vaccine. children under 5 and elderly above 65.
Mycoplasmal pneumonia/walking pneumonia
*bacterial. LRS.
caused by Mycoplasma pneumonia
no cell wall.
symptoms: mild but persistent respiratory symptoms, low fever, cough, headache.
common in children and young adults
treatment: tetracyclines
