chapter 16! Flashcards
pathology
the study of disease
etiology
the cause of the disease/what microbe is causing what infection
pathogenesis
the development of disease
infection
invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens
disease
an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions/out of homeostatic range
bacteria found on babies through vaginal birth
Lactobacillus and Baceroides
helps establish healthy gut microbiota
bacteria found in babies through cesarian birth
resembles the human skin!
S. aureus
higher risk of allergies and autoimmune diseases.
human microbiome project
relationships between microbe communities on the body and human health.
normal microbiota
permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions.
transient microbiota
come and go
the distribution of normal microbiota is determined by
nutrients
physical and chemical factors
host defenses
mechanical factors
microbial antagonism
microbes competing for nutrients + survival of the fittest.
protect the host by:
competing for nutrients
producing harmful substances
affecting pH and oxygen levels
symbiosis
the relationship between normal microbiota and the host
commensalism
one organism benefits, the other is unaffected
mutualism
both organisms benefit
parasitism
one organism benefits at the expense of another
opportunistic pathogens
do not cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person, but can cause disease in a different environment
etiology
robert koch
1. same pathogen must be present in every disease case
2. isolate the pathogen from the diseased host and get a pure culture (can be exceptions to viruses that cannot be grown on media)
3. inoculate into a healthy lab animal; show it caused the same disease
4. isolate again and make sure its the same initial pathogen causing the disease
symptoms
subjecitive.
changes in body function that are felt by the patient as a result of a disease.
ex. headache
signs
objective.
measurable/quantative.
changes in the body that can be measured or observed as a result of the disease
ex. vitals
syndrome
a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
diagnosis
made by the evaluation of signs and symptoms together with lab tests.
communicable disease
a disease that is spread from one host to another
contagious disease
easily spread like wildfires from one host to another
noncommunicable disease
does NOT spread from one host to another
incidence
the number of people that develop a disease during a particular time period
example: running water into the bath tub. the new cases.
decreased through people getting vaccinated.
prevalence
the number of people who develop a disease at a specified time, including new and old cases.
example: water in the bath tub.
to decrease prevalence/water in the bathtub: must decrease incidence/new cases, people must get better, or people die.
sporadic disease
disease that only occurs occasionally
rare unless something happens like a natural disaster. ex. typhoid
endemic disease
disease constantly in the population
ex. common cold
epidemic disease
disease aquired by many people in a given area in a short time.
ex. influenza during the winter.
pandemic
worldwide epidemic
ex. COVID
acute disease
symptoms developed rapidly, but the disease lasts a short time
ex. cold
chronic disease
symtoms develop slowly, but the disease lasts a while and the body reaction is less severe
subacute disease
acute + chronic
rapid onset, slow recovery
latent disease
inactive for a time period, then becomes active though a trigger such as stress.
ex. shingles. seen as blisters. activated when stressed.
herd immunity
the immunity of most the population and how vaccinations help prevent the spread of disease.
local infection
pathogens are in a limited, small area of the body
ex. UTI
systemic (generalized) infection
an infection seen all throughout the body
focal infection
a systemic infeciton that first started out as a local infection.
sepsis
toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes such as toxins
bacteremia
septicemia
toxemia
viremia
- bacteria in the blood
- blood poisoning + bacterial growth in the blood
- toxins in the blood
- viruses in the blood
primary infection
ACUTE.
the infection that causes the initial disease
secondary infection
opportunistic infection after a primary infection.
causing another infection after treatment
subclinical disease
no noticeable signs nor symptoms
incubation period
the time interval between the initial infection, first signs, and symptoms
before the disease!
prodromal period
short period after inhibition. the early mild symptoms
period of illness
disease is more severe
period of decline
signs and symptoms reside
ABX or the immune system intervenes
period of covalescense
body returns back to normal/to pre-diseased state
reservoirs
humans - carriers.
they don’t know they have the INFX and spread it
animals - zoonoses.
disease spread from animal to human
non-living reservoirs: soil and water.
direct contact transmission
requires close contact and association between the infected and susceptible host
congenital transmission
transmission from mother to fetus/newborn at birth
indirect contact transmission
spread disease to a host throgh a non-living surface, a fomite.
droplet transmission
transmission via airborne dropkets less than 1 meter
ex. sneezing and coughing
vehicle transmission
inanimate reservoirs.
- airborne
- waterborne
- foodborne
vectors/anthropods
fleas, ticks, mosquitos.
1. mechanical transission: anthrpod like a fly carries pathogen on its feet then lands on you.
- biological transmission: pathogen reproduces in the vector and is transmitted via a bite or feces.
ex. malaria.
HAI
healthcare-associated infections
AKA nosocomial infections: acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility.
results from:
1. microbes in the hospital environment
2. weakened status of the host
3. chain of transmission
compromised host
an individual whose resistance to infections is impaired by disease, therapy (chemo), or burns (fragile state).
