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bio2200 > chapter 16! > Flashcards

chapter 16! Flashcards

1
Q

pathology

A

the study of disease

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2
Q

etiology

A

the cause of the disease/what microbe is causing what infection

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3
Q

pathogenesis

A

the development of disease

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4
Q

infection

A

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

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5
Q

disease

A

an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions/out of homeostatic range

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6
Q

bacteria found on babies through vaginal birth

A

Lactobacillus and Baceroides
helps establish healthy gut microbiota

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7
Q

bacteria found in babies through cesarian birth

A

resembles the human skin!
S. aureus
higher risk of allergies and autoimmune diseases.

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8
Q

human microbiome project

A

relationships between microbe communities on the body and human health.

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9
Q

normal microbiota

A

permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions.

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10
Q

transient microbiota

A

come and go

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11
Q

the distribution of normal microbiota is determined by

A

nutrients
physical and chemical factors
host defenses
mechanical factors

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12
Q

microbial antagonism

A

microbes competing for nutrients + survival of the fittest.
protect the host by:
competing for nutrients
producing harmful substances
affecting pH and oxygen levels

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13
Q

symbiosis

A

the relationship between normal microbiota and the host

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14
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits, the other is unaffected

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15
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

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16
Q

parasitism

A

one organism benefits at the expense of another

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17
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

do not cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person, but can cause disease in a different environment

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18
Q

etiology

A

robert koch
1. same pathogen must be present in every disease case
2. isolate the pathogen from the diseased host and get a pure culture (can be exceptions to viruses that cannot be grown on media)
3. inoculate into a healthy lab animal; show it caused the same disease
4. isolate again and make sure its the same initial pathogen causing the disease

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19
Q

symptoms

A

subjecitive.
changes in body function that are felt by the patient as a result of a disease.
ex. headache

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20
Q

signs

A

objective.
measurable/quantative.
changes in the body that can be measured or observed as a result of the disease
ex. vitals

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21
Q

syndrome

A

a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

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22
Q

diagnosis

A

made by the evaluation of signs and symptoms together with lab tests.

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23
Q

communicable disease

A

a disease that is spread from one host to another

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24
Q

contagious disease

A

easily spread like wildfires from one host to another

25
Q

noncommunicable disease

A

does NOT spread from one host to another

26
Q

incidence

A

the number of people that develop a disease during a particular time period
example: running water into the bath tub. the new cases.
decreased through people getting vaccinated.

27
Q

prevalence

A

the number of people who develop a disease at a specified time, including new and old cases.
example: water in the bath tub.
to decrease prevalence/water in the bathtub: must decrease incidence/new cases, people must get better, or people die.

28
Q

sporadic disease

A

disease that only occurs occasionally
rare unless something happens like a natural disaster. ex. typhoid

29
Q

endemic disease

A

disease constantly in the population
ex. common cold

30
Q

epidemic disease

A

disease aquired by many people in a given area in a short time.
ex. influenza during the winter.

31
Q

pandemic

A

worldwide epidemic
ex. COVID

32
Q

acute disease

A

symptoms developed rapidly, but the disease lasts a short time
ex. cold

33
Q

chronic disease

A

symtoms develop slowly, but the disease lasts a while and the body reaction is less severe

34
Q

subacute disease

A

acute + chronic
rapid onset, slow recovery

35
Q

latent disease

A

inactive for a time period, then becomes active though a trigger such as stress.
ex. shingles. seen as blisters. activated when stressed.

36
Q

herd immunity

A

the immunity of most the population and how vaccinations help prevent the spread of disease.

37
Q

local infection

A

pathogens are in a limited, small area of the body
ex. UTI

38
Q

systemic (generalized) infection

A

an infection seen all throughout the body

39
Q

focal infection

A

a systemic infeciton that first started out as a local infection.

40
Q

sepsis

A

toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes such as toxins

41
Q

bacteremia
septicemia
toxemia
viremia

A
  1. bacteria in the blood
  2. blood poisoning + bacterial growth in the blood
  3. toxins in the blood
  4. viruses in the blood
42
Q

primary infection

A

ACUTE.
the infection that causes the initial disease

43
Q

secondary infection

A

opportunistic infection after a primary infection.
causing another infection after treatment

44
Q

subclinical disease

A

no noticeable signs nor symptoms

45
Q

incubation period

A

the time interval between the initial infection, first signs, and symptoms
before the disease!

46
Q

prodromal period

A

short period after inhibition. the early mild symptoms

47
Q

period of illness

A

disease is more severe

48
Q

period of decline

A

signs and symptoms reside
ABX or the immune system intervenes

49
Q

period of covalescense

A

body returns back to normal/to pre-diseased state

50
Q

reservoirs

A

humans - carriers.
they don’t know they have the INFX and spread it

animals - zoonoses.
disease spread from animal to human

non-living reservoirs: soil and water.

51
Q

direct contact transmission

A

requires close contact and association between the infected and susceptible host

52
Q

congenital transmission

A

transmission from mother to fetus/newborn at birth

53
Q

indirect contact transmission

A

spread disease to a host throgh a non-living surface, a fomite.

54
Q

droplet transmission

A

transmission via airborne dropkets less than 1 meter
ex. sneezing and coughing

55
Q

vehicle transmission

A

inanimate reservoirs.
- airborne
- waterborne
- foodborne

56
Q

vectors/anthropods

A

fleas, ticks, mosquitos.
1. mechanical transission: anthrpod like a fly carries pathogen on its feet then lands on you.

  1. biological transmission: pathogen reproduces in the vector and is transmitted via a bite or feces.
    ex. malaria.
57
Q

HAI

A

healthcare-associated infections

AKA nosocomial infections: acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility.

results from:
1. microbes in the hospital environment
2. weakened status of the host
3. chain of transmission

58
Q

compromised host

A

an individual whose resistance to infections is impaired by disease, therapy (chemo), or burns (fragile state).

bio2200 (8 decks)

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