final lab exam (general)

Question 1

restriction enzymes (RFLP)

Answer 1

restriction fragment length polymorphism

cut dna at specific dna sequences.

Question 2

serology

Answer 2

the use of antibody-antigen interactions to diagnose disease

Question 3

antigen

Answer 3

the component of the pathogen that stimulates the immune system

(pathogen)

Question 4

antibody

Answer 4

proteins made by b-cells that bind to the antigen

(patient serum)

Question 5

ELISA

Answer 5

enzyme linked immnosorbent assay

Question 6

direct elisa

Answer 6

antigen - patient sample
antibody - produced in a lab

Question 7

indirect elisa

Answer 7

antigen - produced in a lab
antibody - patient sample

Question 8

In Agarose Gel Electrophoresis, what charge is DNA attracted to?

Answer 8

DNA is (-) so its attracted to (+)

Question 9

How are the bands on an agarose gel differentiated?

Answer 9

differentiated by their size

Question 10

How can we make DNA fragments move faster and farther through the agarose gel?

Answer 10

by increasing the voltage or by decreasing agarose concentration.

Question 11

Thioglycolate Medium

Answer 11

is a differential media that acts as a reducing medium containing an oxygen gradient ranging from anaerobic (no oxygen) at the bottom of the tube to aerobic (oxygen rich) at the top of the tube.

The chemical resazurin is included in the media.

This chemical indicates the presence of oxygen by producing a pink coloration where oxygen is present.

Question 12

Kirby-Bauer Test

Answer 12

Muller-Hinton plates
measures the zone of inhibition for ABX against bacteria.

Question 13

Quadrant Streak

Answer 13

makes a PURE culture by isolating colonies.

Question 14

Spread plate method

Answer 14

helps to determine the original number of bacteria in the colony.
seriel dilutions.
colony forming units: 30-300.

Question 15

faculative anaerobe

Answer 15

both aerobic and anaerobic but prefer aerobic.

Question 16

aerotolerant anaerobe

Answer 16

growth all throughout the tube
tolerates oxygen but doesnt use it
fermentative

Question 17

microaerophile

Answer 17

limited tolerance to radicals.
growth in the middle.

Question 18

pH

Answer 18

acidophile: less than 5.5 pH
neutrophile: 5.5-8.5 pH
alkaliphile: more than 8.5 pH

Question 19

temperature

Answer 19

psychotrophiles: below 20
psychotrophs: 15-30
mesophiles: 20-45
thermophiles: 40+
hyperthermophiles: 80-110

Question 20

3 genera challenging chemical control

Answer 20

1. Bacillus/Clostridium: produce chem. resistant endospores
2. Mycobacterium: chemicals cannot enter due to the mycolic acid in their cell wall.
3. Pseudomonas: narrow porins in their cell wall prevents chem. from entering.
   *Polymyxin B is effective!