Respiratory System Flashcards
Breathing definition
The movement of air into and out of the lungs
External respiration definition
The exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
Internal Respiration Definition
The exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissue
Cellular Respiration definition
The process that produces ATP in mitochondria, Requires O2 and Releases CO2
Inspiration
Inhalation/ breathing in
Expiration
Exhaling/ breathing out
Where does air enter the body through?
The nasal passages
What do the sinuses do
Moisten and warm the air in nasal passages
Where does air enter into after the nasal cavity?
The pharynx
What is the nose separated into two cavities by?
The septum
What are the nasal cavities connected to the ears by?
Eustachian tubes
What are the tear ducts connected to?
Nasal cavities
How is smell interpreted?
Special cells in the nasal cavities called scent receptors have nerves in them that generate impulses from odor
What is the opening to the larynx?
The glottis
What is the larynx
The voice box or Adam’s apple
What covers the glottis when we swallow?
The epiglottis
How is sound produces from the larynx?
From elastic ligaments called vocal cord that vibrate when air is expelled past them.
How is pitch of voice determined?
The length, thickness and degree of elasticity of the vocal cords
Where does air enter after the larynx?
The trachea
Whats another name for trachea
Windpipe
What is the trachea held open by
C-shaped cartilaginous rings
What is the trachea lined with
Ciliated mucus membranes
What are cilia
Little fine hairs that trap and move up any mucus or dust that was inhaled in the trachea
What does the trachea divide into
Two bronchi one to each lung
What do bronchi branch into
Bronchioles that extend into the lungs
What are the two bronchi named
The left and right primary bronchi
What do bronchioles branch into
Sacs called alveoli/alveolus (singular)
How many alveoli are there per lung
Around 300 million
How many alveoli are there per lung
Around 300 million
What are alveoli sacs surrounded by
Capillaries carrying deoxygenated blood
What exchange occurs in the alveoli
Gas exchange between blood and air
What are alveoli lined with
A film of lipoprotein
What does the lipoprotein film on alveoli do
Prevents them from collapsing when air leaves them
Where are the lungs located
Both sides of the heart in the thoracic cavity
Why is the left lung smaller than the right lung
Because of the shape of the heart
What is breathing powered by
The diaphragm
What is the diaphragm
A dome shaped muscle between the thoracic and abdominal cavity
What are the lungs enclosed by
Pleural membranes
How do the pleural membranes work
One membrane lines the chest and one line the lungs, in between them are fluid and it makes an air tight seal
What is the path of air to location of gas exchange
Nasal/oral cavity - pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli
What is negative pressure
Air pressure that is less than the pressure of the surrounding air
How is negative pressure created
By increasing the volume inside the thoracic cavity
How is the space in the thoracic cavity made bigger
By the contraction of the diaphragm muscle. And the intercostal muscles
What are the muscles attached to the ribs called
Intercostal muscles
How does exhalation happen
By the relaxation of the rib muscles and diaphragm
What is it in the blood that controls the breathing rate
Carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions
What detects increased CO2 and H+ levels in arteries
Chemoreceptors
What do the chemoreceptors send a signal to
The medula oblongata
How does the medulla oblongata control breathing rate
It receives signals from chemoreceptors of high CO2 and H+ levels and then sends nerve impulses to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to increase the breathing rate
What is hemoglobin
An iron containing respiratory protein
Where is hemoglobin found
Within red blood cells
What does hemoglobin carry
O2, CO2, and H+
How many hemoglobin per RBC
200 million
How much O2 binds per hemoglobin
Four O2
When is hemoglobin more/less attracted to oxygen
-More attracted in the cool more basic lungs
-Less attracted to oxygen in the more acidic warmer tissues
Name for HbO2
Oxyhemoglobin
Formula for oxyhemoglobin
HbO2
Hemoglobin formula
Hb
Hb name
Hemoglobin
Hb name
Hemoglobin
Carbaminohemoglobin formula
HbCO2
Carbaminohemoglobin formula
HbCO2
HbCO2 name
Carbaminohemoglobin
Reduced hemoglobin formula
HHb
HHb name
Reduced hemoglobin
Bicarbonate formula
HCO3-
HCO3- name
Bicarbonate
What is the reaction to make oxyhemoglobin
Hb + O2 = HbO2
What is the reaction to make carbaminohemoglobin
Hb + CO2 = HbCO2
What is the reaction to make reduced hemoglobin
Hb + H+ = HHb
What catalyzes the reaction to make bicarbonate and acid.
Carbonic anahydrase
How does temperature affect how Hb take up O2
It takes up O2 more readily in low temperature than in higher temperatures
What are the effects of PH on how Hb takes up O2
It takes up O2 more readily in basic or neutral PH and gives it up more readily in acidic tissues
What is internal respiration
The exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between the tissues and the blood
Where does O2 and CO2 go in internal respiration
O2 diffuses from blood into tissue
CO2 diffuses from the tissues into the blood
What are the ways oxygen is carried in the blood
-Bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin
-Dissolved into the blood plasma
What happens to the CO2 that diffuses into the blood in internal respiration
A small amount is taken up by hemoglobin but most binds with H2O to form carbonic acid.
This dissociates to H+ and HCO3-
How is Carbon dioxide carried in blood
-Bound to hemoglobin as HbCO2
-Dissolved in the blood plasma
-combined with water to form bicarbonate
How does hemoglobin act like a buffer
It combines with excess H+ to neutralize it and make reduced hemoglobin
What is external respiration
The exchange of gases in the lungs
Where is the gas exchange done in external respiration
Between the alveoli and the blood
Where does oxygen and CO2 diffuse into in external respiration
-Oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood (alveoli to the blood)
-CO2 diffuses from the blood into the lungs/alveoli
What is the formula for when CO2 diffuses into the lungs from external respiration
-(bound to hemoglobin) HbCO2 = Hb + CO2
-(Bicarbonate and H+)
HHb = Hb + H+
HCO3- + H+ = H2O + CO2
Then CO2 diffuses into lungs
