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Biology 12 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Breathing definition

A

The movement of air into and out of the lungs

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2
Q

External respiration definition

A

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood

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3
Q

Internal Respiration Definition

A

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissue

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4
Q

Cellular Respiration definition

A

The process that produces ATP in mitochondria, Requires O2 and Releases CO2

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5
Q

Inspiration

A

Inhalation/ breathing in

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6
Q

Expiration

A

Exhaling/ breathing out

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7
Q

Where does air enter the body through?

A

The nasal passages

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8
Q

What do the sinuses do

A

Moisten and warm the air in nasal passages

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9
Q

Where does air enter into after the nasal cavity?

A

The pharynx

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10
Q

What is the nose separated into two cavities by?

A

The septum

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11
Q

What are the nasal cavities connected to the ears by?

A

Eustachian tubes

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12
Q

What are the tear ducts connected to?

A

Nasal cavities

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13
Q

How is smell interpreted?

A

Special cells in the nasal cavities called scent receptors have nerves in them that generate impulses from odor

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14
Q

What is the opening to the larynx?

A

The glottis

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15
Q

What is the larynx

A

The voice box or Adam’s apple

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16
Q

What covers the glottis when we swallow?

A

The epiglottis

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17
Q

How is sound produces from the larynx?

A

From elastic ligaments called vocal cord that vibrate when air is expelled past them.

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18
Q

How is pitch of voice determined?

A

The length, thickness and degree of elasticity of the vocal cords

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19
Q

Where does air enter after the larynx?

A

The trachea

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20
Q

Whats another name for trachea

A

Windpipe

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21
Q

What is the trachea held open by

A

C-shaped cartilaginous rings

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22
Q

What is the trachea lined with

A

Ciliated mucus membranes

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23
Q

What are cilia

A

Little fine hairs that trap and move up any mucus or dust that was inhaled in the trachea

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24
Q

What does the trachea divide into

A

Two bronchi one to each lung

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25
Q

What do bronchi branch into

A

Bronchioles that extend into the lungs

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26
Q

What are the two bronchi named

A

The left and right primary bronchi

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27
Q

What do bronchioles branch into

A

Sacs called alveoli/alveolus (singular)

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28
Q

How many alveoli are there per lung

A

Around 300 million

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29
Q

How many alveoli are there per lung

A

Around 300 million

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30
Q

What are alveoli sacs surrounded by

A

Capillaries carrying deoxygenated blood

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31
Q

What exchange occurs in the alveoli

A

Gas exchange between blood and air

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32
Q

What are alveoli lined with

A

A film of lipoprotein

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33
Q

What does the lipoprotein film on alveoli do

A

Prevents them from collapsing when air leaves them

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34
Q

Where are the lungs located

A

Both sides of the heart in the thoracic cavity

35
Q

Why is the left lung smaller than the right lung

A

Because of the shape of the heart

36
Q

What is breathing powered by

A

The diaphragm

37
Q

What is the diaphragm

A

A dome shaped muscle between the thoracic and abdominal cavity

38
Q

What are the lungs enclosed by

A

Pleural membranes

39
Q

How do the pleural membranes work

A

One membrane lines the chest and one line the lungs, in between them are fluid and it makes an air tight seal

40
Q

What is the path of air to location of gas exchange

A

Nasal/oral cavity - pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli

41
Q

What is negative pressure

A

Air pressure that is less than the pressure of the surrounding air

42
Q

How is negative pressure created

A

By increasing the volume inside the thoracic cavity

43
Q

How is the space in the thoracic cavity made bigger

A

By the contraction of the diaphragm muscle. And the intercostal muscles

44
Q

What are the muscles attached to the ribs called

A

Intercostal muscles

45
Q

How does exhalation happen

A

By the relaxation of the rib muscles and diaphragm

46
Q

What is it in the blood that controls the breathing rate

A

Carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions

47
Q

What detects increased CO2 and H+ levels in arteries

A

Chemoreceptors

48
Q

What do the chemoreceptors send a signal to

A

The medula oblongata

49
Q

How does the medulla oblongata control breathing rate

A

It receives signals from chemoreceptors of high CO2 and H+ levels and then sends nerve impulses to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to increase the breathing rate

50
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

An iron containing respiratory protein

51
Q

Where is hemoglobin found

A

Within red blood cells

52
Q

What does hemoglobin carry

A

O2, CO2, and H+

53
Q

How many hemoglobin per RBC

A

200 million

54
Q

How much O2 binds per hemoglobin

A

Four O2

55
Q

When is hemoglobin more/less attracted to oxygen

A

-More attracted in the cool more basic lungs
-Less attracted to oxygen in the more acidic warmer tissues

56
Q

Name for HbO2

A

Oxyhemoglobin

57
Q

Formula for oxyhemoglobin

A

HbO2

58
Q

Hemoglobin formula

A

Hb

59
Q

Hb name

A

Hemoglobin

60
Q

Hb name

A

Hemoglobin

61
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin formula

A

HbCO2

62
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin formula

A

HbCO2

63
Q

HbCO2 name

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

64
Q

Reduced hemoglobin formula

A

HHb

65
Q

HHb name

A

Reduced hemoglobin

66
Q

Bicarbonate formula

A

HCO3-

67
Q

HCO3- name

A

Bicarbonate

68
Q

What is the reaction to make oxyhemoglobin

A

Hb + O2 = HbO2

69
Q

What is the reaction to make carbaminohemoglobin

A

Hb + CO2 = HbCO2

70
Q

What is the reaction to make reduced hemoglobin

A

Hb + H+ = HHb

71
Q

What catalyzes the reaction to make bicarbonate and acid.

A

Carbonic anahydrase

72
Q

How does temperature affect how Hb take up O2

A

It takes up O2 more readily in low temperature than in higher temperatures

73
Q

What are the effects of PH on how Hb takes up O2

A

It takes up O2 more readily in basic or neutral PH and gives it up more readily in acidic tissues

74
Q

What is internal respiration

A

The exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between the tissues and the blood

75
Q

Where does O2 and CO2 go in internal respiration

A

O2 diffuses from blood into tissue

CO2 diffuses from the tissues into the blood

76
Q

What are the ways oxygen is carried in the blood

A

-Bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin
-Dissolved into the blood plasma

77
Q

What happens to the CO2 that diffuses into the blood in internal respiration

A

A small amount is taken up by hemoglobin but most binds with H2O to form carbonic acid.

This dissociates to H+ and HCO3-

78
Q

How is Carbon dioxide carried in blood

A

-Bound to hemoglobin as HbCO2
-Dissolved in the blood plasma
-combined with water to form bicarbonate

79
Q

How does hemoglobin act like a buffer

A

It combines with excess H+ to neutralize it and make reduced hemoglobin

80
Q

What is external respiration

A

The exchange of gases in the lungs

81
Q

Where is the gas exchange done in external respiration

A

Between the alveoli and the blood

82
Q

Where does oxygen and CO2 diffuse into in external respiration

A

-Oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood (alveoli to the blood)
-CO2 diffuses from the blood into the lungs/alveoli

83
Q

What is the formula for when CO2 diffuses into the lungs from external respiration

A

-(bound to hemoglobin) HbCO2 = Hb + CO2

-(Bicarbonate and H+)

HHb = Hb + H+

HCO3- + H+ = H2O + CO2

Then CO2 diffuses into lungs

Biology 12 (3 decks)

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