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Biology 12 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Breathing definition

A

The movement of air into and out of the lungs

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2
Q

External respiration definition

A

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood

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3
Q

Internal Respiration Definition

A

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissue

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4
Q

Cellular Respiration definition

A

The process that produces ATP in mitochondria, Requires O2 and Releases CO2

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5
Q

Inspiration

A

Inhalation/ breathing in

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6
Q

Expiration

A

Exhaling/ breathing out

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7
Q

Where does air enter the body through?

A

The nasal passages

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8
Q

What do the sinuses do

A

Moisten and warm the air in nasal passages

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9
Q

Where does air enter into after the nasal cavity?

A

The pharynx

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10
Q

What is the nose separated into two cavities by?

A

The septum

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11
Q

What are the nasal cavities connected to the ears by?

A

Eustachian tubes

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12
Q

What are the tear ducts connected to?

A

Nasal cavities

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13
Q

How is smell interpreted?

A

Special cells in the nasal cavities called scent receptors have nerves in them that generate impulses from odor

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14
Q

What is the opening to the larynx?

A

The glottis

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15
Q

What is the larynx

A

The voice box or Adam’s apple

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16
Q

What covers the glottis when we swallow?

A

The epiglottis

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17
Q

How is sound produces from the larynx?

A

From elastic ligaments called vocal cord that vibrate when air is expelled past them.

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18
Q

How is pitch of voice determined?

A

The length, thickness and degree of elasticity of the vocal cords

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19
Q

Where does air enter after the larynx?

A

The trachea

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20
Q

Whats another name for trachea

A

Windpipe

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21
Q

What is the trachea held open by

A

C-shaped cartilaginous rings

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22
Q

What is the trachea lined with

A

Ciliated mucus membranes

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23
Q

What are cilia

A

Little fine hairs that trap and move up any mucus or dust that was inhaled in the trachea

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24
Q

What does the trachea divide into

A

Two bronchi one to each lung

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25
What do bronchi branch into
Bronchioles that extend into the lungs
26
What are the two bronchi named
The left and right primary bronchi
27
What do bronchioles branch into
Sacs called alveoli/alveolus (singular)
28
How many alveoli are there per lung
Around 300 million
29
How many alveoli are there per lung
Around 300 million
30
What are alveoli sacs surrounded by
Capillaries carrying deoxygenated blood
31
What exchange occurs in the alveoli
Gas exchange between blood and air
32
What are alveoli lined with
A film of lipoprotein
33
What does the lipoprotein film on alveoli do
Prevents them from collapsing when air leaves them
34
Where are the lungs located
Both sides of the heart in the thoracic cavity
35
Why is the left lung smaller than the right lung
Because of the shape of the heart
36
What is breathing powered by
The diaphragm
37
What is the diaphragm
A dome shaped muscle between the thoracic and abdominal cavity
38
What are the lungs enclosed by
Pleural membranes
39
How do the pleural membranes work
One membrane lines the chest and one line the lungs, in between them are fluid and it makes an air tight seal
40
What is the path of air to location of gas exchange
Nasal/oral cavity - pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli
41
What is negative pressure
Air pressure that is less than the pressure of the surrounding air
42
How is negative pressure created
By increasing the volume inside the thoracic cavity
43
How is the space in the thoracic cavity made bigger
By the contraction of the diaphragm muscle. And the intercostal muscles
44
What are the muscles attached to the ribs called
Intercostal muscles
45
How does exhalation happen
By the relaxation of the rib muscles and diaphragm
46
What is it in the blood that controls the breathing rate
Carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions
47
What detects increased CO2 and H+ levels in arteries
Chemoreceptors
48
What do the chemoreceptors send a signal to
The medula oblongata
49
How does the medulla oblongata control breathing rate
It receives signals from chemoreceptors of high CO2 and H+ levels and then sends nerve impulses to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to increase the breathing rate
50
What is hemoglobin
An iron containing respiratory protein
51
Where is hemoglobin found
Within red blood cells
52
What does hemoglobin carry
O2, CO2, and H+
53
How many hemoglobin per RBC
200 million
54
How much O2 binds per hemoglobin
Four O2
55
When is hemoglobin more/less attracted to oxygen
-More attracted in the cool more basic lungs -Less attracted to oxygen in the more acidic warmer tissues
56
Name for HbO2
Oxyhemoglobin
57
Formula for oxyhemoglobin
HbO2
58
Hemoglobin formula
Hb
59
Hb name
Hemoglobin
60
Hb name
Hemoglobin
61
Carbaminohemoglobin formula
HbCO2
62
Carbaminohemoglobin formula
HbCO2
63
HbCO2 name
Carbaminohemoglobin
64
Reduced hemoglobin formula
HHb
65
HHb name
Reduced hemoglobin
66
Bicarbonate formula
HCO3-
67
HCO3- name
Bicarbonate
68
What is the reaction to make oxyhemoglobin
Hb + O2 = HbO2
69
What is the reaction to make carbaminohemoglobin
Hb + CO2 = HbCO2
70
What is the reaction to make reduced hemoglobin
Hb + H+ = HHb
71
What catalyzes the reaction to make bicarbonate and acid.
Carbonic anahydrase
72
How does temperature affect how Hb take up O2
It takes up O2 more readily in low temperature than in higher temperatures
73
What are the effects of PH on how Hb takes up O2
It takes up O2 more readily in basic or neutral PH and gives it up more readily in acidic tissues
74
What is internal respiration
The exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between the tissues and the blood
75
Where does O2 and CO2 go in internal respiration
O2 diffuses from blood into tissue CO2 diffuses from the tissues into the blood
76
What are the ways oxygen is carried in the blood
-Bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin -Dissolved into the blood plasma
77
What happens to the CO2 that diffuses into the blood in internal respiration
A small amount is taken up by hemoglobin but most binds with H2O to form carbonic acid. This dissociates to H+ and HCO3-
78
How is Carbon dioxide carried in blood
-Bound to hemoglobin as HbCO2 -Dissolved in the blood plasma -combined with water to form bicarbonate
79
How does hemoglobin act like a buffer
It combines with excess H+ to neutralize it and make reduced hemoglobin
80
What is external respiration
The exchange of gases in the lungs
81
Where is the gas exchange done in external respiration
Between the alveoli and the blood
82
Where does oxygen and CO2 diffuse into in external respiration
-Oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood (alveoli to the blood) -CO2 diffuses from the blood into the lungs/alveoli
83
What is the formula for when CO2 diffuses into the lungs from external respiration
-(bound to hemoglobin) HbCO2 = Hb + CO2 -(Bicarbonate and H+) HHb = Hb + H+ HCO3- + H+ = H2O + CO2 Then CO2 diffuses into lungs

Biology 12 (5 decks)

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