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Biology 12 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are gametes

A

Eggs or sperm

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2
Q

What are gonads

A

The primary sex organs (ovaries or testes)

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3
Q

What are the male external genetalia

A

Testes and scrotum

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4
Q

What is the scrotum

A

A fold of skin the encloses the male gonads

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5
Q

What does the scrotum do

A

Maintaind the tested at a cooler temperature than the abdominal cavity

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6
Q

What happens if testes do not descend into scrotum

A

The higher body temperature causes infertility and requires surgery to lower them

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7
Q

What are the testes

A

Paired organs that develop from gonads in the abdomen of a fetus

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8
Q

When do the testes descend

A

Last 2 months of fetal development

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9
Q

What do seminiferous tubules do

A

Produce sperm by meiosis called spermatogenisis

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10
Q

What do seminiferous tubules contain

A

Interstitial cells that produce testosterone

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11
Q

What happens to seminiferous tubules in puberty

A

Before puberty they are solid cords and the hollow out and become functional in purberty

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12
Q

What is the function of the epididymis

A

A place if sperm maturation and storage of sperm

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13
Q

What are the epididymis

A

Tightly coiled tubules just outside the testes

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14
Q

What is the vas deferens

A

A tubule that connects from the epididymis to the ejacalutory duct

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15
Q

What is the function of the vas deferend

A

Takes mature sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct that connects to urethra
Beginning also stores sperm for a short time

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16
Q

What is the function of the urethra

A

It carries both urine and semen

During ejaculation the bladder is closed off so no urine comes out

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17
Q

What is the urethra

A

A tube that allows urine (waste) and semen to exit through the penis

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18
Q

Where is sperm produced

A

Inside the seminiferous tubules in the testes

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19
Q

Where does sperm mature

A

In the Epididymis

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20
Q

Where does mature sperm enter into

A

Into the vas deferens by muscle contractions

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21
Q

What is the path of sperm in the body

A

Seminiferous tubules - epididymis - vas deferens - ejaculatory duct - urethra - penis

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22
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sperm

A

The head, middle piece and tail

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23
Q

What shape is the mitochondria in the sperm

A

Spiral shaped

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24
Q

What does the mitochondria do in the sperm

A

It surrounds the middle piece and provides energy for sperm movement

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25
Q

What does the acrosome cap do

A

Its located on the head of the sperm with enzymes needed to penetrate the outer barriers of the egg

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26
Q

What is located in the sperm head

A

Acrosome cap and 23 chromosomes in nucleus

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27
Q

What is the function of the sperm tail

A

To help the sperm move/swim

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28
Q

How many sperm are produced, reach egg, penetrate egg

A

100 million produced per ejaculation, less than 100 reach egg, 1 penetrates

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29
Q

What is the function of sperm

A

To move and carry genetic information to the egg

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30
Q

What do the three parts of the sperm contain

A

Head: nucleus w/ 23 chromosomes and acrosome cap w/ enzymes

Middle piece: spiral mitochondria

Tail: just the tail

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31
Q

What is the penis

A

A cylindrical shaped organ that hangs in-front of the scrotum

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32
Q

How does erection occur

A

Increased blood flow that fills the spongy tissue in the penis

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33
Q

What is semen

A

A thick white fluid containing sperm and secretions from three organs

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34
Q

What are the three contributory glands to semen production

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands

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35
Q

Where are the seminal vesicles

A

Between the bladder and rectum, joins the vas deferens

Two seminal vesicles join two vas deferens

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36
Q

What do seminal vesicles do

A

Release fluid that contains nutrients for sperm and prostaglandins to trigger uterus contractions to cause sperm movement

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37
Q

Where id the prostate gland

A

Surrounds the urethra below the bladder

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38
Q

What does the prostate gland do

A

It adds an alkaline base to buffer sperm against the acidity of vagina (base is 7.5ph)

Helps sperm survive

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39
Q

Where is the bulbourethral gland

A

Just below the prostate gland

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40
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland do

A

Adds lubrication from fluid to help sperm movement

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41
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the testes

A

By secreting GnRH

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42
Q

What does GnRH do

A

It triggeres the anterior pituitary to produce two hormones
FSH and ICSH

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43
Q

What does FSH do

A

Promotes sperm production in seminiferous tubules

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44
Q

What does ICSH do

A

Controls the production of testosterone by interstitial cells

45
Q

What is testerone

A

The male sex hormone

46
Q

What does testosterone do

A

-Necessary for sperm maturation
-Growth of beard and other hair
-Larynx and vocal cord enlarging
-Stimulating muscle growth
-Increasing sex drive and aggressiveness
-Stimulates sweat and oil glands causing acne and odor

47
Q

What does anabolic steroid cause damage to

A

Kidneys and circulatory system

48
Q

What is the function of the female repoductive system

A

To produce and deliver the female gamete and to provide an environment for the developing fetus

49
Q

Where are ovaries located

A

To each side of the uterus in the pelvic abdominal cavity

50
Q

What are ovaries

A

The female gonad containing follicles at various stages of maturation

51
Q

What does an ovary do

A

Produces eggs and sex hormones

52
Q

What is oogenisis

A

The maturation of 1 follicle oocyte per month

53
Q

What is ovulation

A

The process by which the oocyte bursts from an ovary and usually enters the fallopian tube

54
Q

Where are estrogen and progesterone produced and released

A

At the ovaries

55
Q

How big are ovaries

A

3cm by 1cm

56
Q

Where are oviducts (fallopian tubes) located

A

They extend from ovaries to uterus

57
Q

What do the oviducts do

A

They sweep up eggs from ovary using cilia lining and wafting fimbria

Transport embryo

Also site of fertilization

58
Q

What are fimbriae

A

Fingerlike ends of the oviducts that sweep up eggs from ovary

59
Q

How long does an oocyte live if fertilization does not occur

A

6-24 hours

60
Q

What is the uterus

A

A thick walled muscular organ for nurturing and embryo (where fetus develops)

61
Q

Where is uterus located

A

Above and slanted forward over urinary bladder

62
Q

How wide does uterus stretch

A

5cm to 30cm wide

63
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus

A

An inner layer of spongey endometrium filled with blood vessels

Middle layer of thick smooth muscle

Outer layer of connective tissue

64
Q

What do the three layers of uterus do

A

Inner - expelled in menstruation or placenta formation

Middle - delivers baby, expels endometrium, assists passage of sperm

Outer - holds organs in place

65
Q

Where is cervix located

A

Back of vaginal canal, contains opening to uterus

66
Q

Function of cervix

A

Opens to release endometrium, deliver baby, or let sperm in

Acts as a barrier to many microbes with many wbc nearby (usually is closed)

67
Q

What is the vagina

A

A muscular tube with mucosa lining

68
Q

What is the clitoris

A

Organ infront of the urethra that becomes erect from blood

69
Q

What is labia

A

External folds to protect external genetalia

70
Q

What does hypothalamus secrete

A

GnRH

71
Q

What does GnRH do

A

Triggers anterior pituitary to produce FSH and LH

72
Q

What does FSH do

A

Stimulates follicles in ovary to produce eggs

73
Q

What do ovaries secrete

A

Estrogen and progesterone

74
Q

What are the two cycles that occur in female mammals

A

The ovarian and uterine cycle

75
Q

What is a follicle

A

A small fluid filled sac located in the ovaries or follicle cells that contains an immature egg or oocyte

76
Q

How many follicles does a female have

A

2 million reduced to 350k-400k at puberty

77
Q

How many follicles mature in a females life

A

Around 400 because a female produces one oocyte per month during reproductive years

78
Q

What do remaining follicle cells in the ovary develop into

A

Corpus luteum (degenerates after 10 days)

79
Q

What does the corpus luteum produce

A

Progesterone and some estrogen

80
Q

How is an oocyte matured in ovulation

A

follicle cell surrounds primary oocyte as follicle matures. Follicle becomes a secondary follicle and oogenesis continues. Primary oocyte become secondary oocyte after maturing and is released in ovulation.

81
Q

What are the 3 phases to the ovarian cycle

A

Follicular phase

Ovulatory phase

Luteal phase

82
Q

What are the events in the follicular phase

A

Several follicles begin to grow and one matures

FSH which is produced by the anterior pituitary stimulates follicular development in ovary
Causes increased estrogen and progesterone

As estrogen rises negative feedback occurs of FSH secretion and phase comes to an end with ovulation

83
Q

What are the events in the ovulatory phase

A

The ovary wall ruptures and a follicle is released into the oviduct (ovulation)

Estrogen levels spike and GnRH is secreted from the hypothalamus, causes LH to increase, this causes ovulation

^ positive feedback

84
Q

What happens in the luteal phase

A

LH promoted the development of the corpus lutem (empty follicle)

Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen

As progesterone rises, negative feedback lowers secretion of LH

Corpus luteum degenerates due to low LH

Progesterone drops at end of luteal face because corpus luteum degenerated (menstruation begins)

^ when fertilization does not occur

85
Q

What are the hormone levels in the follicular phase

A

FSH is initially high before being inhibited by estrogen production

86
Q

What are the hormone levels in ovulation

A

Theres a huge spike in LH levels (and FSH)

87
Q

Hormone levels in luteal phase

A

Estrogen and progesterone rise and inhibit FSH and LH

88
Q

Hormone levels in menstruation

A

Estrogen and progesterone fall and FSH rises

89
Q

How long is the menstrual cycle

A

20-40 days average of 28 days

90
Q

What generates the uterine cycle

A

Estrogen and progesterone

91
Q

What are the three phases of the uterine cycle

A

Menstruation

Proliferate phase

Secretory phase

92
Q

What happens in menstruation

A

Low levels of estrogen and progesterone cause menstrual bleeding

(Loss of endometrium), blood vessels rupture

93
Q

What happens in the proliferate phase

A

The remaining endometrium regenerates, thickens, and becomes more vascular until ovulation

Due to increased estrogen made by a new ovarian follicle

94
Q

When does ovulation occur on the uterine cycle

A

On day 14/28

95
Q

What happens in the secretory phase

A

A rise in progesterone by corpus luteum makes endometrium thicken more

Uterine glands mature and secrete thick mucus due to production by corpus luteum

Uterus readies to recieve developing embryo

If not pregnant corpus luteum degenerates and lower hormone levels cause uterine lining to break down

96
Q

Where does fertlized egg begin developing

A

As it travels down oviduct to uterus

97
Q

Where does the embryo embed

A

Into the endometrial lining

98
Q

What does the placenta form from

A

Maternal and fetal tissues

99
Q

What does placenta do

A

Provides exchange of molecules between fetal and maternal blood

Placenta makes HCG to prevent degeneration of corpus luteum

100
Q

What happens when the placenta is developed

A

Estrogen and progesterone are produced to maintain the endometrium lining of the uterus and shut down anterior pituitary so no new follicles mature

Because endometrium is maintained no occurs

101
Q

What is present in urine during pregnancy

A

HCG

102
Q

What hormones involve trigger of childbirth

A

Prostaglandins and oxytocin from mothers pituitary

103
Q

What hormones involve trigger of childbirth

A

Prostaglandins and oxytocin from mothers pituitary

104
Q

Where is oxytocin made and stored

A

Made in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary

105
Q

What does oxytocin do

A

Causes uterus to contract and induces labour, also stimulates release of milk

Involves a positive feedback loop

106
Q

When does menopause occur

A

Between the ages of 44-55

107
Q

What is menopause

A

The period in a womans life where the ovarian and uterine cycles stop

108
Q

What happens in menopause

A

The ovaries become unresponsive to FSH and LH and no longer secrete estrogen or progesterone

Uterine cycle becomes irregular

After a year of no menstruation menopause is considered complete

Biology 12 (5 decks)

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