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Biology 12 > Excretion > Flashcards

Excretion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is deanimation

A

Removal of an amino group on an amino acid

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2
Q

What does deanimation produce

A

Ammonia

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3
Q

What is ammonia converted into

A

Urea

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4
Q

Excretion definition

A

Process that rids the body of metabolic wastes (especially nitrogenous wastes)

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5
Q

Kidney function in excretion

A

Excretes nitrogenous wastes

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6
Q

Liver function in excretion

A

Excretes bile pigments

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7
Q

Lung function in excretion

A

Excretes Co2

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8
Q

Skin functions in excretion

A

Excretes sweat

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9
Q

What is defecation

A

Process that rids body of undigested and unabsorbed food remains

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10
Q

What is the pathway of urin

A

Kidney to ureters to bladder to urethra and then exits body

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11
Q

Formula of ammonia

A

NH3

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12
Q

Why is ammonia converted to urea in the liver

A

It is very toxic to land mammals

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13
Q

What substances are excreted besides nitrogenous wastes

A

-HCO3- (bicarbonate)
-Salts
-Water
-Urochrome

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14
Q

What is urochrome made from

A

The break down of heme

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15
Q

What does urochrome do in urine

A

Gives it its yellow color

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16
Q

What is urine composed of

A

3% urea, 2% salts, and 95% H2O

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17
Q

What is the Renal Vein

A

Vein that carries deoxygenated blood from kidneys back to heart

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18
Q

What is the renal artery

A

Artery that carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys

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19
Q

What is the ureter

A

Muscular tubes that move urine from kidney to bladder by peristalsis

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20
Q

What is the bladder

A

A place that urine is stored before removed from body

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21
Q

How much urine does the bladder hold

A

600-1000mL

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22
Q

How does the bladder notify when its full

A

It has stretch receptors to indicate the brain when its full

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23
Q

What is the urethra

A

A tube connecting the bladder to the outside

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24
Q

How long is the urethra

A

6 inches in a man, less than 1 inch in a woman

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25
Q

Why do women get more infections in the urethra

A

It is shorter than a man

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26
Q

What are the kidneys function

A

To excrete urine, regulate blood volume and PH

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27
Q

How much blood does the kidney filter

A

1200L/daily

28
Q

How does the kidney regulate blood volume and osmotic balance

A

It excretes or conserves water

29
Q

How does the kidney regulate ion concentration

A

It controls the excretion of salts (mostly Na+)

30
Q

How does the kidney regulate blood PH

A

Excretes excess acids or base

31
Q

What does the kidney excrete if blood is too acidic/basic

A

Acidic: H+ is excreted and HCO3- is reabsorbed
Basic: H+ not excreted and HCO3- not reabsorbed

32
Q

What toxic by-products does the kidney excrete

A

Urea, ammonia, uric acid and creatinine

33
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the kidney

A

renal cortex, renal medula, renal pelvis

34
Q

What is the renal medula responsible for

A

Water reabsorption and salt balance

35
Q

What is the renal pelvis responsible for

A

Collecting urine from tubules and directing it into the ureter

36
Q

What is the renal cortex responsible for

A

Making urine and many other things

37
Q

What are the functional units of the kidney

A

Nephrons

38
Q

What do nephrons do

A

Produce urine and filter wastes from the blood and retain water/other needed materials

39
Q

How many nephron per kidney

A

1 million

40
Q

What is the bowmans capsule

A

A cuplike end of a nephron where wastes are forced out of the blood and into the nephron

41
Q

What is the afferent arteriole

A

An arteriole that carries blood to the glomerulus

42
Q

What is the efferent arteriole

A

An arteriole that carries blood from the glomerulus

43
Q

Pathway of blood in the kidney

A

Renal artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, capillary network, venule, Renal Vein

44
Q

What are the steps of urine formation

A

Pressure filtration, selective reabsorption, urine concentration, tubular excretion

45
Q

What is pressure filtration

A

Where high blood pressure in the glomerulus forces small molecules into the bowmans capsule.

46
Q

What happens to molecules forced into the bowmans capsule

A

The form filtrate

47
Q

What is necessary for filtration

A

High blood pressure

48
Q

Why is the afferent arteriole wider than the efferent

A

So that the blood in the glomerulus is under high blood pressure going into the efferent arteriole

49
Q

Where do molecules that are selectively reabsorbed go to

A

The proximal convoluted tubule to the peritubular capillary network. (Back into the blood)

50
Q

What gets selectively reabsorbed

A

Most h2o, nutrients, some salts

51
Q

What doesnt get reabsorbed

A

Some h2o, wastes, excess salts

52
Q

What is selective reabsorption

A

A very selective process where useful filtered materials are retuned to the pertibular capillary netweok both actively and passively

53
Q

Where does water reabsorption mainly occur

A

At the loop of henle and the collecting duct

54
Q

What does active reabsorption of salt at the loop of henle result in

A

The passive transport of water at both the loop of henle and collecting duct

Thus urine concentration

55
Q

What is tubular excretion/secretion

A

An active process where other non-filterable wastes are added to the tubular fluid so they are excreted in urine aswell

56
Q

Where does tubular excretion occur

A

In the distal convoluted tube

57
Q

What is secreted in tubular excretion

A

Penicillin, histamine, H+ ions, NH3

58
Q

What hormones help the kidneys regulate the volume of blood

A

ADH (antidiuretic Hormone)

Aldosterone

59
Q

What is ADH released by

A

Pituitary gland

60
Q

What does ADH do

A

Promotes reabsorption of water from collecting duct and distal convoluted tube

61
Q

How does ADH work

A
  1. Cells in the hypothalamus detect low H2O in blood
    2.ADH made in the hypothalamus is released into blood (distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct)
  2. More H2O is reabsorbed and volume of urine decreases
  3. Therefore blood volume increases
62
Q

What inhibits ADH

A

Diuretic drugs and alchohol

63
Q

Where is aldosterone released

A

Adrenal cortex (adrenal gland is atop kidneys)

64
Q

What does aldosterone do

A

Acts on kidney to retain Na+ and excrete K+

65
Q

What happens if Na in blood is too low

A

Hypotension (low blood pressure)

66
Q

What happens if Na in blood is too high

A

Hypertension (high blood pressure)

Biology 12 (3 decks)

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