Circulatory System Flashcards
Vessel that carries blood away from the heart
Arteries
Small branches of arteries
Arterioles
Sphincter muscles encircle the entrance to what?
Capillaries
One cell layer thick blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules, and exchange material with the tissues
Capillaries
Blood vessels that carry blood from the capillaries to the heart
Veins
Smaller blood vessels that join to form a vein
Venules
The pointed end of the heart
The apex
Blood vessels that are located in the heart and pump oxygenated blood through the heart
Coronary Arteries
What do veins have that allow them to stop backward flow of blood?
Valves
Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back into the heart and are located in the heart
Coronary Veins
What system circulates blood through the lungs
Pulmonary circuit
What system circulates blood through the body and its tissues
Systemic circuit
What is the path of the pulmonary circuit?
Deoxygenated blood in right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> arterioles of lungs -> pulmonary capillaries -> oxygenated blood into pulmonary venules -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium
What do veins and arteries carry in the pulmonary circuit?
Veins - Oxygenated blood
arteries - Deoxygenated blood
What is the path of the systemic circuit?
Blood from left ventricle to the body back to the right atrium. (Veins carry deoxyginated, arteries carries oxygenated)
What is the largest artery?
Aorta
A large vein that collects blood from the head, chest, and arms
Superior Venae Cava
Large vein that collects blood from the lower body regions and organs
Inferior Venae Cava
Vessel that connects the blood vessels of the villi to the liver
Hepatic Portal Vein
carries blood from liver to inferior venae cava
Hepatic Vein
Where is the Subclavian artery and vein located
Around the clavicle (arms and chest)
Where does the jugular vein take blood from
The head
Where is the carotid artery located
The neck
Where do the mesentric arteries go to?
The intestines
Where is the anterior venae cava located
Above heart
Where is the posterior venae cava located
Below heart
What does the pulmonary vein do?
Carries oxygenated blood to the left atrium
What does the hepatic vein lead to
The inferior venae cava
What does the renal artery and vein go to
The kidneys
Where does the iliac artery and vein go to
The legs to the aorta and vice versa
What is the left and right side of the heart seperated by
The septum
Where is the atrium located?
Top of the heart
Where is the ventricle located
Bottom of the heart
Why is the left ventricle bigger than the right ventricle
The right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs while the left has to pump to all of the rest of the body
What are the valves between the atria and ventricles called
Atrioventricular valves
What is the atrioventricular valve on the left side of the heart called
The bicsupid or mitral valve
What is the atrioventricular valve on the right side of the heart called
The tricuspid valve
What supports the atrioventricular valves from collapsing
The chordae tendinae
What are the valves called that move blood from the ventricles to the blood vessels
The semilunar valve
What is the valve on the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery called
The pulmonary semilunar valve
What is the valve on the left ventricle to the aorta called
The aortic semilunar valve
Why does the semilunar valve not have chordae tendinae
It relies on the arterial pressure from the vessels to prevent backflow
How does deoxygenated blood become oxygenated
It goes into the lungs and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood while oxygen diffuses into it
Why are the walls of the left ventricle bigger than the walls of the right ventricle
It has to pump more blood as it pumps through the whole body not just the lungs
What makes the lub sound in a heartbeat
The atria contracting
What makes the dub sound in the heartbeat
The ventricles contracting
What valve closes on the lub sound of the heartbeat
The atrioventricular valve
What valve makes the dub noise in a heartbeat when it closes
The semi lunar valves
What are heart murmurs
A defect in the heart when the valves dont fully closes causing a slushing sound during heartbeat
What is systole
Contraction of the heart muscle
What is diastole
Relaxation of the heart muscle
What is pulse
The alternate expanding and recoiling of an arterial wall
Where can you measure a persons pulse best
The radial artery or carotid artery
What is blood pressure
The pressure of blood against the wall of a vessel
What is hypotension
A lower blood pressure than normal
What is hypertension
Higher blood pressure than normal
What is systolic blood pressure
The highest arterial pressure reached (120)
What is Diastolic blood pressure
The lowest arterial pressure (80)
Where is the sinoatrial node located
The upper back wall of the right atrium
What is the function of the sinoatrial node
It initiates the heartbeat by sending out a single every 0.85 seconds to contract the atria
Where is the atrioventricular node located
The base of the right atrium
What is the function of the atrioventricular node
Receives signals from the SA (sinoatrial node) that is then sends onto fibers to contract the ventricles
What are the fibers that the atrioventriculer node sends signals to
Purkinje fibers
Where is the heart rates speed controlled
In the medulla oblaganta (in the brain)
What happens if a coronary vein/artery gets clogged?
A heart attack occurs
What is coronary bypass surgery
A surgery where segments of leg veins are grafted between the aorta and coronary vessels to bypass a blockage
What is angioplasty
A surgery used to widen narrowed or obstructed arteries or veins
What does the lymphatic system do
Takes excess tissue fluid from tissues and returns it to the cardiovascular system
What do lymph vessels consist of (what type of vessels are in the lymphatic system)
Lymph capillaries and lymph veins (no arteries)
What is fluid in the lymph vessels called
Lymph
What object is lymph collected in
The thoracic duct
Where is lymph collected
Vessels connected to the right and left subclavian veins (thoracic duct)
What is lacteal
Blind ends of lymph vessels in villi of the small intestines
What are lymph nodes
Small round structures that occur along the lymph vessels
What do lymph nodes do
They produce and store white blood cells, and filter lymph of damaged cells and debris
Where is the spleen located
Behind the stomach
What is the spleen
An organ that contains white blood cells and stores blood
When does the heart develop in the uterus
The 3rd and 4th weeks
What are the four features present in a fetus that is not in adults
-Oval Opening
-Arterial duct
-Umbilical arteries and veins
-Venous duct
What is the oval opening
An opening between the two atria covered by a flap that acts like a valve. Allows bypass of pulmonary circuit (only in fetus)
What is the arterial duct
A duct that connects the pulmonary artery and aorta, allows blood to skip pulmonary circuit (only in fetus)
What are the umbilical arteries and veins
Vessels that travel to and from the placenta of a mother to the iliac arteries and venous duct of a baby (only in fetus)
What is the venous duct
A duct that connects the umbilical vein to the venae cava, attaches to the liver but bypasses most of it
Why can chemicals ingested by a mother harm a baby significantly
Because the way the venous duct is placed, blood bypasses the liver and does not get properly detoxed in the babies system
What are the functions of blood
-transports gasses, wastes and nutrients
-clotting of injuries
-infection fighting
What are the two main parts of blood
Plasma and formed elements
What is plasma
The liquid portion of blood
What are the formed elements of blood
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
What do red blood cells do
Transport oxygen
Do rbc have a nuclei
No
Where is rbc formed
Bone marrow
What do wbc do
Fight infection
Where is wbc formed
Bone marrow and lymphoid tissue
What do platelets do
Function in blood clotting
Where are platelets formed
A burst megakaryocyte
What does hemoglobin do
Carries O2 and CO2 and H+
What color is hemoglobin when attached to O2
Bright red
What color is hemoglobin when attached to CO2
Dark red
What are antigens
The proteins anchored on rbc
What are antibodies
The proteins anchored in plasma
How do antibodies stop infection
They bind to foreign proteins with foreign antigens causing agglutination
What is agglutination
The clumping of blood due to antibodies binding to foreign antigens
What is rh factor
A protein binded to rbc called the rhesus
What does the pressure of blood in blood vessels do?
Push molecules out of the blood
What does osmotic pressure on blood vessels do?
Push molecules into the blood
Difference between osmotic and blood pressure consistency?
Osmotic pressure is always consistent, blood pressure varies a lot around a capillary bed.
Where is blood pressure higher than osmotic pressure?
The arterial side of a capillary
Where is osmotic pressure higher than blood pressure?
The venous end of a capillary
What leaves the bloodstream at the arterial side of a capillary?
Water, Oxygen, and glucose
What enters the body at the venous end of a capillary?
Water, ammonia, and carbon dioxide
What is the name of the process of preventing blood loss by the use of blood?
Coagulation or clotting
What is needed to take action for coagulation to take place
Platelets & Fibrinogen
What is the bodies first line of defence against pathogens
The skin
What is the bodies second line of defence against pathogens
White blood cells and antibodies
How do white blood cells assist in fighting pathogens
They multiple when the body is invaded and manufacture large quantities of antibodies
They also engulf foreign pathogens
How do antibodies fight pathogens
They combine with antigens in a way that the antigen becomes inactivated and stops the pathogen from working
How long do WBC remain in the body system
Up to years
How can you develop active immunity
Through exposure to the antigen naturally or through vaccine
