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Biology 12 > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Vessel that carries blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

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2
Q

Small branches of arteries

A

Arterioles

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3
Q

Sphincter muscles encircle the entrance to what?

A

Capillaries

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4
Q

One cell layer thick blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules, and exchange material with the tissues

A

Capillaries

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5
Q

Blood vessels that carry blood from the capillaries to the heart

A

Veins

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6
Q

Smaller blood vessels that join to form a vein

A

Venules

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7
Q

The pointed end of the heart

A

The apex

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8
Q

Blood vessels that are located in the heart and pump oxygenated blood through the heart

A

Coronary Arteries

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9
Q

What do veins have that allow them to stop backward flow of blood?

A

Valves

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10
Q

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back into the heart and are located in the heart

A

Coronary Veins

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11
Q

What system circulates blood through the lungs

A

Pulmonary circuit

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12
Q

What system circulates blood through the body and its tissues

A

Systemic circuit

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13
Q

What is the path of the pulmonary circuit?

A

Deoxygenated blood in right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> arterioles of lungs -> pulmonary capillaries -> oxygenated blood into pulmonary venules -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium

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14
Q

What do veins and arteries carry in the pulmonary circuit?

A

Veins - Oxygenated blood
arteries - Deoxygenated blood

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15
Q

What is the path of the systemic circuit?

A

Blood from left ventricle to the body back to the right atrium. (Veins carry deoxyginated, arteries carries oxygenated)

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16
Q

What is the largest artery?

A

Aorta

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17
Q

A large vein that collects blood from the head, chest, and arms

A

Superior Venae Cava

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18
Q

Large vein that collects blood from the lower body regions and organs

A

Inferior Venae Cava

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19
Q

Vessel that connects the blood vessels of the villi to the liver

A

Hepatic Portal Vein

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20
Q

carries blood from liver to inferior venae cava

A

Hepatic Vein

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21
Q

Where is the Subclavian artery and vein located

A

Around the clavicle (arms and chest)

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22
Q

Where does the jugular vein take blood from

A

The head

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23
Q

Where is the carotid artery located

A

The neck

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24
Q

Where do the mesentric arteries go to?

A

The intestines

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25
Q

Where is the anterior venae cava located

A

Above heart

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26
Q

Where is the posterior venae cava located

A

Below heart

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27
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood to the left atrium

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28
Q

What does the hepatic vein lead to

A

The inferior venae cava

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29
Q

What does the renal artery and vein go to

A

The kidneys

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30
Q

Where does the iliac artery and vein go to

A

The legs to the aorta and vice versa

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31
Q

What is the left and right side of the heart seperated by

A

The septum

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32
Q

Where is the atrium located?

A

Top of the heart

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33
Q

Where is the ventricle located

A

Bottom of the heart

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34
Q

Why is the left ventricle bigger than the right ventricle

A

The right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs while the left has to pump to all of the rest of the body

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35
Q

What are the valves between the atria and ventricles called

A

Atrioventricular valves

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36
Q

What is the atrioventricular valve on the left side of the heart called

A

The bicsupid or mitral valve

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37
Q

What is the atrioventricular valve on the right side of the heart called

A

The tricuspid valve

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38
Q

What supports the atrioventricular valves from collapsing

A

The chordae tendinae

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39
Q

What are the valves called that move blood from the ventricles to the blood vessels

A

The semilunar valve

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40
Q

What is the valve on the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery called

A

The pulmonary semilunar valve

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41
Q

What is the valve on the left ventricle to the aorta called

A

The aortic semilunar valve

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42
Q

Why does the semilunar valve not have chordae tendinae

A

It relies on the arterial pressure from the vessels to prevent backflow

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43
Q

How does deoxygenated blood become oxygenated

A

It goes into the lungs and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood while oxygen diffuses into it

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44
Q

Why are the walls of the left ventricle bigger than the walls of the right ventricle

A

It has to pump more blood as it pumps through the whole body not just the lungs

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45
Q

What makes the lub sound in a heartbeat

A

The atria contracting

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46
Q

What makes the dub sound in the heartbeat

A

The ventricles contracting

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47
Q

What valve closes on the lub sound of the heartbeat

A

The atrioventricular valve

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48
Q

What valve makes the dub noise in a heartbeat when it closes

A

The semi lunar valves

49
Q

What are heart murmurs

A

A defect in the heart when the valves dont fully closes causing a slushing sound during heartbeat

50
Q

What is systole

A

Contraction of the heart muscle

51
Q

What is diastole

A

Relaxation of the heart muscle

52
Q

What is pulse

A

The alternate expanding and recoiling of an arterial wall

53
Q

Where can you measure a persons pulse best

A

The radial artery or carotid artery

54
Q

What is blood pressure

A

The pressure of blood against the wall of a vessel

55
Q

What is hypotension

A

A lower blood pressure than normal

56
Q

What is hypertension

A

Higher blood pressure than normal

57
Q

What is systolic blood pressure

A

The highest arterial pressure reached (120)

58
Q

What is Diastolic blood pressure

A

The lowest arterial pressure (80)

59
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node located

A

The upper back wall of the right atrium

60
Q

What is the function of the sinoatrial node

A

It initiates the heartbeat by sending out a single every 0.85 seconds to contract the atria

61
Q

Where is the atrioventricular node located

A

The base of the right atrium

62
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular node

A

Receives signals from the SA (sinoatrial node) that is then sends onto fibers to contract the ventricles

63
Q

What are the fibers that the atrioventriculer node sends signals to

A

Purkinje fibers

64
Q

Where is the heart rates speed controlled

A

In the medulla oblaganta (in the brain)

65
Q

What happens if a coronary vein/artery gets clogged?

A

A heart attack occurs

66
Q

What is coronary bypass surgery

A

A surgery where segments of leg veins are grafted between the aorta and coronary vessels to bypass a blockage

67
Q

What is angioplasty

A

A surgery used to widen narrowed or obstructed arteries or veins

68
Q

What does the lymphatic system do

A

Takes excess tissue fluid from tissues and returns it to the cardiovascular system

69
Q

What do lymph vessels consist of (what type of vessels are in the lymphatic system)

A

Lymph capillaries and lymph veins (no arteries)

70
Q

What is fluid in the lymph vessels called

A

Lymph

71
Q

What object is lymph collected in

A

The thoracic duct

72
Q

Where is lymph collected

A

Vessels connected to the right and left subclavian veins (thoracic duct)

73
Q

What is lacteal

A

Blind ends of lymph vessels in villi of the small intestines

74
Q

What are lymph nodes

A

Small round structures that occur along the lymph vessels

75
Q

What do lymph nodes do

A

They produce and store white blood cells, and filter lymph of damaged cells and debris

76
Q

Where is the spleen located

A

Behind the stomach

77
Q

What is the spleen

A

An organ that contains white blood cells and stores blood

78
Q

When does the heart develop in the uterus

A

The 3rd and 4th weeks

79
Q

What are the four features present in a fetus that is not in adults

A

-Oval Opening
-Arterial duct
-Umbilical arteries and veins
-Venous duct

80
Q

What is the oval opening

A

An opening between the two atria covered by a flap that acts like a valve. Allows bypass of pulmonary circuit (only in fetus)

81
Q

What is the arterial duct

A

A duct that connects the pulmonary artery and aorta, allows blood to skip pulmonary circuit (only in fetus)

82
Q

What are the umbilical arteries and veins

A

Vessels that travel to and from the placenta of a mother to the iliac arteries and venous duct of a baby (only in fetus)

83
Q

What is the venous duct

A

A duct that connects the umbilical vein to the venae cava, attaches to the liver but bypasses most of it

84
Q

Why can chemicals ingested by a mother harm a baby significantly

A

Because the way the venous duct is placed, blood bypasses the liver and does not get properly detoxed in the babies system

85
Q

What are the functions of blood

A

-transports gasses, wastes and nutrients
-clotting of injuries
-infection fighting

86
Q

What are the two main parts of blood

A

Plasma and formed elements

87
Q

What is plasma

A

The liquid portion of blood

88
Q

What are the formed elements of blood

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

89
Q

What do red blood cells do

A

Transport oxygen

90
Q

Do rbc have a nuclei

A

No

91
Q

Where is rbc formed

A

Bone marrow

92
Q

What do wbc do

A

Fight infection

93
Q

Where is wbc formed

A

Bone marrow and lymphoid tissue

94
Q

What do platelets do

A

Function in blood clotting

95
Q

Where are platelets formed

A

A burst megakaryocyte

96
Q

What does hemoglobin do

A

Carries O2 and CO2 and H+

97
Q

What color is hemoglobin when attached to O2

A

Bright red

98
Q

What color is hemoglobin when attached to CO2

A

Dark red

99
Q

What are antigens

A

The proteins anchored on rbc

100
Q

What are antibodies

A

The proteins anchored in plasma

101
Q

How do antibodies stop infection

A

They bind to foreign proteins with foreign antigens causing agglutination

102
Q

What is agglutination

A

The clumping of blood due to antibodies binding to foreign antigens

103
Q

What is rh factor

A

A protein binded to rbc called the rhesus

104
Q

What does the pressure of blood in blood vessels do?

A

Push molecules out of the blood

105
Q

What does osmotic pressure on blood vessels do?

A

Push molecules into the blood

106
Q

Difference between osmotic and blood pressure consistency?

A

Osmotic pressure is always consistent, blood pressure varies a lot around a capillary bed.

107
Q

Where is blood pressure higher than osmotic pressure?

A

The arterial side of a capillary

108
Q

Where is osmotic pressure higher than blood pressure?

A

The venous end of a capillary

109
Q

What leaves the bloodstream at the arterial side of a capillary?

A

Water, Oxygen, and glucose

110
Q

What enters the body at the venous end of a capillary?

A

Water, ammonia, and carbon dioxide

111
Q

What is the name of the process of preventing blood loss by the use of blood?

A

Coagulation or clotting

112
Q

What is needed to take action for coagulation to take place

A

Platelets & Fibrinogen

113
Q

What is the bodies first line of defence against pathogens

A

The skin

114
Q

What is the bodies second line of defence against pathogens

A

White blood cells and antibodies

115
Q

How do white blood cells assist in fighting pathogens

A

They multiple when the body is invaded and manufacture large quantities of antibodies

They also engulf foreign pathogens

116
Q

How do antibodies fight pathogens

A

They combine with antigens in a way that the antigen becomes inactivated and stops the pathogen from working

117
Q

How long do WBC remain in the body system

A

Up to years

118
Q

How can you develop active immunity

A

Through exposure to the antigen naturally or through vaccine

Biology 12 (3 decks)

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