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Anatomy and Physiology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Breathing is formally called

A

Respiration

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2
Q

For complete exchange of oxygen (O2)
and carbon dioxide (CO2) in respiration, four steps occur simultaneously:

A

Ventilation
External Respiration
Gas Transport
Internal Respiration

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3
Q

This is what most of us think of as breathing.

A

Ventilation

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4
Q

It is the movements of the thorax and certain muscles that cause air to go into and out of our lungs.

A

Ventilation

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5
Q

Oxygen enters the blood in the lungs and CO2 exits the blood in the lungs.

A

External Respiration

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6
Q

Carbon dioxide and O2 are circulated in the blood to and from tissues.

A

Gas Transport

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7
Q

Gas exchange with the tissues involves the exit of O2 from blood to move into the tissues, while CO2 exits the tissues to enter the blood.

A

Internal Respiration

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8
Q

The respiratory system performs
the following functions:

A

Regulation of blood pH
Production of chemical mediators
Voice Production
Olfaction
Protection

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9
Q

The respiratory system can alter
blood pH by changing blood CO2 levels.

A

Regulation of blood pH

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10
Q

The lungs produce an enzyme called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which is an important component of blood pressure regulation

A

Production of chemical mediators

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11
Q

Air moving past the vocal folds makes
sound and speech possible.

A

Voice Production

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12
Q

The sensation of smell occurs when airborne molecules are drawn into the nasal cavity

A

Olfaction

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13
Q

The respiratory system provides protection against some microorganisms by preventing them from entering the body and removing them from respiratory surfaces.

A

Protection

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14
Q

There are seven structures that make up the respiratory system:

A
  1. External Nose
  2. Nasal cavity
  3. Pharynx
  4. Larynx
  5. Trachea
  6. Bronchi
  7. Lungs
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15
Q

The upper respiratory tract consists of the

A

External Nose
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx and its associated structures
Larynx

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16
Q

Lower respiratory tract consists of the

A

Trachea
Bronchi and smaller bronchioles
Lungs

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17
Q

The respiratory system can be classified in two ways:

A

Structurally and functionally

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18
Q

Structurally, the respiratory system is divided into the

A

Upper Respiratory Tract
Lower Respiratory Tract.

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19
Q

Functionally, the respiratory system is divided into two regions.

A

Conducting Zone
Respiratory Zone

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20
Q

is exclusively for air movement and extends from the nose to the bronchioles.

A

Conducting Zone

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21
Q

is within the lungs and is where gas exchange between air and blood takes place.

A

Respiratory Zone

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22
Q

The conduction zone structures are well adapted for the

A

Movement
Cleaning
Warming
Humidification of air

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23
Q

or nasus, consists of the external nose and the nasal cavity.

A

Nose

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24
Q

is the visible structure that forms a
prominent feature of the face.

A

External Nose

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25
Q

The largest part of the external nose
is composed of

A

Hyaline Cartilage Plates

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26
Q

The nasal bones plus extensions of the frontal and maxillary bones constitute
the _____ of the nose, which is where eyeglasses would rest.

A

Bridge

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27
Q

is the open chamber inside the nose where air first enters the respiratory system.

A

Nasal Cavity

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28
Q

Nasal cavity extends from the anterior structures called the (1) ______ to the posterior structures called (2) ______

A

(1) Nares or nostrils
(2) Choanae

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29
Q

are the external openings of the nasal cavity.

A

Nares

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30
Q

Just inside each naris, in the anterior part of the nasal cavity, is the region called the

A

Vestibule

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31
Q

The _________ is lined with stratified squamous epithelium, which is continuous with the stratified squamous
epithelium of the skin.

A

Vestibule

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32
Q

in the posterior part of the nasal cavity are the openings into the pharynx.

A

Choanae

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33
Q

is the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth.

A

Hard Palate

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34
Q

The hard palate is formed by the
palatine process of the

A

maxillae and the palatine bone

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35
Q

It separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.

A

Hard Palate

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36
Q

The nasal cavity is divided into right and left halves by a partition called the

A

Nasal Septum

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37
Q

The anterior part of the nasal septum is composed of

A

Cartilage

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38
Q

The posterior part of the nasal septum consists of the

A

Vomer bone
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

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39
Q

There are three lateral bony ridges called ______ on each side of the nasal cavity

A

Conchae

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40
Q

The conchae used to be named the ____________ because they act as
“wind turbines,” helping the air churn through the nasal cavity.

A

Turbinate bones

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41
Q

The air passes through tunnels beneath each concha. Each of these tunnels is called a

A

Meatus

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42
Q

Within the superior and middle meatuses are openings from the various

A

Paranasal Sinuses

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43
Q

Each inferior meatus also contains the opening of a ______________ for tear
drainage from the surface of the eye

A

Nasolacrimal duct

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44
Q

The five functions of the
nasal cavity are the following:

A

Serves as a passageway for air
Cleans the air
Humidifies and warms the air
Contains olfactory epithelium
Helps determine voice sound

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45
Q

is lined with hairs, which trap
some of the large particles of dust in the air.

A

Vestibule

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46
Q

Mucous membrane consists of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with ______ cells.

A

Goblet

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47
Q

secrete mucus, which traps debris in the air.

A

Goblet Cells

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48
Q

The olfactory epithelium, the sensory organ for smell, is located in the _____________ of the nasal cavity

A

Most Superior Part

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49
Q

are resonating chambers for speech

A

Nasal Cavity
Paranasal Sinuses

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50
Q

is the common opening of both
the digestive and the respiratory systems.

A

Pharynx (Throat)

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51
Q

is inflammation of sinus mucous
membranes, especially those of the paranasal sinuses.

A

Sinusitis

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52
Q

Inferiorly, the pharynx is connected to the respiratory system at the _______ and to the digestive system at the esophagus.

A

Larynx

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53
Q

From superior to inferior, there are three regions of the pharynx:

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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54
Q

is immediately posterior to
the nasal cavity.

A

Nasopharynx

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55
Q

it is posterior to the choanae and superior to the soft palate.

A

Nasopharynx

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56
Q

is an incomplete partition composed of muscle and connective tissue.

A

Soft Palate

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57
Q

It separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx.

A

Soft Palate

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58
Q

The posterior extension of the soft
palate is called the

A

Uvula

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59
Q

The soft palate blocks swallowed materials away from the nasopharynx and nasal cavity toward the back of the

A

Pharynx

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60
Q

The posterior wall of the nasopharynx houses the _____________,
or adenoids, which helps defend the body against infection

A

Pharyngeal tonsil

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61
Q

The nasopharynx is continuous with the

A

Oropharynx

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62
Q

The oropharynx is the ________ portion of the pharynx.

A

Middle

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63
Q

It is immediately posterior to the mouth and begins at the soft palate. From there, it descends to the superior portion of the larynx.

A

Oropharynx

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64
Q

A region called the ______ joins the mouth’s oral cavity and the oropharynx.

A

Fauces

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65
Q

Thus, air, food, and drink all pass through the

A

Oropharynx

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66
Q

Two sets of tonsils

A

Palatine Tonsils
Lingual Tonsils

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67
Q

spans the posterior length of the larynx: from the most superior larynx structure, the epiglottis, to the esophagus.

A

Laryngopharynx

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68
Q

pass through the
laryngopharynx to the esophagus.

A

Food and drink

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69
Q

is located in the anterior part of the laryngopharynx and extends
from the base of the tongue to the trachea

A

Larynx

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70
Q

The largest of the cartilages is the single thyroid cartilage, or

A

Adam’s Apple

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71
Q

The base of the larynx is formed by the single ___________, the most inferior cartilage of the larynx.

A

Cricoid cartilage

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72
Q

The third single cartilage is the

A

Epiglottis

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73
Q

It is attached to the thyroid cartilage and projects superiorly as a free flap toward the tongue.

A

Epiglottis

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74
Q

The paired _____________
articulate with the posterior, superior border of the cricoid cartilage

A

Arytenoid cartilages

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75
Q

The paired _______________ are attached to the superior tips of the arytenoid cartilages.

A

Corniculate cartilages

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76
Q

The paired _____________ are contained in a mucous membrane anterior to the corniculate cartilages

A

Cuneiform Cartilage

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77
Q

extend from the anterior surface of the arytenoid cartilages to the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage.

A

Two pairs of ligaments

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78
Q

The superior ligaments are covered by a mucous membrane and are called the

A

Vestibular folds or false vocal cords

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79
Q

The inferior ligaments are covered by a mucous membrane and are called the

A

Vocal folds or true vocal cords

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80
Q

is the combination of the vocal folds and the opening between them

A

Glottis

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81
Q

The vestibular folds and the vocal folds are lined with

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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82
Q

The remainder of the larynx is lined with

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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83
Q

An inflammation of the vocal folds is called

A

Laryngitis

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84
Q

are the primary source of sound production.

A

Vocal Folds

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85
Q

The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lining the larynx produces _______, which traps debris in air.

A

Mucus

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86
Q

move the mucus and debris into the pharynx.

A

Cilia

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87
Q

or windpipe, allows air to flow into the
lungs.

A

Trachea

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88
Q

Trachea is a membranous tube attached to the

A

larynx

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89
Q

Trachea consists of dense regular

A

Connective tissue and smooth muscle

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90
Q

Reinforcing the trachea are 15–20 C-shaped pieces of

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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91
Q

or the Heimlich maneuver, are designed to force an object out of the air passage by the sudden application of pressure to the
abdomen.

A

Abdominal Thrusts

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92
Q

a tube is passed through the mouth or nose into the pharynx and then through the larynx to the trachea.

A

Intubation

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93
Q

The preferred point of entry in emergency cases is through the membrane between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages, a procedure called a

A

Cricothyrotomy

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94
Q

is an operation performed to make an opening into the trachea, commonly between the second and third cartilage rings.

A

Tracheostomy

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95
Q

refers to the actual cutting into the trachea

A

Tracheotomy

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96
Q

has an inside diameter of 12 mm and a length of 10–12 cm, descending from the larynx to the level of the fifth thoracic
vertebra

A

Trachea

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97
Q

The trachea divides to form two smaller
tubes called ___________, each of which extends to a lung.

A

Main bronchi or primary bronchi

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98
Q

The tracheal cartilage separating the openings into the main bronchi forms a ridge called the

A

Carina

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99
Q

consists of the trachea and all other respiratory passageways in the lungs

A

Tracheobronchial Tree

100
Q

The trachea divides to form a __________, each of which divides to form smaller and smaller bronchi.

A

Left and right bronchus

101
Q

is larger in diameter and more directly
in line with the trachea than the left main bronchus.

A

Right main bronchus

102
Q

Within each lung the main bronchi divide into

A

Lobar bronchi or secondary bronchi

103
Q

There are two lobar bronchi in the

A

Left Lung

104
Q

There are three lobar bronchi in the

A

Right Lung

105
Q

The lobar bronchi, in turn, give rise to

A

Segmental bronchi or tertiary bronchi

106
Q

The bronchi continue to branch, finally giving rise to ____________, which are less than 1 mm in diameter.

A

Bronchioles

107
Q

The bronchioles also subdivide several times to become even smaller

A

Terminal bronchioles

108
Q

Approximately ___ generations of branching occur from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles.

A

16

109
Q

have no cartilage, and
the smooth muscle layer is prominent.

A

Terminal Bronchioles

110
Q

occurs when the smooth muscle relaxes, making the bronchiole diameter larger.

A

Bronchodilation

111
Q

occurs when the smooth muscle contracts,
making the bronchiole diameter smaller.

A

Bronchoconstriction

112
Q

During an ___________, bronchoconstriction decreases the diameter of the airways, which increases resistance to airflow and
greatly reduces air movement.

A

Asthma attack

113
Q

are small, air-filled chambers
where the air and the blood come into close contact with each other.

A

Alveoli

114
Q

Terminal bronchioles divide to form _______________, which have a few attached alveoli

A

Respiratory bronchioles

115
Q

As the respiratory bronchioles divide to form smaller respiratory bronchioles, the number of attached alveoli

A

Increases

116
Q

The respiratory bronchioles give
rise to ____________, which are like long, branching hallways with many open doorways.

A

Alveolar ducts

117
Q

The alveolar ducts end as two or
three ___________, which are chambers connected to two or more
alveoli

A

Alveolar Sacs

118
Q

Approximately ____ generations of branch-
ing occur from the terminal bronchioles to the alveolar ducts

A

7

119
Q

The tissue surrounding the alveoli contains _________, which allow the alveoli to expand during inspiration and recoil during
expiration

A

Elastic Fibers

120
Q

or pertussis, is a serious bacterial infection of the tracheobronchial tree, caused by the
bacterium Bordetella pertussis

A

Whooping cough

121
Q

B. pertussis affects both the respiratory
and the immune systems simultaneously in
two major ways:

A

(1) by directly attacking the ciliated epithelium in the tracheobronchial tree
(2) by avoiding the effects of complement

122
Q

Approximately _________ alveoli are in the two lungs.

A

300 million

123
Q

The average diameter of an _________ is approximately 250 μm, and its
wall is extremely thin.

A

Alveolus

124
Q

Two types of cells form the alveolar wall

A

Type I pneumocytes
Type II pneumocytes

125
Q

are thin squamous epithelial cells that form 90% of the alveolar surface. Most of the gas exchange between alveolar air and the blood takes place through these cells.

A

Type I pneumocytes

126
Q

are round or cube-shaped secretory cells that produce surfactant, which makes it easier for the alveoli to expand during inspiration

A

Type II pneumocytes

127
Q

in the lungs is where O2 enters the
blood and CO2 exits the blood. It is formed mainly by the alveolar walls and surrounding pulmonary capillaries.

A

Respiratory Membrane

128
Q

are the principal organs of respiration, and on a volume basis they are among the largest organs of the body.

A

Lungs

129
Q

Each lung is _______ in shape, with its base resting on the diaphragm and its apex
extending to a point approximately 2.5 cm superior to the clavicle.

A

Conical

130
Q

The _______ is larger than the left and weighs an average of 620 g, whereas the left lung weighs an average of 560 g.

A

Right lung

131
Q

is a region on the medial surface of the lung
where structures, such as the main bronchus, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels, enter or exit the lung.

A

Hilum

132
Q

All the structures passing through the hilum are referred to as the ____ of the lung.

A

Root

133
Q

The left lung also has an indentation called the

A

Cardiac Notch

134
Q

The lung lobes are separated by deep, prominent ________ on the surface of the lung.

A

Fissures

135
Q

Each lung lobe is supplied by a

A

Lobar bronchus

136
Q

The lung lobes are further subdivided into
________________, each of which is supplied by the segmental bronchi.

A

Bronchopulmonary segments

137
Q

There are 9 bronchopulmonary segments in the

A

Left lung

138
Q

There are 10 bronchopulmonary segments in the

A

Right lung

139
Q

The bronchopulmonary segments are even further subdivided into _______ by partial walls
of connective tissue.

A

Lobules

140
Q

The __________ supply the lobules.

A

Bronchioles

141
Q

consists of the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal
cartilages, sternum, and associated muscles.

A

Thoracic wall

142
Q

is the space enclosed by the thoracic wall and the diaphragm

A

Thoracic cavity

143
Q

is a sheet of skeletal muscle separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

A

Diaphragm

144
Q

The diaphragm and other skeletal muscles associated with the thoracic wall are responsible for

A

Ventilation

145
Q

There are several muscles of _________ that increase thoracic volume.

A

Inspiration

146
Q

The remaining muscles of inspiration include the

A

External Intercostals
Pectoralis Minor
Scalene Muscles

147
Q

The muscles of __________ are the muscles that decrease thoracic volume by depressing the ribs and sternum.

A

Expiration

148
Q

are most active during expiration

A

Internal intercostals
Transverse thoracis

149
Q

are most active during inspiration

A

External intercostals

150
Q

The diaphragm is __________, and the base of the dome attaches to the inner circumference of the inferior thoracic cage.

A

Dome-shaped

151
Q

The top of the dome is a flat sheet of connective tissue called the

A

Central Tendon

152
Q

during quiet breathing is a passive process.

A

Expiration

153
Q

The lungs are contained within the thoracic cavity, but each lung is contained within its own _____________ formed by the pleural serous membrane

A

Pleural Cavity

154
Q

Separating the two pleural cavities is a central
region called the

A

Mediastinum

155
Q

covers the inner thoracic wall, the superior surface of the diaphragm, and the mediastinum.

A

Parietal pleura

156
Q

At the hilum, the parietal pleura is continuous with the ___________, which covers the surface of the lung.

A

Visceral Pleura

157
Q

The pleural fluid has two functions:

A

(1) It acts as a lubricant, allowing the parietal and visceral pleural membranes to slide past each other during ventilation
(2) it causes the parietal pleura to cling to the visceral pleural around the lungs.

158
Q

Blood that has passed through the lungs and picked up O2 is called

A

Oxygenated blood

159
Q

Blood that has passed through the
tissues and released some of its O2 is called

A

Deoxygenated Blood

160
Q

The lungs have two lymphatic supplies.

A

Superficial Lymphatic Vessels
Deep Lymphatic Vessels

161
Q

are deep to the visceral pleura; they drain
lymph from the superficial lung tissue and the visceral pleura.

A

Superficial Lymphatic Vessels

162
Q

follow the bronchi; they drain lymph from the bronchi and associated connective tissues.

A

Deep Lymphatic Vessels

163
Q

No lymphatic vessels are located in the walls of the

A

Alveoli

164
Q

Both the superficial and deep lymphatic vessels exit the lung at the

A

Hilum

165
Q

The pressure of a gas in a container at a constant temperature follows

A

Boyle’s Law: P=k/V

166
Q

P

A

Gas pressure

167
Q

k

A

a constant for a given temperature

168
Q

V

A

Volume of the container

169
Q

states that, in a container, such as the thoracic cavity or an alveolus, pressure is inversely proportional to volume.

A

Boyle’s Law

170
Q

The partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is the percentage of the gas in the mixture.

A

Dalton’s Law

171
Q

The concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid is equal to the partial pressure of the gas times the solubility coefficient of the gas.

A

Henry’s Law

172
Q

the resistance to airflow is proportional to the diameter (D) of a tube.

A

Poiseuille’s law

173
Q

which is simply atmospheric air pressure outside the body, is designated as zero.

A

Barometric air pressure (PB)

174
Q

is the air pressure inside an alveolus.

A

intra-alveolar pressure (Palv)

175
Q

barometric air pressure and intra-alveolar pressure are equal. Therefore, no air moves into or out of the lungs.

A

End of expiration

176
Q

contraction of inspiratory muscles increases thoracic volume, which results in expansion of the lungs and an increase in alveolar volume

A

During inspiration

177
Q

the thorax stops expanding, the alveoli stop expanding, and intra-alveolar pressure becomes equal to barometric air pressure because of airflow into the lungs.

A

End of inspiration

178
Q

the volume of the thorax decreases as the diaphragm relaxes, and the thorax and lungs recoil.

A

During expiration

179
Q

It is important to understand that lung recoil and changes in pleural pressure cause changes in

A

Alveolar volume

180
Q

This is the tendency for the lungs to decrease in size after they are stretched.

A

Lung recoil

181
Q

A molecule called _________ forms a one molecule-thick layer over the alveolar fluid,
which reduces the surface tension in the alveoli.

A

Surfactant

182
Q

mixture of lipoprotein molecules produced by the type II pneumocytes of the alveolar epithelium.

A

Surfactant

183
Q

With surfactant, the force produced by surface tension is approximately

A

3 mm Hg

184
Q

Without surfactant, the force can be as high as

A

30 mm Hg

185
Q

do not produce enough surfactant.

A

Premature infants

186
Q

is common in premature infants, especially those with a gestation age of less than 7 months.

A

Infants Respiratory Distress Syndrome

187
Q

is the difference between intra-alveolar pressure and pleural pressure.

A

Transpulmonary pressure

188
Q

When pleural pressure is lower than intra-alveolar pressure, the alveoli tend to

A

Expand

189
Q

This pleural pressure increase is called a

A

Pneumothorax

190
Q

A pneumothorax has two major possible causes:

A

Penetrating Trauma
Nonpenetrating Trauma

191
Q

Types of penetrating traumas include

A

Being stabbed
Getting shot by a gun
Breaking a rib

192
Q

Types of nonpenetrating traumas include

A

A blow to the chest
A medical procedure, such as insertion of a catheter to withdraw pleural fluid
Disease, such as an infection or emphysema
Severe, spastic coughing

193
Q

The most common symptoms of a pneumothorax are

A

Chest pain
Shortness of breath

194
Q

the pressure within the pleural cavity is always higher than barometric air pressure.

A

Tension pneumothorax

195
Q

is a measure of the ease with which the lungs and thorax expand.

A

Compliance

196
Q

For a normal person the compliance
of the lungs and thorax is

A

0.18 L/mm Hg

197
Q

is the process of measuring volumes of air that move into and out of the respiratory system

A

Spirometry

198
Q

is the device used to measure these pulmonary volumes.

A

Spirometer

199
Q

The four pulmonary volumes and representative values for a young adult male

A

Tidal Volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Residual Volume

200
Q

is the normal volume of air inspired and
expired with each breath.

A

Tidal volume

201
Q

At rest, quiet breathing results in a tidal volume of approximately

A

500 mL

202
Q

is the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after a normal inspiration (approximately 3000 mL at rest)

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

203
Q

is the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a normal expiration (approximately 1100 mL at rest)

A

Expiratory reserve volume

204
Q

is the volume of air still remaining in the
respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration (approximately 1200 mL).

A

Residual Volume

205
Q

The tidal volume increases when a person is more

A

Active

206
Q

are the sum of two or more pulmonary
volumes

A

Pulmonary capacities

207
Q

Some pulmonary capacities follow:

A

Inspiratory Capacity
Functional Residual Capacity
Vital Capacity
Total Lung Capacity

208
Q

is the tidal volume plus the inspiratory
reserve volume.

A

Inspiratory Capacity

209
Q

Inspiratory capacity is the amount of air a person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration

A

Approximately 3500 mL at rest

210
Q

is the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume.

A

Functional Residual Capacity

211
Q

Functional Residual Capacity is the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration

A

Approximately 2300 mL at rest

212
Q

is the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume,
the tidal volume, and the expiratory reserve volume.

A

Vital Capacity

213
Q

Vital Capacity is the maximum volume of air a person can expel from the respiratory tract after a maximum inspiration

A

Approximately 4600 mL

214
Q

is the sum of the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes plus the tidal volume and the residual volume (approximately 5800 mL).

A

Total Lung Capacity

215
Q

is a simple and clinically important pulmonary test.

A

Forced expiratory vital capacity

216
Q

A more accurate measure of the amount of air available for gas exchange per minute is

A

Alveolar Ventilation

217
Q

In order to calculate alveolar ventilation, we must first account for a parameter called the

A

Dead space

218
Q

The structures of the respiratory system where gas exchange does not take place are collectively called the dead space:

A

Anatomical dead space
Physiological dead space

219
Q

is generally about 1 mL of dead space per pound of an individual’s “ideal” body weight.

A

Anatomical dead space

220
Q

Anatomical dead space includes the

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles

221
Q

is the anatomical dead space plus the volume of any alveoli in which gas exchange is less than normal.

A

Physiological dead space

222
Q

the total pressure of a gas is the sum of the
individual pressures of each gas.

A

Dalton’s Law

223
Q

CO2 is approximately 24 times more ________ in water than O2 is.

A

Soluble

224
Q

The most common cause of increased respiratory membrane thickness is an accumulation of fluid in the alveoli, known as

A

Pulmonary edema

225
Q

is a measure of how easily a gas diffuses
into and out of a liquid or tissue.

A

Diffusion coefficient

226
Q

The alveoli supplied with air (alveolar ventilation) also have an ample blood supply,
referred to as

A

Pulmonary capillary perfusion.

227
Q

Blood that is not completely oxygenated is called

A

Shunted blood

228
Q

results when deoxygenated blood from the
bronchi and bronchioles mixes with blood in the pulmonary veins

A

Anatomical shunt

229
Q

The combination of these two
shunts is called the

A

Physiological shunt

230
Q

Normally, ____ of cardiac output makes up the physiological shunt.

A

1-2%

231
Q

describes the percent saturation of hemoglobin in the blood at different blood Po2 values.

A

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation
curve

232
Q

This effect of pH on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is called the _________,
after its discoverer, Christian Bohr.

A

Bohr effect

233
Q

Within red blood cells, an enzyme called ______________ catalyzes a reversible reaction that results in carbonic acid formation when CO2 and H2O mix.

A

Carbonic anhydrase

234
Q

The medullary respiratory center in the medulla oblongata consists of two (1) _______________ and two (2) ________________

A

(1) Dorsal Respiratory Groups
(2) Ventral Respiratory Groups

235
Q

Each forming a longitudinal column of cells located bilaterally in the dorsal part of the
medulla oblongata

A

Dorsal Respiratory Groups

236
Q

Each forming a longitudinal column of cells located bilaterally in the ventral part of the medulla oblongata

A

Ventral Respiratory Groups

237
Q

is believed to establish the basic rhythm of respiration.

A

pre-Bötzinger complex

238
Q

formerly called the pneumotaxic center, is a collection of neurons in the pons.

A

Pontine respiratory group

239
Q

is the absence of breathing.

A

Apnea

240
Q

are specialized neurons that detect changes in the concentration of specific chemicals.

A

Chemoreceptors

241
Q

are located bilaterally and ventrally in the chemo sensitive area of the medulla oblongata, and they are connected to the respiratory center.

A

Central Chemoreceptors

242
Q

are found in the carotid and aortic
bodies.

A

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

243
Q

The respiratory center is connected to the carotid body chemo receptors through the (1) ______________ and to the aortic body chemoreceptors by the (2) _______________

A

(1) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
(2) Vagus nerve (X)

244
Q

A greater than normal amount of CO2 in the blood is called

A

Hypercapnia

245
Q

A lower than normal CO2 level, called
_____________, results in periods when breathing rate is reduced or does not occur at all.

A

Hypocapnia

246
Q

limits the depth of inspiration and prevents overinflation of the lungs

A

Hering-Breuer Reflex

247
Q

The highest level of exercise that can be performed without causing a significant change in blood pH is called the

A

Anaerobic Threshold

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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