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Anatomy and Physiology > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

is an essential characteristic of living organisms, and functional male and female reproductive systems are necessary for
humans to reproduce.

A

Reproduction

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2
Q

The reproductive system performs the following functions:

A

Production of gametes
Fertilization
Development and nourishment of a new individual
Production of reproductive hormones

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3
Q

Specialized organs of the reproductive system produce gametes:

A

Sperm cells in males
Oocyte (egg) in females

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4
Q

The reproductive system enables _______ of the oocyte by the sperm.

A

Fertilization

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5
Q

The female reproductive system nurtures the developing fetus in the ______ until birth and provides nourishment (milk) after birth.

A

Uterus

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6
Q

produced by the reproductive system control its development and the development of the gender-specific body form.

A

Hormones

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7
Q

is a type of cell division specialized for sexual
reproduction.

A

Meiosis

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8
Q

During meiosis, one cell undergoes two consecutive divisions to produce four genetically different

A

Daughter cells

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9
Q

In humans, meiosis occurs only in the
____________ and produces sperm cells in males and oocytes in females.

A

Testes and ovaries

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10
Q

In humans, the ___________ normally have 46 chromosomes, called the diploid number (2n).

A

Somatic cells

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11
Q

Chromosomes exist in 23 homologous pairs—22 autosomal pairs and 1 pair of

A

Sex chromosomes

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12
Q

The sex chromosome pair is composed of an X and a Y chromosome in males and two X chromosomes in females.

A

XX Males
XY Females

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13
Q

One chromosome of each __________
is inherited from the male parent, and the other chromosome of each pair is inherited from the female parent.

A

Homologous pair

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14
Q

The chromosomes of each homologous pair are alike in size and shape and contain
_____ for the same traits.

A

Genes

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15
Q

Sperm cells and oocytes contain the _______ number (n) of chromosomes, which is half the diploid number, or 23.

A

Haploid

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16
Q

Each ______ contains one chromosome from each of the homologous pairs.

A

Gamete

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17
Q

Upon fertilization, the sex of the baby is determined by the

A

Sperm cell

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18
Q

The two divisions of meiosis are called

A

Meiosis I
Meiosis II

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19
Q

The stages of meiosis have the same names as the stages of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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20
Q

Before meiosis begins, all the chromosomes are

A

Duplicated

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21
Q

At the beginning of meiosis, each of the 46 chromosomes consists of _____________ connected by a centromere

A

Two sister chromatids

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22
Q

In prophase I, the chromosomes become visible, and the homologous pairs come together in a process called

A

Synapsis

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23
Q

Because each chromosome consists of two chromatids, the pairing of the homologous
chromosomes brings two chromatids of each chromosome close together, an arrangement called a

A

Tetrad

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24
Q

The exchange of genetic material between maternal and paternal chromosomes is called
__________ and may result in new gene combinations on the chromosomes.

A

Crossing over

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25
Q

During _________, homologous pairs of chromosomes line up near the center of the cell.

A

Metaphase I

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26
Q

During _________, the homologous pairs are separated to each side of the cell

A

Anaphase I

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27
Q

During __________, new nuclei form, and the cell completes division of the cytoplasm to form two cells

A

Telophase I

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28
Q

Since the chromosome number is reduced
from a 2n number to an n number during meiosis I, this division is often called a

A

Reduction division

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29
Q

At the end of meiosis I, each of the 23 chromosomes in the daughter cells still consists of

A

Two chromatids

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30
Q

The separation of the chromatids of the duplicated chromosomes occurs in

A

Meiosis II

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31
Q

The second meiotic division is similar to

A

Mitosis

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32
Q

When the centromere separates, each of the chromatids is called a

A

Chromosome

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33
Q

Each of the four daughter cells produced by meiosis contains

A

23 chromosomes

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34
Q

The male reproductive system consists of the

A

Testes
A series of ducts
Accessory glands
Supporting structures

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35
Q

The ducts include the

A

Epididymides
Ducta Deferentia
Urethra

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36
Q

Accessory glands include the

A

Seminal Vesicles
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral Glands

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37
Q

Supporting structures include the

A

Scrotum
Penis

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38
Q

in which the sperm cells develop, are located outside the body cavity in the scrotum.

A

Testes and epididymides

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39
Q

lead from the testes into the pelvis, where
they join the ducts of the seminal vesicles to form the ampullae.

A

Ducta Deferentia

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40
Q

Extensions of the ampullae, called the __________, pass into the prostate and empty into the urethra within the prostate.

A

Ejaculatory ducts

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41
Q

is a saclike structure that contains the testes.

A

Scrotum

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42
Q

Scrotum is divided into ____ internal compartments by an incomplete connective tissue septum.

A

Two

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43
Q

Externally, the compartments of the scrotum are marked by a midline irregular ridge called the

A

Raphe

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44
Q

The ______ extends posteriorly to the anus and
anteriorly onto the inferior surface of the penis.

A

Raphe

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45
Q

The wall of the scrotum includes the skin, a layer of superficial fascia consisting of loose connective tissue, and a layer of smooth
muscle called the

A

Dartos Muscle

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46
Q

In ____ temperatures, the dartos muscle contracts, causing the skin of the scrotum to
become firm and wrinkled and reducing its overall size.

A

Cold

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47
Q

which are extensions of abdominal skeletal muscles into the scrotum, contract and help pull the testes nearer the body.

A

Cremaster Muscles

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48
Q

These changes in size and position of the scrotum help keep the testes

A

Warm

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49
Q

The perineum is divided into two triangles by the

A

Superficial Transverse Muscles
Deep Transverse Perineal Muscles

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49
Q

is the area between the thighs that is bounded by the symphysis pubis anteriorly, the coccyx posteriorly, and the ischial tuberosities laterally.

A

Perineum

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50
Q

These muscles run transversely
between the two ischial tuberosities

A

Superficial Transverse Muscles
Deep Transverse Perineal Muscles

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51
Q

The two triangles are the

A

Urogenital Triangle
Anal Triangle

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52
Q

In males, the __________ triangle, or anterior triangle, contains the base of the penis and the scrotum

A

Urogenital

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53
Q

In males, the smaller ____ triangle, or posterior triangle, contains the anal opening

A

Anal

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54
Q

are small, oval-shaped organs, each about
4–5 cm long, within the scrotum

A

Testes

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55
Q

The testes function as both

A

Exocrine and Endocrine Glands

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56
Q

Major exocrine secretion is

A

Sperm Cells

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57
Q

Major endocrine secretion is the

A

Hormone Testosterone

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58
Q

The outer part of each testis is a thick, white capsule consisting mostly of fibrous connective tissue called the

A

Tunica Albuginea

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59
Q

Extensions of the tunica albuginea extend into the testis and form

A

Incomplete Septa

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60
Q

The septa divide each testis into about _____ cone-shaped lobules.

A

300-400

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61
Q

The lobules contain _____________,
in which sperm cells develop.

A

Seminiferous tubules

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62
Q

Loose connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules contains clusters of endocrine cells called

A

Interstitial Cells or Leydig cells

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63
Q

The interstitial cells secrete

A

Testosterone

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64
Q

The seminiferous tubules empty into a set of short, straight tubules called the

A

Tubuli Recti

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65
Q

These in turn empty into a tubular network called the

A

Rete Testis

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66
Q

The rete testis empties into 15–20 tubules
called ___________ that pass through the tunica
albuginea to exit the testis.

A

Efferent ductules

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67
Q

The efferent ductules have a ciliated
_______________________, which helps move sperm cells out of the testis.

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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68
Q

By approximately 8 weeks following fertilization, the testes have
developed as

A

Retroperitoneal organs

69
Q

The testes are located high in the ____________ near the developing kidneys.

A

Abdominopelvic Cavity

70
Q

Each testis is connected to a labioscrotal swelling by a ___________, a fibromuscular cord.

A

Gubernaculum

71
Q

The labioscrotal swelling becomes the

A

Scrotum

72
Q

The testes descend toward the area where the
_________ will form.

A

inguinal canals

73
Q

The _________ extends through the inguinal canal, enlarging the canal.

A

Gubernaculum

74
Q

Between ___________ of development, the testes move through the inguinal canals into the scrotum

A

7 and 9 months

75
Q

As it moves into the scrotum, each testis is preceded by an out-pocketing of the peritoneum called the

A

Process vaginalis

76
Q

The superior part of each process vaginalis usually degenerates, and the inferior part remains as a small, closed sac called the

A

Tunica Vaginalis

77
Q

Tunica Vaginalis is a serous membrane consisting of a layer of simple squamous epithelium resting on a

A

Basement membrane

78
Q

The tunica vaginalis surrounds most of the ____ in much the same way that the pericardium surrounds the heart.

A

Testis

79
Q

The testes have descended into the scrotum in approximately __________ delivered prior to 28 weeks of development.

A

79% of male infants

80
Q

The inguinal canals are bilateral, oblique passageways in the

A

Anterior Abdominal Wall

81
Q

Inguinal canals originate at the __________, which open through the aponeuroses of the transversus abdominis muscles.

A

Deep inguinal rings

82
Q

The canals extend inferiorly and obliquely and end at the ____________, openings in the aponeuroses of the external abdominal oblique muscles.

A

Superficial inguinal rings

83
Q

is the failure of one or both of the testes to descend into the scrotum.

A

Cryptorchidism

84
Q

At ________ years of age, the interstitial cells increase in number and size, a lumen develops in each seminiferous tubule, and sperm cell production begins.

A

12-14

85
Q

It takes approximately ____ for sperm cells to be produced.

A

74 days

86
Q

For about 50 of those days, the sperm cells are in the

A

Seminiferous Tubules

87
Q

is an abnormal opening in the abdominal wall in the inguinal region through which a
structure, such as a portion of the small intestine, can protrude.

A

Inguinal Hernia

88
Q

Inguinal hernias can be of two types

A

Indirect
Direct

89
Q

If the deep inguinal ring remains open, or if it is weak and enlarges later in life, a loop of intestine can protrude into or even pass through the inguinal canal, resulting in an

A

Indirect Inguinal Hernia

90
Q

results from a tear, or rupture, in a weakened area of the anterior abdominal wall near the inguinal canal, but not through the inguinal canal.

A

Direct Inguinal Hernia

91
Q

sperm cell development, occurs in the seminiferous tubules

A

Spermatogenesis

92
Q

The seminiferous tubules contain two types of cells

A

Germ cells
Sustentacular Cells or Sertoli cells (also sometimes referred to as nurse cells)

93
Q

are the ones that divide and differentiate during spermatogenesis to form sperm cells.

A

Germ cells

94
Q

are large cells that extend from the periphery to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

A

Sustentacular cells

95
Q

The sustentacular cells nourish the germ cells and probably produce, together with the
interstitial cells, a number of hormones, such as

A

Androgens
Estrogens
Inhibins

96
Q

In addition, tight junctions between the sustentacular cells form a _____________ between germ cells and sperm cells.

A

Blood-testis barrier

97
Q

isolates the sperm cells from the immune system

A

Blood-testis barrier

98
Q

Interstitial cells secrete testosterone, which passes into the sustentacular cells and binds to

A

Intracellular Receptors

99
Q

Testosterone in the sustentacular cells is converted to two other steroids: ________________, a specific type of estrogen

A

Dihydrotestosterone and estradiol

100
Q

The sustentacular cells also secrete a protein
called _________ into the seminiferous tubules.

A

Androgen-binding protein

101
Q

Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone bind to androgen-binding protein and are carried along with other secretions of the seminiferous tubules to the

A

Epididymis

102
Q

Estradiol and dihydrotestosterone may be the _____________ that promote sperm cell
formation.

A

Active Hormones

103
Q

are partially embedded in the sustentacular cells

A

Germ cells

104
Q

The most peripheral cells, those adjacent to the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules, are __________, which divide by mitosis

A

Spermatogonia

105
Q

Other daughter cells differentiate to form
___________, which divide by meiosis

A

Primary spermatocytes

106
Q

begins when the primary spermatocytes
divide.

A

Spermatogenesis

107
Q

Each primary spermatocyte passes through the first meiotic division to become two

A

Secondary spermatocytes

108
Q

Each secondary spermatocyte undergoes a second meiotic division to produce two even smaller cells called

A

Spermatids

109
Q

Each spermatid contains one of each of the __________ of chromosomes.

A

Homologous pairs

110
Q

Each sperm cell contains 22 __________ and either an X or a Y chromosome.

A

Autosomes

111
Q

Each spermatid undergoes the last phase of spermatogenesis, called _____________, to form a mature sperm cell, or spermatozoon

A

Spermiogenesis

112
Q

During spermiogenesis, each spermatid develops

A

a head, a midpiece, and a tail, or flagellum.

113
Q

The nucleus of the sperm is located in the

A

Head

114
Q

Just anterior to the nucleus is a vesicle called the __________, which contains enzymes necessary for the sperm cell to penetrate the female oocyte

A

Acrosome

115
Q

The flagellum is similar to a _________, and microtubules within the flagellum move,
propelling the sperm cell forward.

A

Cilium

116
Q

Sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules move through the

A

tubuli recti to the rete testis.

117
Q

From the rete testis, they pass through the ___________, which leave the testis and enter the epididymis.

A

Efferent ductules

118
Q

The sperm cells then leave the epididymis, passing through the ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra to the _________ of the body.

A

Exterior

119
Q

The efferent ductules from each testis become extremely convoluted and form a comma-shaped structure on the posterior side of the testis called the

A

Epididymis

120
Q

The head contains the ______________, which empty into the duct of the epididymis, a single convoluted tube located primarily within the body of the epididymis

A

Convoluted Efferent Ductules

121
Q

Each epididymis consists of a

A

Head
Body
Tail

122
Q

The duct of the epididymis has a pseudostratified columnar epithelium with elongated microvilli called

A

Stereocilia

123
Q

The final maturation of the sperm cells occurs within the

A

Epididymis

124
Q

It takes _____ days for sperm to travel through the epididymis and appear in the ejaculate.

A

12–16

125
Q

The penis is composed of three erectile tissues:

A

Two corpora cavernosa
One corpus spongiosum, which surrounds the urethra

126
Q

During sexual arousal, the blood flow increases
to the __________, leading to an erection

A

Corpora cavernosa

127
Q

prevents the urethra from being compressed
during erection, ensuring that sperm can be expelled during ejaculation.

A

Corpus Spongiosum

128
Q

is a muscular tube that transports sperm
from the epididymis to the urethra for ejaculation.

A

Vas Deferens

129
Q

sperm mixes with secretions from accessory glands, including the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands, to form

A

Semen

130
Q

controls the process of ejaculation, which involves the contraction of smooth muscles in the reproductive ducts, leading to the expulsion of semen from the penis.

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

131
Q

which is responsible for initiating an erection by dilating blood vessels in the penis.

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

132
Q

are the female gonads responsible for producing oocytes (eggs) and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

A

Ovaries

133
Q

The process of __________ begins in fetal life, but eggs do not complete their maturation until puberty.

A

Oogenesis

134
Q

At puberty, the eggs undergo periodic
development during the

A

Menstrual Cycle

135
Q

containing oocytes are present at birth, and some of these will mature into primary follicles.

A

Primordial follicles

136
Q

During each menstrual cycle, a dominant follicle matures into a __________, and upon ovulation, an oocyte is released.

A

Graafian follicle

137
Q

After ovulation, the oocyte is captured by the _________ at the end of the fallopian tube.

A

Fimbriae

138
Q

The fallopian tube is lined with_____, which help
move the oocyte towards the uterus.

A

Cilia

139
Q

This is where fertilization usually occurs if sperm are present.

A

Fallopian Tube

140
Q

The uterus consists of three layers:

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

141
Q

the innermost layer, undergoes cyclic changes in response to hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

A

Endometrium

142
Q

Endometrium thickens during the ___________ to prepare for implantation of a fertilized egg.

A

Menstrual Cycle

143
Q

If implantation does not occur, the
endometrium is ______ during menstruation.

A

Shed

144
Q

is the muscular layer responsible for uterine contractions during menstruation and childbirth.

A

Myometrium

145
Q

is the outer serous layer.

A

Perimetrium

146
Q

in the endometrium supply blood to the thickened lining.

A

Spiral Arteries

147
Q

If pregnancy does not occur, these spiral arteries _________, leading to the shedding of the endometrial lining.

A

Constrict

148
Q

The menstrual cycle is divided into several phases:

A

Follicular phase
Ovulatory Phase
Luteal Phase

149
Q

Follicular phase is characterized by the maturation of follicles in the ovaries, leading to an increase in _________ production.

A

Estrogen

150
Q

is marked by the release of the oocyte (ovulation), triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH).

A

Ovulatory Phase

151
Q

The luteal phase occurs after ovulation, during
which the ruptured follicle transforms into the
corpus luteum, which secretes ____________ to
prepare the uterus for pregnancy.

A

Progesterone

152
Q

If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, and estrogen and progesterone levels drop, leading to the onset of

A

Menstruation

153
Q

are responsible for milk production.

A

Mammary glands

154
Q

Mammary glands consist of ___________ organized into lobes that contain alveoli,
where milk is produced.

A

Glandular tissue

155
Q

stimulates milk production

A

Prolactin

156
Q

is responsible for the milk ejection reflex.

A

Oxytocin

157
Q

is the principal male sex hormone, produced
primarily by Leydig cells in the testes.

A

Testosterone

158
Q

Testosterone plays a vital role in:

A
  1. The development of male secondary sexual
    characteristics, such as deeper voice, facial hair,
    and muscle growth
    2.Stimulating spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules.
  2. Regulating libido and maintaining overall
    reproductive health.
159
Q

In females, estrogen is produced primarily by the ovaries and is involved in:

A
  1. The development of female secondary sexual
    characteristics, such as breast development and wider hips.
  2. Regulating the menstrual cycle and preparing the endometrium for implantation.
160
Q

If pregnancy occurs, progesterone levels remain _______, but if fertilization does
not occur, levels drop, leading to menstruation.

A

Elevated

161
Q

are released by the anterior pituitary gland
and play crucial roles in the menstrual cycle:

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

162
Q

stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

163
Q

triggers ovulation

A

Luteinizing hormone

164
Q

In males, ________ supports spermatogenesis

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

165
Q

In males, ________ stimulates testosterone production from Leydig cells.

A

Luteinizing hormone

166
Q

undergoes significant cyclic changes, responding to fluctuating estrogen and progesterone levels. These changes prepare the uterus for possible implantation and support early pregnancy if fertilization occurs.

A

Endometrium

167
Q

are responsible for the bulk of the penile erection

A

Corpora cavernosa

168
Q

The structure of the mammary glands includes ___________ where milk production occurs.

A

Lobes
Lobules
Alveoli

169
Q

The alveoli are surrounded by __________ that contract to expel milk during lactation.

A

Smooth muscle cells

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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