Cardiovascular System: The Heart Flashcards
is the medical specialty concerned with diagnosing and treating heart disease.
Cardiology
Though we may think of the heart as a single structure, it is actually ________ in one.
two pumps
The right side of the heart pumps blood through the
Pulmonary Circulation
Which carries blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the lungs and oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the blood.
Pulmonary Circulation
returns the blood to the left side of the heart.
Pulmonary Circulation
The left side of the heart then pumps blood through the
Systemic Circulation
Which delivers oxygen and nutrients to all the remaining tissues of the body.
Systemic Circulation
From those tissues, carbon dioxide and other waste products are carried back to the right side of the heart
Systemic Circulation
Functions of the heart:
Generating blood pressure
Routing blood
Ensuring one-way blood flow
Regulating blood supply
Contractions of the heart generate _____________, which is responsible for moving blood through the blood vessels.
Blood pressure
The heart separates the pulmonary and systemic circulations and ensures better ___________ of the blood flowing to the tissues.
Oxygenation
The _________ of the heart ensure a one-way flow of blood through the heart and blood vessels.
Valves
The rate and force of heart contractions change to meet the metabolic needs of the __________, which vary depending on such conditions as rest, exercise, and changes in body position.
Tissues
The ___________ is shaped like a blunt cone and is approximately
the size of a closed fist, with an average mass of 250 g in females
and 300 g in males.
Adult heart
It is larger in physically active adults than in other healthy adults.
Heart
The heart generally decreases in size after approximately age ___, especially in people who are not physically active.
65
The blunt, rounded point of the heart is the
Apex
the larger, flat part at the opposite end of the heart is the
Base
The heart is located in the ______________, a midline partition of the thoracic cavity that also contains the trachea, the esophagus, the thymus, and associated structures.
Mediastinum
It is important for health professionals to know the location of the heart in the
Thoracic cavity
Positioning a stethoscope to hear the heart sounds and positioning __________ to record an electro-cardiogram from chest leads depend on this knowledge.
Electrodes
Effective _______________ also depends on a reasonable knowledge of the position of the heart.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
The heart lies __________ in the mediastinum, with its base
directed posteriorly and slightly superiorly and its apex directed
anteriorly and slightly inferiorly.
Obliquely
Apex
Anteriorly
Inferiorly
Base
Posteriorly
Superiorly
The _______ is also directed to the left, so that approximately two-thirds of the heart’s mass lies to the left of the midline of the sternum
Apex
The base of the heart is located deep to the sternum and extends to the _______
intercostal space.
Second
The apex is located deep to the _______ intercostal space, approximately 7–9 centimeters (cm) to the left of the sternum and medial to the midclavicular line, a perpendicular line that extends down from the middle of the clavicle.
Fifth
Is an emergency procedure that maintains blood flow in the body if a person’s heart stops.
CPR
The person firmly presses down on the sternum at a rate of at least ____ compressions per minute
100
Applying pressure to the _________ compresses the chest wall, which also compresses the heart, causing it to pump blood.
Sternum
is an inflammation of the serous pericardium.
Pericarditis
The condition can cause extremely painful sensations that are referred to the back and chest and can be confused with a myocardial infarction (heart attack).
Pericarditis
is a potentially fatal condition in which a large volume of fluid or blood accumulates in the pericardial cavity and compresses the heart from the outside.
Cardiac Tamponade
The heart is a powerful muscle, it relaxes passively. When it is compressed by fluid within the pericardial cavity, it cannot expand when the _____________ relaxes.
cardiac muscles
is a double-layered, closed sac that surrounds the heart.
Pericardium or pericardial sac
Pericardium consists of two layers:
Outer fibrous pericardium
Inner serous pericardium
is a tough, fibrous connective tissue layer that prevents overdistension of the heart
and anchors it within the mediastinum.
Fibrous pericardium
The fibrous pericardium is continuous with the connective tissue coverings of the great vessels
Superiorly
Fibrous pericardium is attached to the surface of the diaphragm
Inferiorly
is a layer of simple squamous epithelium.
Serous pericardium
The serous pericardium is further divided into two parts.
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium
The part of the serous pericardium lining the fibrous pericardium is the
Parietal pericardium
the part covering the heart surface is the
Visceral pericardium or epicardium
The parietal and visceral portions of the serous pericardium are continuous with each other where the great vessels enter or leave the
Heart