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Anatomy and Physiology > Cardiovascular System: The Heart > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System: The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

is the medical specialty concerned with diagnosing and treating heart disease.

A

Cardiology

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2
Q

Though we may think of the heart as a single structure, it is actually ________ in one.

A

two pumps

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3
Q

The right side of the heart pumps blood through the

A

Pulmonary Circulation

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4
Q

Which carries blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the lungs and oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the blood.

A

Pulmonary Circulation

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5
Q

returns the blood to the left side of the heart.

A

Pulmonary Circulation

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6
Q

The left side of the heart then pumps blood through the

A

Systemic Circulation

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7
Q

Which delivers oxygen and nutrients to all the remaining tissues of the body.

A

Systemic Circulation

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8
Q

From those tissues, carbon dioxide and other waste products are carried back to the right side of the heart

A

Systemic Circulation

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9
Q

Functions of the heart:

A

Generating blood pressure
Routing blood
Ensuring one-way blood flow
Regulating blood supply

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10
Q

Contractions of the heart generate _____________, which is responsible for moving blood through the blood vessels.

A

Blood pressure

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11
Q

The heart separates the pulmonary and systemic circulations and ensures better ___________ of the blood flowing to the tissues.

A

Oxygenation

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12
Q

The _________ of the heart ensure a one-way flow of blood through the heart and blood vessels.

A

Valves

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13
Q

The rate and force of heart contractions change to meet the metabolic needs of the __________, which vary depending on such conditions as rest, exercise, and changes in body position.

A

Tissues

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14
Q

The ___________ is shaped like a blunt cone and is approximately
the size of a closed fist, with an average mass of 250 g in females
and 300 g in males.

A

Adult heart

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15
Q

It is larger in physically active adults than in other healthy adults.

A

Heart

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16
Q

The heart generally decreases in size after approximately age ___, especially in people who are not physically active.

A

65

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17
Q

The blunt, rounded point of the heart is the

A

Apex

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18
Q

the larger, flat part at the opposite end of the heart is the

A

Base

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19
Q

The heart is located in the ______________, a midline partition of the thoracic cavity that also contains the trachea, the esophagus, the thymus, and associated structures.

A

Mediastinum

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20
Q

It is important for health professionals to know the location of the heart in the

A

Thoracic cavity

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21
Q

Positioning a stethoscope to hear the heart sounds and positioning __________ to record an electro-cardiogram from chest leads depend on this knowledge.

A

Electrodes

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22
Q

Effective _______________ also depends on a reasonable knowledge of the position of the heart.

A

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

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23
Q

The heart lies __________ in the mediastinum, with its base
directed posteriorly and slightly superiorly and its apex directed
anteriorly and slightly inferiorly.

A

Obliquely

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24
Q

Apex

A

Anteriorly
Inferiorly

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25
Q

Base

A

Posteriorly
Superiorly

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26
Q

The _______ is also directed to the left, so that approximately two-thirds of the heart’s mass lies to the left of the midline of the sternum

A

Apex

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27
Q

The base of the heart is located deep to the sternum and extends to the _______
intercostal space.

A

Second

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28
Q

The apex is located deep to the _______ intercostal space, approximately 7–9 centimeters (cm) to the left of the sternum and medial to the midclavicular line, a perpendicular line that extends down from the middle of the clavicle.

A

Fifth

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29
Q

Is an emergency procedure that maintains blood flow in the body if a person’s heart stops.

A

CPR

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30
Q

The person firmly presses down on the sternum at a rate of at least ____ compressions per minute

A

100

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31
Q

Applying pressure to the _________ compresses the chest wall, which also compresses the heart, causing it to pump blood.

A

Sternum

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32
Q

is an inflammation of the serous pericardium.

A

Pericarditis

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33
Q

The condition can cause extremely painful sensations that are referred to the back and chest and can be confused with a myocardial infarction (heart attack).

A

Pericarditis

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34
Q

is a potentially fatal condition in which a large volume of fluid or blood accumulates in the pericardial cavity and compresses the heart from the outside.

A

Cardiac Tamponade

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35
Q

The heart is a powerful muscle, it relaxes passively. When it is compressed by fluid within the pericardial cavity, it cannot expand when the _____________ relaxes.

A

cardiac muscles

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36
Q

is a double-layered, closed sac that surrounds the heart.

A

Pericardium or pericardial sac

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37
Q

Pericardium consists of two layers:

A

Outer fibrous pericardium
Inner serous pericardium

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38
Q

is a tough, fibrous connective tissue layer that prevents overdistension of the heart
and anchors it within the mediastinum.

A

Fibrous pericardium

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39
Q

The fibrous pericardium is continuous with the connective tissue coverings of the great vessels

A

Superiorly

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40
Q

Fibrous pericardium is attached to the surface of the diaphragm

A

Inferiorly

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41
Q

is a layer of simple squamous epithelium.

A

Serous pericardium

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42
Q

The serous pericardium is further divided into two parts.

A

Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium

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43
Q

The part of the serous pericardium lining the fibrous pericardium is the

A

Parietal pericardium

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44
Q

the part covering the heart surface is the

A

Visceral pericardium or epicardium

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45
Q

The parietal and visceral portions of the serous pericardium are continuous with each other where the great vessels enter or leave the

A

Heart

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46
Q

The space between the visceral and parietal pericardia is the

A

Pericardial cavity

47
Q

_______________ is filled with a thin layer of pericardial fluid

48
Q

This fluid helps reduce friction as the heart moves within the pericardial sac.

A

Pericardial fluid

49
Q

Tachycardia

A

Increase heart rate

50
Q

to drain the excess fluid from the pericardium

A

Pericardiocentesis

51
Q

The heart wall is composed of three layers of tissue:

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

52
Q

is the superficial layer of the heart wall.

A

Epicardium or visceral pericardium

53
Q

It is a thin serous membrane that constitutes the smooth, outer surface of the heart.

A

Epicardium or visceral pericardium

54
Q

The serous pericardium is called the __________
when considered a part of the heart and the visceral pericardium when considered a part of the pericardium.

A

Epicardium

55
Q

is the thick, middle layer of the heart.

A

Myocardium

56
Q

It is composed of cardiac muscle cells and is responsible for the heart’s ability to contract

A

Myocardium

57
Q

is deep to the myocardium. It consists of simple squamous epithelium over a layer of connective tissue.

A

Endocardium

57
Q

forms the smooth, inner surface of the heart chambers, which allows blood to move easily through the heart.

A

Endocardium

58
Q

also covers the surfaces of the heart valves.

A

Endocardium

59
Q

Ridges formed by the ___________ can be seen on the internal surfaces of the heart
chambers.

A

Myocardium

60
Q

Heart chambers

A

Top:
Right atrium
Left atrium

Bottom:
Right ventricle
Left ventricle

61
Q

Heart valves

A

Aortic valves
Mitral valve
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary valve

62
Q

The interior surfaces of the of the atria are mainly ________

63
Q

The interior of both auricles and a part of the right atrial wall contain muscular ridges called

A

Pectinate muscles

64
Q

The major arteries supplying blood to the tissue of the heart lie within the ___________________ on the surface of the heart.

A

Coronary sulcus and interventricular sulci

65
Q

The right and left ___________ exit the aorta just above the point where the aorta leaves the heart. These vessels lie within the coronary sulcus.

A

Coronary arteries

66
Q

The right coronary artery is usually ________ in diameter than the left one,

67
Q

Right coronary artery does not carry as much ______ as the left coronary artery.

68
Q

The left coronary artery has three major branches:

A

Anterior Interventricular artery
Left marginal artery
Circumflex artery

69
Q

The first major branch of the left coronary artery is the

A

Anterior interventricular artery or the left anterior descending artery

70
Q

It extends inferiorly in the anterior interventricular sulcus and supplies blood to most of the anterior part of the heart.

A

Anterior interventricular artery

71
Q

The second major branch of the left coronary artery is the

A

Left marginal artery

72
Q

supplies blood to the lateral wall of the left
ventricle.

A

Left marginal artery

73
Q

The third major branch of the left coronary artery is the

A

Circumflex artery

74
Q

Circumflex artery extends around to the posterior side of the heart in the

A

Coronary sulcus

75
Q

Branches of the circumflex artery supply blood to much of the posterior wall of the heart.

A

Circumflex artery

76
Q

The pectinate muscles of the right atrium are separated from the larger, smooth portions of the atrial wall by a ridge called the

A

Crista terminalis

77
Q

The interior walls of the ventricles contain larger, muscular ridges and columns called

A

Trabeculae carneae

78
Q

The heart consists of four chambers:

A

Two atria
Two ventricles

79
Q

form the superior and posterior parts of the heart

A

Thin-walled atria

80
Q

form the anterior and inferior parts of the heart

A

Thick-walled ventricles

81
Q

are flaplike extensions of the atria that can be seen anteriorly between each atrium and ventricle

82
Q

The entire atrium used to be called the

83
Q

Blood enters the ________ of the heart through several large veins

84
Q

carry blood from the body to the right atrium.

A

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava

85
Q

carries blood from the walls of the heart to the right atrium.

A

Coronary sinus

86
Q

carry blood from the
lungs to the left atrium.

A

Four pulmonary veins

87
Q

Blood leaves the ventricles of the heart through two arteries:

A

Pulmonary trunk
Aorta

88
Q

carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

A

Pulmonary trunk

89
Q

carries blood from the left ventricle to the body.

90
Q

Because of their large size, the pulmonary trunk and aorta are often called the

A

Great arteries

91
Q

consists of blood vessels that carry blood to and from the tissues of the heart wall.

A

Coronary circulation

92
Q

The major vessels of the coronary circulation lie in several ____________ on the surface of the heart.

A

grooves or sulci

93
Q

runs obliquely around the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles

A

Coronary sulcus

94
Q

Two more sulci extend inferiorly from the coronary sulcus, indicating the division between the right and left

A

Ventricles

95
Q

is on the anterior surface of the heart, extending from the coronary sulcus toward the apex of the heart

A

Anterior interventricular sulcus

96
Q

is on the posterior surface of the heart, extending from the coronary sulcus toward the apex of the heart

A

Posterior interventricular sulcus

97
Q

In a healthy, intact heart, the sulci are covered by ___________, and only after this tissue is removed can they be seen.

A

Adipose tissue

98
Q

lies within the coronary sulcus and extends from the aorta around to the posterior part of the. heart.

A

Right coronary artery

99
Q

Two major branches of the right coronary artery:

A

Right marginal artery
posterior interventricular artery

100
Q

A larger branch of the right coronary artery, called the ________________, and other branches supply blood to the lateral wall of the right ventricle.

A

Marginal artery

101
Q

A second branch of the right coronary artery, called the

A

Posterior interventricular artery

102
Q

lies in the posterior interventricular sulcus and supplies blood to the posterior and inferior part of the heart.

A

Posterior interventricular sulcus

103
Q

Most of the ___________ receives blood from more than one arterial branch

A

Myocardium

104
Q

In addition, the coronary circulation includes many ____________, or direct connections between arteries.

A

Anastamoses

105
Q

The coronary circulation also includes ______ that carry the blood from the heart walls to the right atrium.

106
Q

Two major veins draining the blood from the heart wall tissue.

A

Great cardiac vein
Smal cardiac vein

107
Q

Great cardiac vein drains blood from the _____ side of the heart.

108
Q

A small cardiac vein drains the ________ of the heart

A

Right margin

109
Q

These veins converge toward the posterior part of the coronary sulcus and empty into a large venous cavity called the coronary sinus, which in turn empties into the right atrium.

A

Great cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein

110
Q

A number of smaller veins empty into the cardiac veins, into the coronary sinus, or directly into the

A

Right Atrium

111
Q

Right atrium three major openings:

A

The openings from the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava receive blood from the body, and the opening of the coronary sinus receives blood from the heart itself

112
Q

The left atrium has four relatively uniform openings from the ________________ that receive blood from the lungs.

A

Four pulmonary veins

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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