Respiratory System Flashcards by Desiree Panghulan

Organs of the Respiratory System
(6)

Nose
1. Pharynx
2. Larynx
3. Trachea
4. Bronchi
5. Lungs—alveoli (terminal sacs)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gas exchanges between the blood and external environment occur only in ?

the alveoli of the lungs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Upper respiratory tract includes passageways from and to?

the nose to larynx

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lower respiratory tract includes passageways from and to?

trachea to alveoli

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

purify, humidify, and warm the incoming air

Passageways to the lungs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

common infection, upper or lower respiratory tract?

upper

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

complicated case of infection or other diseases, upper or lower respiratory tract?

lower

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The only externally visible part of the respiratory system

nose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

are the route through which air enters the nose

Nostrils (nares)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is the interior of the nose

Nasal cavity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

divides the nasal cavity

Nasal septum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

are located in the mucosa on the superior surface

Olfactory receptors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The rest of the nasal cavity is lined with ?

respiratory mucosa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

respiratory mucosa functions (3)

○ Moistens air
○ Traps incoming foreign particles
○ Enzymes in the mucus destroy bacteria chemically

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

are projections from the lateral walls

Conchae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Conchae functions

○ Increase surface area
○ Increase air turbulence within the nasal cavity
○ Increased trapping of inhaled particles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

palate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

palate that is anterior and supported by bone

hard palate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

palate that is posterior and unsupported

soft palate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cavities within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones surrounding the nasal cavity

paranasal sinuses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

sinuses functions (3)

lighten skull,
act as resonance chambers for speech,
produce mucus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Commonly called the throat

pharynx

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Muscular passageway from nasal cavity to larynx

pharynx

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Continuous with the posterior nasal aperture

pharynx

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Three regions of the pharynx

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

pharynx: superior region behind nasal cavity

nasopharynx

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

pharynx: middle region behind mouth

oropharynx

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

pharynx: inferior region attached to larynx

laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

which region/s of the pharynx serve as common passageway for air and food?

oropharynx & laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

routes food into the posterior tube, the esophagus

Epiglottis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Separates esophagus and trachea

epiglottis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

tubes that open into the nasopharynx
○ Drain the middle ear

Pharyngotympanic tubes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

are clusters of lymphatic tissue that play a role in protecting the body from infection

Tonsils

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

tonsils (3)

pharyngeal, palatine, lingual

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a single tonsil, is located in the nasopharynx

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

tonsils located in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate

Palatine tonsils

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

tonsils found at the base of the tongue

Lingual tonsils

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Commonly called the voice box

larynx

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

larynx location

inferior to pharynx

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

larynx is made of how many rigid hyaline cartilages? which one is the largest?

eight;
Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) is the largest

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

larynx functions

○ Routes air and food into proper channels
○ Plays a role in speech

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage

epiglottis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Protects the superior opening of the larynx

epiglottis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Routes food to the posteriorly situated esophagus and routes air toward the trachea

epiglottis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

During swallowing, the ??? rises and forms a lid over the opening of the ???

epiglottis;
larynx

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vibrate with expelled air which allow us to speak

Vocal folds (true vocal cords)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

includes the vocal cords and the opening between the vocal cords

The glottis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Commonly called the windpipe

trachea

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

trachea length

4-inch

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4-inch-long tube that connects to the larynx

trachea

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

trachea walls are reinforced with ???, which keep the trachea patent (open)

C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

trachea: lined with ?

ciliated mucosa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

trachea: beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air

Cilia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

trachea: Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs

ciliated mucosa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Formed by division of the trachea

main bronchi

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Each bronchus enters the lung at the ?

hilum (medial depression)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

bronchi: left or right
wider, shorter, straighter

right

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches

bronchioles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the lungs occupy the entire thoracic cavity except for?

central mediastinum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

??? of each lung is near the clavicle (superior portion)

Apex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Base of the lungs rests on the

diaphragm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many lobes? left lung

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many lobes? right lung

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Each lung is divided into lobes by ?

fissures

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

covers the outer surface of the lungs

Serosa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

covers the lung surface

Pulmonary (visceral) pleura

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

Parietal pleura

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

??? fills the area between layers
○ Allows the lungs to glide over the thorax
○ Decreases friction during breathing

Pleural fluid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(between the layers) is more of a potential space

Pleural space

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is the network of branching passageways

Bronchial (respiratory) tree

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

All but the smallest passageways have reinforcing ??? in the walls

cartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

smallest conducting passageways

Bronchioles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Terminal bronchioles lead into ??? and terminate in ???

respiratory zone structures;
alveoli

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Respiratory zone includes the: (4)

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli (air sacs)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the only site of gas exchange

Alveoli (air sacs)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Simple squamous epithelial cells largely compose the walls

alveoli

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

connect neighboring air sacs

Alveolar pores

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cover external surfaces of alveoli

Pulmonary capillaries

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

air-blood barrier

Respiratory membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Respiratory membrane:
On one side of the membrane is ???, and on the other side is ???

air;
blood flowing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

respiratory membrane is formed by

alveolar and capillary walls

Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by ???

diffusion

Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by diffusion
○ Oxygen enters the ???
○ Carbon dioxide enters the ???

blood ;
alveoli

Add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris

Alveolar macrophages (“dust cells”)

○ Coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces
○ Secreted by cuboidal surfactant-secreting cells
§ Helps mature lungs of babies

Surfactant (a lipid molecule)

Functions of the respiratory system (2)

○ Supply the body with oxygen
○ Dispose of carbon dioxide

Respiration includes four distinct events (4)

○ Pulmonary ventilation
○ External respiration
○ Respiratory gas transport
○ Internal respiration

moving air into and out of the lungs (commonly called breathing)

Pulmonary ventilation

gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli

External respiration

respiration event:
- Oxygen is loaded into the blood
- Carbon dioxide is unloaded from the blood

external respiration

transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream

Respiratory gas transport

gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries

Internal respiration

Mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity

pulmonary ventilation

Volume changes lead to ???, which lead to the flow of gases to ???

pressure changes;
equalize pressure

Two phases of pulmonary ventilation

inspiration & expiration

inhalation
Flow of air into lungs

inspiraiton

exhalation
Air leaving lungs

expiration

inspiration: (2) contract

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

inspiration: what increases

Intrapulmonary volume

inspiration: what decreases

gas pressure

Air flows into the lungs until intrapulmonary pressure equals atmospheric pressure

inspiration

Largely a passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity

expiration

expiration: what increases

gas pressure

Gases passively flow out to equalize the pressure

expiration

can occur mostly by contraction of internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage

Forced expiration

The pressure within the pleural space is always negative

intrapleural pressure

Major factor preventing lung collapse

intrapleural pressure

If this equals atmospheric pressure, the lungs recoil and collapse

intrapleural pressure

Factors affecting respiratory capacity (4)

○ Size
○ Sex
○ Age
○ Physical condition

Normal quiet breathing

tidal volume (TV)

tidal volume: ??? ml of air is moved in/out of lungs with each breath

500

Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is usually around ??? ml

3,100

Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is approximately ??? ml

1,200

Air remaining in lung after expiration

residual volume

Cannot be voluntarily exhaled

residual volume

Allows gas exchange to go on continuously, even between breaths, and helps keep alveoli open (inflated)

residual volume

residual volume is about ??? ml

1,200

The total amount of exchangeable air

vital capacity

vital capacity in men

4,800 ml

vital capacity in women

3,100 ml

Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli

dead space volume

dead space volume about ??? ml

150

Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone

functional volume

functional volume is about ??? ml

350

Respiratory capacities are measured with a

spirometer

non-respiratory air movements Can be caused by ??? or ???

reflexes or voluntary actions

clears lungs of debris

Cough and sneeze

emotionally induced mechanism

Crying

similar to crying

Laughing

sudden inspirations

Hiccup

very deep inspiration

Yawn

Taking a deep breath, closing glottis, and forcing air superiorly from lungs against glottis. Then, glottis opens suddenly, and a blast of air rushes upward. Coughs act to clear the lower respiratory passageways

cough

Similar to a cough, except that expelled air is directed through nasal cavities instead of through oral cavity The uvula (u’vu-lah), a dangling tag of tissue hanging from the soft palate, becomes depressed and closes oral cavity off from pharynx, routing air through nasal cavities. It clear upper respiratory passages.

sneeze

Inspiration followed by release of air in a number of short expirations. Primarily an emotionally induced mechanism.

crying

Essentially same as crying in terms of the air movements produced. Also an emotionally induced response.

laughing

Sudden inspirations resulting from spasms of diaphragm, initiated by irritation of diaphragm or phrenic nerves, which serve diaphragm. The sound occurs when inspired air hits vocal folds of closed glottis.

hiccups

Very deep inspiration, taken with jaws wide open; ventilates all alveoli (some alveoli may remain collapsed during normal quiet breathing)

yawn

Two/three recognizable sounds can be heard with a stethoscope

bronchial sounds
vesicular breathing sounds
bronchovesicular sound

sounds produced by air rushing through large passageways such as the trachea and bronchi

bronchial

soft sounds of air filling alveoli

Vesicular breathing sounds

sound produced by both bronchial and vesicular

Bronchovesicular sound

fatal asthma

Status Asthmaticus

Gas exchanges occur as a result of ?

diffusion

External respiration is an exchange of gases occurring between the alveoli and pulmonary blood

pulmonary gas exchange

Internal respiration is an exchange of gases occurring between the blood and tissue cells

systemic capillary gas exchange

Movement of the gas is toward the area of highr/lower concentration?

lower

external respiration: Oxygen diffuses from the oxygen-??? air of the ??? to the oxygen-??? blood of the ???

rich;
alveoli;
poor;
pulmonary capillaries

external respiration: Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood of the ??? to the ???

pulmonary capillaries;
alveoli

Most oxygen travels attached to hemoglobin and forms

oxyhemoglobin (HbO2 )

Most carbon dioxide is transported in the plasma as

bicarbonate ion (HCO3 – )

For carbon dioxide to diffuse out of blood into the alveoli, it must be released from its ??? form

bicarbonate form

Exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells

internal respiration

An opposite reaction from what occurs in the lungs

internal respiration

internal respiration: Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue cells to blood

internal respiration: Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue

unloading

setting the basic rhythm

neural regulation

Activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to and from the brain by ??? and ??? nerves

phrenic and intercostal

Neural centers that control rate and depth are located in the ??? and ???

medulla and pons

sets basic rhythm of breathing and contains a pacemaker (self-exciting inspiratory center) called the ventral respiratory group (VRG)

medulla

smooth out respiratory rate

pons

eupnea

normal respiratory rate

normal respiratory rate:

12 to 15 respirations per minute
Hospitals in Philippines = 12 to 20

Increased respiratory rate, often due to extra oxygen needs

hyperpnea

Non-neural factors influencing respiratory rate and depth (6)

physical factors;
volition;
emotional factors;
co2 levels;
hyperventilation;
hypoventilations

Non-neural factors influencing respiratory rate and depth
○ Physical factors (4)

Increased body temperature
Exercise
Talking
Coughing

volition

conscious control

is the most important stimulus for breathing

The body’s need to rid itself of CO2

§ Increased levels of carbon dioxide (and thus, a decreased or acidic pH) in the blood increase the rate and depth of breathing
§ Changes in carbon dioxide act directly on the medulla oblongata

chemical factors: co2 levels

Changes in oxygen concentration in the blood are detected by ??? in the aorta and common carotid artery

chemoreceptors

is the stimulus for those whose systems have become accustomed to high levels of carbon dioxide as a result of disease

Oxygen

Rising levels of CO2 in the blood (???) result in faster, deeper breathing

acidosis

Exhale more CO2 to elevate blood pH
May result in apnea and dizziness and lead to alkalosis

hyperventilation

§ Results when blood becomes alkaline (alkalosis)
§ Extremely slow or shallow breathing
§ Allows CO2 to accumulate in the blood

hypoventilation

Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Patients almost always have a history of ???

smoking

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): becomes progressively worse

labored breathing (dyspnea)

dyspnea

labored breathing

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are ???

common

○ Mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflamed
○ Excessive mucus production impairs ventilation and gas exchange

chronic bronchitis

chronic bronchitis: Patients become cyanotic and are sometimes called ??? as a result of chronic hypoxia and carbon dioxide retention

“blue bloaters”

Alveoli walls are destroyed; remaining alveoli enlarge

emphysema

Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis, and lungs lose ???

elasticity

emphysema: Sufferers are often called ??? because oxygen exchange is efficient

“pink puffers”

Overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded

barrel chest

○ Leading cause of cancer death for men and women

lung cancer

Nearly ???% of lung cancer cases result from smoking

Aggressive cancer that metastasizes rapidly

lung cancer

Three common types of lung cancer

Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Small cell carcinoma

Lungs do not fully inflate until ?? weeks after birth

Lungs do not fully inflate until 2 weeks after birth:
This change from nonfunctional to functional respiration depends on ???

surfactant

○ lowers surface tension so the alveoli do not collapse
○ is formed late in pregnancy, around 28 to 30 weeks

Surfactant

respiratory rate: newborns

40-80/min

respiratory rate: infants

30/min

respiratory rate: age 5

25/min

respiratory rate: adults

12-18/min

Rate often increases again in ?

old age

Chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchiole passages

asthma

Respond to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing

asthma

Aging effects
○ Elasticity of lungs ???
○ Vital capacity ???
○ Blood oxygen levels ???
○ Stimulating effects of carbon dioxide ???
○ Elderly are often ??? and exhibit ???
○ More risks of ???

decreases;
decreases;
decrease;
decrease;
hypoxic; sleep apnea
respiratory tract infection

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Respiratory System Flashcards

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM