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ANAPHY > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

skin = ??? membrane

A

cutaneous

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2
Q

2 regions of the skin

A

epidermis & dermis

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3
Q

outer layer of the skin; stratified squamous epithelium

A

epidermis

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4
Q

to prevent water loss, epidermis is ?

A

cornified/keratinized

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5
Q

avascular or vascular? epidermis.

A

avascular

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6
Q

most cells in epidermis

A

keratinocytes

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7
Q

avascular or vascular? dermis.

A

vascular

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8
Q

dense connective tissue

A

dermis

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9
Q

subcutaneous tissue deep to dermis

A

hypodermis

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10
Q

not technically part of skin

A

hypodermis

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11
Q

hypodermis fx

A

anchors skin to underlying organs

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12
Q

hypodermis is composed mostly of what tissue

A

adipose tissue

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13
Q

layers of epidermis (start from deepest)

A
  • stratum basale
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum corneum
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14
Q

stratum basale

A

stratum germinativum

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15
Q

deepest layer of epidermis

A

stratum basale

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16
Q

stratum basale lies next to where

A

dermis

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17
Q

wavy borderline with the dermis anchors the two together

A

stratum basale

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18
Q

cells undergoing mitosis where daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers

A

stratum basale

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19
Q

stratum spinosum

A

prickly layer

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20
Q

several cell layers thick that contain weblike system of intermediate filaments

A

stratum spinosum

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21
Q

stratum granulosum

A

granular layer

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22
Q

4-6 layers thick that accumulates 2 types of granules

A

stratum granulosum

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23
Q

2 types of granules accumulated in stratum granulosum

A

keratohyaline granules & lamellar granules

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24
Q

granule: help to form keratin in the upper layer

A

keratohyaline granules

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25
Q

granule: contain water resistant glycolipid (protein) for slowing water loss across epidermis

A

lamellar granules

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26
Q

stratum lucidum

A

clear layer

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27
Q

formed from dead cells of the deeper strata

A

stratum lucidum

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28
Q

occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hand and soles of feet

A

stratum lucidum

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29
Q

stratum corneum

A

horny layer

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30
Q

outermost layer of the epidermis

A

stratum corneum

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31
Q

shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin

A

stratum corneum

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32
Q

protective protein that prevents water loss from skin

A

keratin

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33
Q

cells in the epidermis (4)

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
dendritic (Langerhans) cells
tactile (Merkel) cells

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34
Q

cells that produce keratin

A

keratinocytes

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34
Q

where do keratinocytes arise in

A

in the deepest part of the epidermis (stratum basale)

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35
Q

fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties

A

keratin

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36
Q

spider-shaped epithelial cells

A

melanocytes

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37
Q

cells that synthesize melanin pigment

A

melanocytes

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38
Q

where are melanocytes found

A

deepest part of the epidermis

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39
Q

cells that ingest foreign substances and are the key activators of our immune system

A

dendritic (Langerhans) cells

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40
Q

dendritic (Langerhans) cells arise from where and migrate to where

A

bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis

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41
Q

cells that functions as sensory receptor for touch

A

tactile (Merkel) cells

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42
Q

tactile (Merkel) cells are present at

A

the epidermal-dermal junction

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43
Q

2 layers of dermis

A

papillary and reticular layer

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44
Q

upper dermal region

A

papillary layer

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45
Q

tissue of papillary layer

A

areolar connective tissues

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46
Q

collagen and elastic fibers form a loosely woven mat

A

papillary layer

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47
Q

projections in papillary layer

A

dermal papillae

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48
Q

some contain capillary loops and others house pain receptors and touch receptors

A

dermal papillae

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49
Q

pain and touch receptors

A

tactile/Meissner’s Corpuscles

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50
Q

80% of the thickness of the dermis

A

reticular layer

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51
Q

tissue of reticular layer

A

dense fibrous connective tissue

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52
Q

important to surgeon

A

cleavage (tension lines)

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53
Q

dermal folds that occur at or near joints

A

flexure lines

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54
Q

normal skin color determinants

A

melanin
carotene
hemoglobin

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55
Q

polymer made of tyrosine amino acids

A

melanin

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56
Q

yellow, brown, or black pigments

A

melanin

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57
Q

orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables

A

carotene

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58
Q

pigment: accumulates in the stratum corneum and in fatty tissue of the hypodermis

A

carotene

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59
Q

red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries

A

hemoglobin

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60
Q

determines the extent of red coloring of hemoglobin

A

oxygen content

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61
Q

alterations in skin color (6)

A

-redness (erythema)
-pallor (blanching)
-cyanosis (bluish discoloration)
-jaundice (yellowing)
-bronzing
-bruises

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62
Q

Due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy

A

redness (erythema)

63
Q

due to emotional stress such as fear, anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area

A

pallor (blanching)

64
Q

Violet-ish lips and fingers from lack of oxygen

A

cyanosis

65
Q

caused by liver disorder

A

jaundice (yellowing)

66
Q

caused by Addison’s disease or iron medications

A

bronzing

67
Q

hematomas

A

bruises

68
Q

skin appendages (cutaneous glands)

A

sebaceous & sudoriferous glands

69
Q

all exocrine glands

A

cutaneous glands

70
Q

glands that produce oil (sebum), accumulated lipids and cell fragments

A

oil (sebaceous) glands

71
Q

functions of oil

A

skin lubricant
prevents brittle hair
kills bacteria

72
Q

most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface

A

oil (sebaceous) glands

73
Q

activation of oil (sebaceous) glands

A

puberty

74
Q

accumulated sebum blocks a sebaceous gland duct

A

whitehead

75
Q

material oxidizes and dries

A

blackhead

76
Q

an active inflammation of sebaceous glands accompanied by “pimple”

A

acne

77
Q

caused by bacterial infection (Staphylococcus)

A

acne

78
Q

overactive sebaceous glands

A

seborrhea

79
Q

seborrhea in infants

A

cradle cap

80
Q

glands that produce sweat, widely distributed in skin except nipples and parts of external genitalia

A

sweat (sudoriferous) glands

81
Q

2 types of sudoriferous glands

A

eccrine (merocrine) & apocrine

82
Q
  • Numerous and abundant in the palms, soles of the feet and forehead
  • Open via duct to pore on skin surface
  • Produce sweat (clear)
A

eccrine (merocrine)

83
Q
  • Aprox. 2,000 are largely confined to the axillary and anogenital areas
  • Ducts empty into hair follicles
  • Begin to function at puberty
  • Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins (milky/yellowish color)
A

apocrine

84
Q

apocrine glands (2)

A

ceruminous and mammary glands

85
Q

modified glands found in the lining of external ear canal

A

ceruminous glands

86
Q

ceruminous gland secretion mixes with sebum to produce

A

cerumen/earwax

87
Q

glands that secretes milk (apocrine)

A

mammary glands

88
Q

composition:
- Mostly water
- Salts & vit C
- Some metabolic waste
Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)

A

sweat

89
Q
  • Helps dissipate excess heat
  • Excretes waste products
A

sweat

90
Q

sweat’s ??? nature inhibits bacteria growth

A

acidic

91
Q

sweat: odor is from associated ???

A

bacteria

92
Q

produced by hair follicle

A

hair/pili

93
Q

hair/pili consists of what epithelial cells

A

hard keratinized epithelial cells

94
Q

provide pigment for hair color

A

melanocytes

95
Q

hair grows in the matrix of ??? in stratum ???

A

hair bulb in stratum basale

96
Q

hair anatomy

A

medulla, cortex, cuticle

97
Q

hair anatomy:
- Consist of large cell and air spaces
- Only part of the hair that contains soft keratin, absent in fine hair

A

central medulla

98
Q

hair anatomy: surrounds medulla

A

cortex

99
Q

hair anatomy:
- Most heavily keratinized
- Provides strength and helps keep the inner layers tightly compacted

A

cuticle

100
Q

Dermal and epidermal sheath surround hair root

A

hair follicle

101
Q

Nipple-like bit of dermal tissue, protrudes into the hair bulb

A

hair papilla

102
Q

Contains knot of capillaries that supplies nutrients to the growing hair and signals to grow.

A

hair papilla

103
Q

Smooth muscle cells
Pulls hairs upright when cold or frightened

A

arrector pili muscle

104
Q

Important role: contractions force sebum out of hair follicles to the skin surface where it acts as skin lubricant.

A

arrector pili muscle

105
Q

types of hair growth

A

vellus and terminal hair

106
Q

excessive hairiness that may results from adrenal gland/ovarian tumor

A

hirsutism

107
Q

hair thinning & some degree of baldness

A

alopecia

108
Q

most common, male pattern baldness

A

true/frank baldness

109
Q

lanugo

A

fine hair

110
Q

scale-like modifications of the epidermis; heavily keratinized

A

nails

111
Q

(nail) stratum basale extends beneath the ??? and is responsible for growth

A

nail bed

112
Q

lack of ??? makes the nails colorless

A

lack of pigment

113
Q

proximal nail fold that projects onto the nail body

A

cuticle

114
Q

root of nail is embedded in

A

skin

115
Q

the visible attached portion of the nail

A

body

116
Q

skin functions (6)

A

protection
body temperature regulation
cutaneous sensation
metabolic functions
blood reservoir
excretion

117
Q

3 types of barriers

A

chemical, physical, biological barriers

118
Q

barrier that include skin secretions and melanin

A

chemical barriers

119
Q

chemical barriers

A

-dermcidin in sweat
-bactericidal in sebum
-defensins (natural antibiotics)
-cathelicidins

120
Q

protective peptides in wounded skin

A

cathelicidins

121
Q

natural antibiotics of skin

A

defensins

122
Q

compared to bricks and mortar

A

stratum corneum

123
Q

example barrier: stratum corneum

A

physical barrier

124
Q

barrier: include dendritic cells of the epidermis, macrophages in the dermis and DNA

A

biological barriers

125
Q

2 types of respirations for body temperature regulation

A

insensible and sensible respiration

126
Q

respiration: external environment is cold, blood vessels constrict

A

sensible

127
Q

function: skin is richly supplied with cutaneous sensory receptors, classified as exteroceptors

A

cutaneous sensation

128
Q

richly supplied with cutaneous sensory receptors, classified as

A

exteroceptors

129
Q

exteroceptors examples

A

tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles
lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

130
Q

function: Skin is a chemical factory fueled in part by the sun’s rays

A

metabolic functions

131
Q

dermal vascular supply is extensive and can hold about how many percent of body’s entire blood volume?

A

5%

132
Q

Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals

A

burns

133
Q

associated dangers in burns (3)

A

dehydration
electrolyte imbalance
circulatory shock

134
Q

way to determine extent of burns

A

rule of nines

135
Q

Body is divided into how many areas for quick estimation

A

11

136
Q

TBSA for fatal

A

50-60%

137
Q

TBSA for critical

A

35-49%

138
Q

TBSA for emergency

A

35 below

139
Q

Only epidermis is damaged
Skin is red and swollen

A

first-degree burns

140
Q

○ Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
○ Skin is red with blisters

A

second-degree burns

141
Q

○ Destroys entire skin layer; burned area is painless
○ Burn is gray-white, cherry red or blackened
Little or no edema

A

third-degree burns

142
Q

○ Over 25% of body has 2nd degree burns
○ Over 10% of body has 3rd degree burns
○ There are 3rd degree burns of the face, hands, or feet

A

critical burns

143
Q

abnormal cell mass

A

skin cancer

144
Q

classifications of skin cancer

A

benign and malignant

145
Q

skin cancer that does not spread (encapsulated)

A

benign

146
Q

skin cancer that metastasized (moves) to other parts of the body

A

malignant

147
Q

most common type of cancer

A

skin cancer

148
Q

skin cancer types

A

basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant melanoma

149
Q

Least malignant
Most common type
Arises from stratum basale

A

basal cell carcinoma

150
Q

Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed
Early removal allows a good chance of cure
Believed to be sun-induced
Arises from stratum spinosum

A

squamous cell carcinoma

151
Q

Cancer of melanocytes
Most deadly skin cancers
Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
Detection uses ABCD rule

A

malignant melanoma

152
Q

ABCD rule

A

asymmetry
border irregularity
color
diameter

153
Q

2 sides of pigmented mole do not match

A

asymmetry

154
Q

borders of mole are not smooth

A

border irregularity

155
Q

different colors in pigmented area

A

color

156
Q

spot is larger than 6mm in diameter

A

diameter

ANAPHY (3 decks)

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