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ANAPHY > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the blood (3)

A

distribution
regulation
protection

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2
Q

Blood transports everything that must be carried from one place to another, such as:

A
  • nutrients
  • wastes
  • hormones
  • body heat
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3
Q

blood regulates 3 things:

A
  • body temperature
  • pH in body tissues
  • fluid volume in circulatory system
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4
Q

what do the blood prevent (2)

A

blood loss
infection

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5
Q

the only fluid tissue

A

blood

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6
Q

components of blood (2)

A

formed elements
plasma

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7
Q

components of blood: living cells

A

formed elements

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8
Q

components of blood: nonliving fluid matrix

A

plasma

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9
Q

spinning blood sample to separate its components

A

centrifuge

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10
Q

plasma makes up how many percentage of whole blood?

A

55%

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11
Q

least dense blood component

A

plasma

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12
Q

the buffy coat makes up how many percentage of whole blood?

A

<1%

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13
Q

the buffy coat contains (2)

A

leukocytes and platelets

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14
Q

the erythrocytes make up how many percentage of whole blood?

A

45%

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15
Q

the erythrocytes make up 45% of blood called

A

hematocrit

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16
Q

most dense component of blood

A

erythrocytes

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17
Q

formed elements of blood (components)

A

buffy coat & erythrocytes

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18
Q

Thin whitish layer between the erythrocytes and plasma

A

buffy coat

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19
Q

characteristics of blood

A

sticky, opaque fluid that is heavier and thicker than water

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20
Q

oxygen-rich blood color

A

scarlet red

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21
Q

oxygen-poor blood color

A

dull red/purple

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22
Q

oxygen-rich blood in artery

A

squirts

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23
Q

oxygen-poor blood in vein

A

smooth flowing

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24
Q

blood taste

A

metallic, salty

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25
Q

blood pH

A

slightly alkaline

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26
Q

pH level of blood

A

7.35-7.45

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27
Q

blood that is ⬇️7.35 pHH

A

acidic

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28
Q

blood that is ⬆️7.45 pH

A

basic

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29
Q

temperature of blood

A

slightly higher than body temperature (38ºC or 100.4ºF)

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30
Q

volume of blood in healthy adult: (liters or quarts)

A

5-6 liters or about 6 quarts

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31
Q

blood makes up how many percent of body weight?

A

8%

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32
Q

plasma is ??% water

A

90%

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33
Q

color of plasma

A

straw-colored

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34
Q

plasma includes many dissolved substances (6)

A

nutrients
salts (electrolytes)
respiratory gases
hormones
waste products
plasma proteins

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35
Q

nutrients in plasma (4)

A

glucose
fatty acids
amino acids
vitamins

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36
Q

salts (electrolytes) in plasma (6)

A

sodium
potassium
calcium
magnesium
chloride
bicarbonate

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37
Q

plasma substances for osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability

A

salts (electrolytes)

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38
Q

respiratory gases

A

O2 and CO2

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39
Q

hormones in plasma

A

steroids, thyroid hormone (carried by plasma proteins)

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40
Q

waste products in plasma

A

urea, uric acid

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40
Q

most abundant solutes in plasma

A

plasma proteins

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41
Q

most plasma proteins are made by what organ

A

the liver

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41
Q

plasma proteins (3)

A

albumin
fibrinogen (clotting proteins)
globulins (antibodies)

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42
Q

important blood buffer (pH buffering) and contributes to osmotic pressure

A

albumin

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43
Q

help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured

A

fibrinogen (clotting proteins)

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44
Q

help protect body from pathogens (defense and lipid transport)

A

globulins (antibodies)

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45
Q

Blood composition varies as ??? exchange substances with the blood

A

cells

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46
Q

makes more proteins when levels drop

A

liver

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47
Q

restore blood pH to normal when blood becomes too acidic or alkaline

A

respiratory systems and urinary systems

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48
Q

helps distribute body heat

A

plasma

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49
Q

formed elements (3)

A

erythrocytes (RBCs)
leukocytes (WBCs)
platelets (cell fragments)

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50
Q

main function of erythrocytes

A

carry oxygen

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51
Q

○ Anucleate (no nucleus)
○ Contain few organelles, lack mitochondria
○ Essentially bags of hemoglobin (Hb)
○ Shaped like biconcave discs

A

erythrocytes

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52
Q

normal erythrocyte count

A

5M/mm^3 of blood

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53
Q

○ Iron-bearing protein
○ Binds oxygen

A

hemoglobin

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54
Q

Each hemoglobin can bind how many oxygen

A

4

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55
Q

Each erythrocyte has how many hemoglobin molecules

A

250M

56
Q

Normal blood contains how many grams of hemoglobin per 100ml of blood

A

12-18g

57
Q

decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability, due to lower than normal number of RBCs or abnormal/Deficient Hemoglobin content in the RBC

A

anemia

58
Q

normal RBC count but not all have the ability to carry oxygen

A

deficient hemoglobin

59
Q

results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin

A

sickle cell anemia (SCA)

60
Q

disorder resulting from excessive/abnormal increase of RBCs (produce more and more RBC, immature cells); due to: Bone marrow cancer (???) and life at higher altitudes (???)

A

polycythemia;
polycythemia vera;
secondary polycythemia

61
Q

Crucial in body’s defense against disease; Complete cells, with nucleus and organelles

A

leukocytes (WBCs)

62
Q

ability of leukocytes to move into and out of blood vessels

A

diapedesis

63
Q

WBC responding to chemicals released by damaged tissues is known as

A

positive chemotaxis

64
Q

leukocytes move by

A

amoeboid motion

65
Q

WBCs per mm^3 of blood

A

4,800 to 10,800

66
Q

§ WBC count ↑11,000 cells/mm^3 of blood
§ Generally indicates an infection

A

leukocytosis

67
Q

Abnormally low WBC count;
Commonly caused by certain drugs (corticosteroids and anticancer agents)

A

leukopenia

68
Q

Bone marrow becomes cancerous; Numerous immature WBC are produced

A

leukemia

69
Q

2 types of WBCs

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

70
Q

Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained

A

granulocytes

71
Q

granulocytes nuclei

A

lobed

72
Q

granulocytes (3)

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

73
Q

Lack cytoplasmic granules

A

agranulocytes

74
Q

agranulocytes nuclei

A

spherical, oval, kidney-shaped

75
Q

agranulocytes (2)

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

76
Q

List of WBCs from most to least abundant

A

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils

77
Q

WBC for acute infection

A

neutrophils

78
Q

§ Most numerous
§ Multilobed nucleus (3-7 lobes connected by thin strands of nucleoplasm)
§ Cytoplasm: stains pink & contains fine granules
§ Increase during infection
§ 3,000–7,000 neutrophils per mm3 of blood
40–70% of WBCs

A

neutrophils

79
Q

WBC for chronic infection, antibodies

A

lymphocytes

80
Q

§ Large, dark purple nucleus
§ Slightly larger than RBCs
§ Reside in lymphatic tissues
§ Play a role in immune response
§ 1,500–3,000 lymphocytes per mm^3 of blood
□ 20–45% of WBCs

A

lymphocytes

81
Q

WBC for phagocytosis

A

monocytes

82
Q

§ Largest of the WBCs
§ Distinctive U or kidney-shaped nucleus
§ Function as macrophages when they migrate into tissues
§ Important in fighting chronic infection
§ 100–700 monocytes per mm^3 of blood
□ 4–8% of WBCs

A

monocytes

83
Q

WBC for parasitic infections

A

eosinophils

84
Q

§ Nucleus stains blue-red, figure-8/bilobed
§ Brick-red cytoplasmic granules
§ Function is to kill parasitic worms and play a role in allergy attacks
§ 100–400 eosinophils per mm^3 of blood
□ 1–4% of WBCs

A

eosinophils

85
Q

WBC for allergic reactions

A

basophils

86
Q

§ Rarest of the WBCs
§ Large histamine-containing granules that stain dark blue
§ U/S-shaped nucleus with constrictions
§ Contain heparin (anticoagulant)
§ 20–50 basophils per mm^3 of blood
□ 0–1% of WBCs

A

basophils

87
Q

Fragments of megakaryocytes (multinucleate cells); Needed for the clotting process

A

platelets (cell fragments)

88
Q

Normal platelet count:

A

300,000/mm^3 of blood

89
Q

The process of blood cell formation

A

hematopoiesis

90
Q

hematopoiesis occurs where

A

red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)

91
Q

All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell called

A

hemocytoblast

92
Q

Hemocytoblasts form 2 types of descendants

A

lymphoid stem
myeloid stem cell

93
Q

hemocytoblast: produces lymphocytes

A

lymphoid stem

94
Q

hemocytoblast: produce all other formed elements

A

myeloid stem cell

95
Q

Since ??? are anucleate, they are unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins

A

RBCs

96
Q

RBCs wear out in ???

A

100 to 120 days

97
Q

When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by ??? in the spleen or liver

A

phagocytes

98
Q

Rate of RBC production is controlled by a hormone called

A

erythropoietin

99
Q

organ that produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood

A

kidneys

100
Q

WBC and platelet production is controlled by hormones (3)

A

colony stimulating factors and interleukins; thrombopoietin

101
Q

prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes

A

Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins

102
Q

stimulates production of platelets from megakaryocytes

A

thrombopoietin

103
Q

The process of stopping the bleeding that results from a break in a blood vessel

A

hemostasis

104
Q

Hemostasis involves three phases

A

vascular spasms
platelet plug formation
coagulation

105
Q
  • Immediate response to blood vessel injury
  • Vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm
  • Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss
A

vascular spasms

106
Q

causes blood vessel to spasm

A

Vasoconstriction

107
Q
  • Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel
  • Platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers
  • Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets
  • Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug (white thrombus)
A

platelet plug formation

108
Q
  • Injured tissues release tissue factor (TF)
  • PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with TF, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade
  • Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)
  • Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hairlike molecules of insoluble fibrin
  • Fibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot)
  • Within the hour, serum is squeezed from the clot as it retracts
A

coagulation (blood clotting)

109
Q

coagulation

A

blood clotting

110
Q

plasma minus clotting proteins

A

serum

111
Q

Blood usually clots within how many minutes

A

3 to 6

112
Q

Undesirable clotting (2)

A

thrombus
embolus

113
Q

§ A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
§ Can be deadly in areas such as the lungs

A

thrombus

114
Q

§ A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream
§ Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain

A

embolus

115
Q

bleeding disorders (2)

A

thrombocytopenia
hemophilia

116
Q

§ Insufficient number of circulating platelets
§ Arises from any condition that suppresses the bone marrow
§ Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting
§ Evidenced by petechiae (small purplish blotches on the skin)

A

thrombocytopenia

117
Q

small purplish blotches on the skin

A

petechiae

118
Q

§ Hereditary bleeding disorder
§ Normal clotting factors are missing
§ Minor tissue damage can cause life-threatening prolonged bleeding

A

hemophilia

119
Q

Loss of 15-30% of blood

A

weakness

120
Q

Loss of over 30% of blood

A

causes shock, can be fatal

121
Q

given for substantial blood loss, to treat severe anemia, or for thrombocytopenia

A

blood transfusions

122
Q

Blood contains genetically determined proteins known as

A

antigens

123
Q

substances that the body recognizes as foreign and that the immune system may attack

A

antigens

124
Q

the “recognizers” that bind foreign antigens

A

antigens

125
Q

Blood is “typed” by using ??? that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination) and lyse

A

antibodies

126
Q

There are over ??? common RBC antigens

A

20

127
Q

The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ??? blood group antigens

A

ABO and Rh

128
Q

Blood types are based on the presence or absence of two antigens

A

ABO blood group

129
Q

universal recipient

A

AB

130
Q

universal donor

A

O

131
Q

Named for the eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D)

A

Rh blood group

132
Q

testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa

A

cross matching

133
Q

Sites of blood cell formation (developmental aspects)

A

fetal liver and spleen
bone marrow

134
Q

are early sites of blood cell formation

A

fetal liver and spleen

135
Q

takes over hematopoiesis by the seventh month

A

bone marrow

136
Q

Incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood can result in ???, resulting from destruction of fetal blood cells

A

fetal cyanosis

137
Q

occurs in infants when the liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough

A

Physiologic jaundice

138
Q

are most common in the very young and very old

A

Leukemias

ANAPHY (3 decks)

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