Blood Flashcards
functions of the blood (3)
distribution
regulation
protection
Blood transports everything that must be carried from one place to another, such as:
- nutrients
- wastes
- hormones
- body heat
blood regulates 3 things:
- body temperature
- pH in body tissues
- fluid volume in circulatory system
what do the blood prevent (2)
blood loss
infection
the only fluid tissue
blood
components of blood (2)
formed elements
plasma
components of blood: living cells
formed elements
components of blood: nonliving fluid matrix
plasma
spinning blood sample to separate its components
centrifuge
plasma makes up how many percentage of whole blood?
55%
least dense blood component
plasma
the buffy coat makes up how many percentage of whole blood?
<1%
the buffy coat contains (2)
leukocytes and platelets
the erythrocytes make up how many percentage of whole blood?
45%
the erythrocytes make up 45% of blood called
hematocrit
most dense component of blood
erythrocytes
formed elements of blood (components)
buffy coat & erythrocytes
Thin whitish layer between the erythrocytes and plasma
buffy coat
characteristics of blood
sticky, opaque fluid that is heavier and thicker than water
oxygen-rich blood color
scarlet red
oxygen-poor blood color
dull red/purple
oxygen-rich blood in artery
squirts
oxygen-poor blood in vein
smooth flowing
blood taste
metallic, salty
blood pH
slightly alkaline
pH level of blood
7.35-7.45
blood that is ⬇️7.35 pHH
acidic
blood that is ⬆️7.45 pH
basic
temperature of blood
slightly higher than body temperature (38ºC or 100.4ºF)
volume of blood in healthy adult: (liters or quarts)
5-6 liters or about 6 quarts
blood makes up how many percent of body weight?
8%
plasma is ??% water
90%
color of plasma
straw-colored
plasma includes many dissolved substances (6)
nutrients
salts (electrolytes)
respiratory gases
hormones
waste products
plasma proteins
nutrients in plasma (4)
glucose
fatty acids
amino acids
vitamins
salts (electrolytes) in plasma (6)
sodium
potassium
calcium
magnesium
chloride
bicarbonate
plasma substances for osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability
salts (electrolytes)
respiratory gases
O2 and CO2
hormones in plasma
steroids, thyroid hormone (carried by plasma proteins)
waste products in plasma
urea, uric acid
most abundant solutes in plasma
plasma proteins
most plasma proteins are made by what organ
the liver
plasma proteins (3)
albumin
fibrinogen (clotting proteins)
globulins (antibodies)
important blood buffer (pH buffering) and contributes to osmotic pressure
albumin
help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
fibrinogen (clotting proteins)
help protect body from pathogens (defense and lipid transport)
globulins (antibodies)
Blood composition varies as ??? exchange substances with the blood
cells
makes more proteins when levels drop
liver
restore blood pH to normal when blood becomes too acidic or alkaline
respiratory systems and urinary systems
helps distribute body heat
plasma
formed elements (3)
erythrocytes (RBCs)
leukocytes (WBCs)
platelets (cell fragments)
main function of erythrocytes
carry oxygen
○ Anucleate (no nucleus)
○ Contain few organelles, lack mitochondria
○ Essentially bags of hemoglobin (Hb)
○ Shaped like biconcave discs
erythrocytes
normal erythrocyte count
5M/mm^3 of blood
○ Iron-bearing protein
○ Binds oxygen
hemoglobin
Each hemoglobin can bind how many oxygen
4
Each erythrocyte has how many hemoglobin molecules
250M
Normal blood contains how many grams of hemoglobin per 100ml of blood
12-18g
decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability, due to lower than normal number of RBCs or abnormal/Deficient Hemoglobin content in the RBC
anemia
normal RBC count but not all have the ability to carry oxygen
deficient hemoglobin
results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin
sickle cell anemia (SCA)
disorder resulting from excessive/abnormal increase of RBCs (produce more and more RBC, immature cells); due to: Bone marrow cancer (???) and life at higher altitudes (???)
polycythemia;
polycythemia vera;
secondary polycythemia
Crucial in body’s defense against disease; Complete cells, with nucleus and organelles
leukocytes (WBCs)
ability of leukocytes to move into and out of blood vessels
diapedesis
WBC responding to chemicals released by damaged tissues is known as
positive chemotaxis
leukocytes move by
amoeboid motion
WBCs per mm^3 of blood
4,800 to 10,800
§ WBC count ↑11,000 cells/mm^3 of blood
§ Generally indicates an infection
leukocytosis
Abnormally low WBC count;
Commonly caused by certain drugs (corticosteroids and anticancer agents)
leukopenia
Bone marrow becomes cancerous; Numerous immature WBC are produced
leukemia
2 types of WBCs
granulocytes and agranulocytes
Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained
granulocytes
granulocytes nuclei
lobed
granulocytes (3)
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Lack cytoplasmic granules
agranulocytes
agranulocytes nuclei
spherical, oval, kidney-shaped
agranulocytes (2)
lymphocytes and monocytes
List of WBCs from most to least abundant
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
WBC for acute infection
neutrophils
§ Most numerous
§ Multilobed nucleus (3-7 lobes connected by thin strands of nucleoplasm)
§ Cytoplasm: stains pink & contains fine granules
§ Increase during infection
§ 3,000–7,000 neutrophils per mm3 of blood
40–70% of WBCs
neutrophils
WBC for chronic infection, antibodies
lymphocytes
§ Large, dark purple nucleus
§ Slightly larger than RBCs
§ Reside in lymphatic tissues
§ Play a role in immune response
§ 1,500–3,000 lymphocytes per mm^3 of blood
□ 20–45% of WBCs
lymphocytes
WBC for phagocytosis
monocytes
§ Largest of the WBCs
§ Distinctive U or kidney-shaped nucleus
§ Function as macrophages when they migrate into tissues
§ Important in fighting chronic infection
§ 100–700 monocytes per mm^3 of blood
□ 4–8% of WBCs
monocytes
WBC for parasitic infections
eosinophils
§ Nucleus stains blue-red, figure-8/bilobed
§ Brick-red cytoplasmic granules
§ Function is to kill parasitic worms and play a role in allergy attacks
§ 100–400 eosinophils per mm^3 of blood
□ 1–4% of WBCs
eosinophils
WBC for allergic reactions
basophils
§ Rarest of the WBCs
§ Large histamine-containing granules that stain dark blue
§ U/S-shaped nucleus with constrictions
§ Contain heparin (anticoagulant)
§ 20–50 basophils per mm^3 of blood
□ 0–1% of WBCs
basophils
Fragments of megakaryocytes (multinucleate cells); Needed for the clotting process
platelets (cell fragments)
Normal platelet count:
300,000/mm^3 of blood
The process of blood cell formation
hematopoiesis
hematopoiesis occurs where
red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)
All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell called
hemocytoblast
Hemocytoblasts form 2 types of descendants
lymphoid stem
myeloid stem cell
hemocytoblast: produces lymphocytes
lymphoid stem
hemocytoblast: produce all other formed elements
myeloid stem cell
Since ??? are anucleate, they are unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
RBCs
RBCs wear out in ???
100 to 120 days
When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by ??? in the spleen or liver
phagocytes
Rate of RBC production is controlled by a hormone called
erythropoietin
organ that produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood
kidneys
WBC and platelet production is controlled by hormones (3)
colony stimulating factors and interleukins; thrombopoietin
prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes
Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins
stimulates production of platelets from megakaryocytes
thrombopoietin
The process of stopping the bleeding that results from a break in a blood vessel
hemostasis
Hemostasis involves three phases
vascular spasms
platelet plug formation
coagulation
- Immediate response to blood vessel injury
- Vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm
- Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss
vascular spasms
causes blood vessel to spasm
Vasoconstriction
- Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel
- Platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers
- Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets
- Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug (white thrombus)
platelet plug formation
- Injured tissues release tissue factor (TF)
- PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with TF, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade
- Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)
- Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hairlike molecules of insoluble fibrin
- Fibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot)
- Within the hour, serum is squeezed from the clot as it retracts
coagulation (blood clotting)
coagulation
blood clotting
plasma minus clotting proteins
serum
Blood usually clots within how many minutes
3 to 6
Undesirable clotting (2)
thrombus
embolus
§ A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
§ Can be deadly in areas such as the lungs
thrombus
§ A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream
§ Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain
embolus
bleeding disorders (2)
thrombocytopenia
hemophilia
§ Insufficient number of circulating platelets
§ Arises from any condition that suppresses the bone marrow
§ Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting
§ Evidenced by petechiae (small purplish blotches on the skin)
thrombocytopenia
small purplish blotches on the skin
petechiae
§ Hereditary bleeding disorder
§ Normal clotting factors are missing
§ Minor tissue damage can cause life-threatening prolonged bleeding
hemophilia
Loss of 15-30% of blood
weakness
Loss of over 30% of blood
causes shock, can be fatal
given for substantial blood loss, to treat severe anemia, or for thrombocytopenia
blood transfusions
Blood contains genetically determined proteins known as
antigens
substances that the body recognizes as foreign and that the immune system may attack
antigens
the “recognizers” that bind foreign antigens
antigens
Blood is “typed” by using ??? that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination) and lyse
antibodies
There are over ??? common RBC antigens
20
The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ??? blood group antigens
ABO and Rh
Blood types are based on the presence or absence of two antigens
ABO blood group
universal recipient
AB
universal donor
O
Named for the eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D)
Rh blood group
testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa
cross matching
Sites of blood cell formation (developmental aspects)
fetal liver and spleen
bone marrow
are early sites of blood cell formation
fetal liver and spleen
takes over hematopoiesis by the seventh month
bone marrow
Incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood can result in ???, resulting from destruction of fetal blood cells
fetal cyanosis
occurs in infants when the liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough
Physiologic jaundice
are most common in the very young and very old
Leukemias
