Blood Flashcards
1
Q
functions of the blood (3)
A
distribution
regulation
protection
2
Q
Blood transports everything that must be carried from one place to another, such as:
A
- nutrients
- wastes
- hormones
- body heat
3
Q
blood regulates 3 things:
A
- body temperature
- pH in body tissues
- fluid volume in circulatory system
4
Q
what do the blood prevent (2)
A
blood loss
infection
5
Q
the only fluid tissue
A
blood
6
Q
components of blood (2)
A
formed elements
plasma
7
Q
components of blood: living cells
A
formed elements
8
Q
components of blood: nonliving fluid matrix
A
plasma
9
Q
spinning blood sample to separate its components
A
centrifuge
10
Q
plasma makes up how many percentage of whole blood?
A
55%
11
Q
least dense blood component
A
plasma
12
Q
the buffy coat makes up how many percentage of whole blood?
A
<1%
13
Q
the buffy coat contains (2)
A
leukocytes and platelets
14
Q
the erythrocytes make up how many percentage of whole blood?
A
45%
15
Q
the erythrocytes make up 45% of blood called
A
hematocrit
16
Q
most dense component of blood
A
erythrocytes
17
Q
formed elements of blood (components)
A
buffy coat & erythrocytes
18
Q
Thin whitish layer between the erythrocytes and plasma
A
buffy coat
19
Q
characteristics of blood
A
sticky, opaque fluid that is heavier and thicker than water
20
Q
oxygen-rich blood color
A
scarlet red
21
Q
oxygen-poor blood color
A
dull red/purple
22
Q
oxygen-rich blood in artery
A
squirts
23
Q
oxygen-poor blood in vein
A
smooth flowing
24
Q
blood taste
A
metallic, salty
25
blood pH
slightly alkaline
26
pH level of blood
7.35-7.45
27
blood that is ⬇️7.35 pHH
acidic
28
blood that is ⬆️7.45 pH
basic
29
temperature of blood
slightly higher than body temperature (38ºC or 100.4ºF)
30
volume of blood in healthy adult: (liters or quarts)
5-6 liters or about 6 quarts
31
blood makes up how many percent of body weight?
8%
32
plasma is ??% water
90%
33
color of plasma
straw-colored
34
plasma includes many dissolved substances (6)
nutrients
salts (electrolytes)
respiratory gases
hormones
waste products
plasma proteins
35
nutrients in plasma (4)
glucose
fatty acids
amino acids
vitamins
36
salts (electrolytes) in plasma (6)
sodium
potassium
calcium
magnesium
chloride
bicarbonate
37
plasma substances for osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability
salts (electrolytes)
38
respiratory gases
O2 and CO2
39
hormones in plasma
steroids, thyroid hormone (carried by plasma proteins)
40
waste products in plasma
urea, uric acid
40
most abundant solutes in plasma
plasma proteins
41
most plasma proteins are made by what organ
the liver
41
plasma proteins (3)
albumin
fibrinogen (clotting proteins)
globulins (antibodies)
42
important blood buffer (pH buffering) and contributes to osmotic pressure
albumin
43
help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
fibrinogen (clotting proteins)
44
help protect body from pathogens (defense and lipid transport)
globulins (antibodies)
45
Blood composition varies as ??? exchange substances with the blood
cells
46
makes more proteins when levels drop
liver
47
restore blood pH to normal when blood becomes too acidic or alkaline
respiratory systems and urinary systems
48
helps distribute body heat
plasma
49
formed elements (3)
erythrocytes (RBCs)
leukocytes (WBCs)
platelets (cell fragments)
50
main function of erythrocytes
carry oxygen
51
○ Anucleate (no nucleus)
○ Contain few organelles, lack mitochondria
○ Essentially bags of hemoglobin (Hb)
○ Shaped like biconcave discs
erythrocytes
52
normal erythrocyte count
5M/mm^3 of blood
53
○ Iron-bearing protein
○ Binds oxygen
hemoglobin
54
Each hemoglobin can bind how many oxygen
4
55
Each erythrocyte has how many hemoglobin molecules
250M
56
Normal blood contains how many grams of hemoglobin per 100ml of blood
12-18g
57
decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability, due to lower than normal number of RBCs or abnormal/Deficient Hemoglobin content in the RBC
anemia
58
normal RBC count but not all have the ability to carry oxygen
deficient hemoglobin
59
results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin
sickle cell anemia (SCA)
60
disorder resulting from excessive/abnormal increase of RBCs (produce more and more RBC, immature cells); due to: Bone marrow cancer (???) and life at higher altitudes (???)
polycythemia;
polycythemia vera;
secondary polycythemia
61
Crucial in body’s defense against disease; Complete cells, with nucleus and organelles
leukocytes (WBCs)
62
ability of leukocytes to move into and out of blood vessels
diapedesis
63
WBC responding to chemicals released by damaged tissues is known as
positive chemotaxis
64
leukocytes move by
amoeboid motion
65
WBCs per mm^3 of blood
4,800 to 10,800
66
§ WBC count ↑11,000 cells/mm^3 of blood
§ Generally indicates an infection
leukocytosis
67
Abnormally low WBC count;
Commonly caused by certain drugs (corticosteroids and anticancer agents)
leukopenia
68
Bone marrow becomes cancerous; Numerous immature WBC are produced
leukemia
69
2 types of WBCs
granulocytes and agranulocytes
70
Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained
granulocytes
71
granulocytes nuclei
lobed
72
granulocytes (3)
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
73
Lack cytoplasmic granules
agranulocytes
74
agranulocytes nuclei
spherical, oval, kidney-shaped
75
agranulocytes (2)
lymphocytes and monocytes
76
List of WBCs from most to least abundant
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
77
WBC for acute infection
neutrophils
78
§ Most numerous
§ Multilobed nucleus (3-7 lobes connected by thin strands of nucleoplasm)
§ Cytoplasm: stains pink & contains fine granules
§ Increase during infection
§ 3,000–7,000 neutrophils per mm3 of blood
40–70% of WBCs
neutrophils
79
WBC for chronic infection, antibodies
lymphocytes
80
§ Large, dark purple nucleus
§ Slightly larger than RBCs
§ Reside in lymphatic tissues
§ Play a role in immune response
§ 1,500–3,000 lymphocytes per mm^3 of blood
□ 20–45% of WBCs
lymphocytes
81
WBC for phagocytosis
monocytes
82
§ Largest of the WBCs
§ Distinctive U or kidney-shaped nucleus
§ Function as macrophages when they migrate into tissues
§ Important in fighting chronic infection
§ 100–700 monocytes per mm^3 of blood
□ 4–8% of WBCs
monocytes
83
WBC for parasitic infections
eosinophils
84
§ Nucleus stains blue-red, figure-8/bilobed
§ Brick-red cytoplasmic granules
§ Function is to kill parasitic worms and play a role in allergy attacks
§ 100–400 eosinophils per mm^3 of blood
□ 1–4% of WBCs
eosinophils
85
WBC for allergic reactions
basophils
86
§ Rarest of the WBCs
§ Large histamine-containing granules that stain dark blue
§ U/S-shaped nucleus with constrictions
§ Contain heparin (anticoagulant)
§ 20–50 basophils per mm^3 of blood
□ 0–1% of WBCs
basophils
87
Fragments of megakaryocytes (multinucleate cells); Needed for the clotting process
platelets (cell fragments)
88
Normal platelet count:
300,000/mm^3 of blood
89
The process of blood cell formation
hematopoiesis
90
hematopoiesis occurs where
red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)
91
All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell called
hemocytoblast
92
Hemocytoblasts form 2 types of descendants
lymphoid stem
myeloid stem cell
93
hemocytoblast: produces lymphocytes
lymphoid stem
94
hemocytoblast: produce all other formed elements
myeloid stem cell
95
Since ??? are anucleate, they are unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
RBCs
96
RBCs wear out in ???
100 to 120 days
97
When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by ??? in the spleen or liver
phagocytes
98
Rate of RBC production is controlled by a hormone called
erythropoietin
99
organ that produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood
kidneys
100
WBC and platelet production is controlled by hormones (3)
colony stimulating factors and interleukins; thrombopoietin
101
prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes
Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins
102
stimulates production of platelets from megakaryocytes
thrombopoietin
103
The process of stopping the bleeding that results from a break in a blood vessel
hemostasis
104
Hemostasis involves three phases
vascular spasms
platelet plug formation
coagulation
105
- Immediate response to blood vessel injury
- Vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm
- Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss
vascular spasms
106
causes blood vessel to spasm
Vasoconstriction
107
- Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel
- Platelets become "sticky" and cling to fibers
- Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets
- Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug (white thrombus)
platelet plug formation
108
- Injured tissues release tissue factor (TF)
- PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with TF, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade
- Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)
- Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hairlike molecules of insoluble fibrin
- Fibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot)
- Within the hour, serum is squeezed from the clot as it retracts
coagulation (blood clotting)
109
coagulation
blood clotting
110
plasma minus clotting proteins
serum
111
Blood usually clots within how many minutes
3 to 6
112
Undesirable clotting (2)
thrombus
embolus
113
§ A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
§ Can be deadly in areas such as the lungs
thrombus
114
§ A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream
§ Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain
embolus
115
bleeding disorders (2)
thrombocytopenia
hemophilia
116
§ Insufficient number of circulating platelets
§ Arises from any condition that suppresses the bone marrow
§ Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting
§ Evidenced by petechiae (small purplish blotches on the skin)
thrombocytopenia
117
small purplish blotches on the skin
petechiae
118
§ Hereditary bleeding disorder
§ Normal clotting factors are missing
§ Minor tissue damage can cause life-threatening prolonged bleeding
hemophilia
119
Loss of 15-30% of blood
weakness
120
Loss of over 30% of blood
causes shock, can be fatal
121
given for substantial blood loss, to treat severe anemia, or for thrombocytopenia
blood transfusions
122
Blood contains genetically determined proteins known as
antigens
123
substances that the body recognizes as foreign and that the immune system may attack
antigens
124
the "recognizers" that bind foreign antigens
antigens
125
Blood is "typed" by using ??? that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination) and lyse
antibodies
126
There are over ??? common RBC antigens
20
127
The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ??? blood group antigens
ABO and Rh
128
Blood types are based on the presence or absence of two antigens
ABO blood group
129
universal recipient
AB
130
universal donor
O
131
Named for the eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D)
Rh blood group
132
testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa
cross matching
133
Sites of blood cell formation (developmental aspects)
fetal liver and spleen
bone marrow
134
are early sites of blood cell formation
fetal liver and spleen
135
takes over hematopoiesis by the seventh month
bone marrow
136
Incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood can result in ???, resulting from destruction of fetal blood cells
fetal cyanosis
137
occurs in infants when the liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough
Physiologic jaundice
138
are most common in the very young and very old
Leukemias
