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ANAPHY > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

A closed system of the heart and blood vessels

A

cardiovascular system

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2
Q

allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body

A

blood vessels

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3
Q

pumps blood

A

heart

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4
Q

Functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Transport:
oxygen
nutrients
cell wastes
hormones to and from cells

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5
Q

heart size

A

human fist

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6
Q

heart weight

A

less than a pound

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7
Q

location of heart

A

thoracic cavity, between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum

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8
Q

orientation of apex

A
  • directed toward left hip
  • rests on the diaphragm
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9
Q

orientation of base

A
  • points toward right shoulder
  • at level of 2nd rib
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10
Q

coverings of the heart

A

pericardium (parietal and visceral)

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11
Q

a double-walled sac

A

pericardium

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12
Q

is loose and superficial

A

Fibrous pericardium

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13
Q

deep to the fibrous pericardium and composed of two layers

A

Serous membrane

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14
Q

serous membranes

A

parietal pericardium
visceral pericardium
serous fluid

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15
Q

outside layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

A

parietal pericardium

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16
Q

next to heart; also known as the epicardium

A

visceral pericardium

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17
Q

fills the space between the layers of pericardium, called the pericardial cavity

A

serous fluid

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18
Q

Functions of pericardium

A
  • Keeps the heart contained within the chest cavity
  • Prevents the heart from over expanding when blood volume increases
  • Limits heart motion
  • Reduces friction between the heart and surrounding tissues
  • Protects the heart against infection
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19
Q

Walls of the Heart

A
  • epicardium (pericardium)
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
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20
Q

Outside layer; the visceral pericardium

A

epicardium

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21
Q

Middle layer; thickest layer of the heart

A

myocardium

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22
Q

myocardium is mostly what

A

cardiac muscle

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23
Q

the layer of the heart that contracts

A

myocardium

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24
Q

Inner layer known as endothelium

A

endocardium

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25
Q

Lines the inner heart chambers, covers heart valves and continuous with the endothelium of large blood vessels

A

endocardium

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26
Q

Four Chambers of the Hear

A

Atria
Ventricles

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27
Q

Receiving chambers

A

atria

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28
Q

Assist with filling the ventricles

A

atria

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29
Q

in the atria, blood enters through?

A

low pressure

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30
Q

Discharging chambers

A

ventricles

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31
Q

Thick-walled pumps of the heart

A

ventricles

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32
Q

in the ventricles, during ????, blood is propelled into circulation

A

contraction

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33
Q

Separates the two atria longitudinally

A

interatrial septum

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34
Q

Separates the two ventricles longitudinally

A

interventricular septum

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35
Q

Heart functions as a ??? pump

A

double

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36
Q

carry blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

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37
Q

carry blood toward the heart

A

Veins

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38
Q

Double pump
○ Right side works as the?

A

pulmonary circuit pump

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39
Q

Double pump
○ Left side works as the?

A

systemic circuit pump

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40
Q
  • Blood flows from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart
    ○ Blood is pumped out of right side through the pulmonary trunk, which splits into pulmonary arteries and takes oxygen-poor blood to lungs
    Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart from the lungs via pulmonary veins
A

pulmonary circulation

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41
Q

carries oxygenated blood

A

arteries

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42
Q

carries unoxygenated blood

A

veins

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43
Q

serves as protection in backflow (catches blood)

A

valves in veins

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44
Q

major veins

A

superior and inferior vena cava

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45
Q

vein that receives blood from upper proximities

A

superior vena cava

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46
Q

vein that receives blood from lower proximities and lines the back

A

inferior vena cava

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47
Q

left or right?
receives unoxygenated blood

A

right atrium & ventricle

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48
Q

left or right?
receives oxygenated blood

A

left atrium/ventricle

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49
Q

valve between right atrium and right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

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50
Q

pulmonary circulation (11)

A
  • unoxygenated blood from superior & inferior vena cava
  • right atrium
  • tricuspid valve
  • right ventricle
  • pulmonic valve
  • pulmonic artery
  • lungs
  • oxygenated blood to pulmonary vein
  • left atrium
  • bicuspid valve
  • left ventricle
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51
Q

since arteries usually carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood, in what circumstance is this reversed?

A

in the pulmonary artery and vein

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52
Q

systemic circulation (4)

A
  • left ventricle
  • aortic valve
  • aorta
  • different parts of the body
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53
Q

major artery

A

aorta

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54
Q

coronary circulation

A

from left ventricle, it has blood flow throughout the heart

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55
Q

Oxygen-rich blood returned to the left side of the heart is pumped out into the aorta

A

systemic circulation

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56
Q

has thicker walls because it pumps blood to the body through the systemic circuit

A

Left ventricle

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57
Q

in systemic circulation, Oxygen-poor blood returns to the right atrium via ???, which empty blood into the superior or inferior vena cava

A

systemic veins

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58
Q

Allow blood to flow in only one direction, to prevent backflow

A

heart valves

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59
Q

Valves open and close in response to ?

A

pressure changes in the heart

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60
Q

valves between atria and ventricles

A

atrioventricular valves

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61
Q

2 atrioventricular valves

A

bicuspid and tricuspid valve

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62
Q

Left AV valve:

A

bicuspid (mitral) valve

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63
Q

also known as mitral valve

A

bicuspid valve

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64
Q

Right AV valve:

A

tricuspid valve

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65
Q

Functions of AV valves

A

□ Anchored the cusps in place by chordae tendineae to the walls of the ventricles

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66
Q

AV valves open during

A

heart relaxation, when blood passively fills the chambers

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67
Q

AV valves closes during

A

ventricular contraction

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68
Q

valves between ventricle and artery

A

Semilunar valves

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69
Q

2 semilunar valves

A

§ Pulmonary semilunar valve
§ Aortic semilunar valve

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70
Q

SV valves close and open during?

A

□ Closed during heart relaxation
□ Open during ventricular contraction

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71
Q

Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the ?

A

myocardium

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72
Q
  • The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system consisting of: (3)
A

coronary arteries
cardiac veins
coronary sinus

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73
Q

branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

A

coronary arteries

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74
Q

drain the myocardium of blood

A

cardiac veins

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75
Q

a large vein on the posterior of the heart; receives blood from cardiac veins

A

coronary sinus

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76
Q

in cardiac circulation, Blood empties into the right atrium via the ?

A

coronary sinus

77
Q

What makes the heart beat?

A

Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system) of the heart

78
Q

○ Built into the heart tissue and sets its basic rhythm
○ Composed of specialized tissue

A

intrinsic conduction system

79
Q

Causes heart muscle depolarization in one direction only (atria to ventricles)

A

intrinsic conduction system

80
Q

intrinsic conduction system: Heart rate

A

75 beats per minute

81
Q

contracts spontaneously and independently of nerve impulses

A

Cardiac muscle

82
Q

contractions that occur in a regular and continuous way

A

Spontaneous contractions

83
Q

spontaneous contractions: Atrial cells beat ??? times per minute

A

60

84
Q

spontaneous contractions: Ventricular cells beat ??? times per minute

A

20−40

85
Q

Intrinsic conduction system of the heart components include (4)

A
  • sinoatrial node
  • atrioventricular node
  • atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
  • purkinje fibers
86
Q

[intrinsic conduction system]
□ Located in the right atrium
□ Serves as the heart’s pacemaker

A

sinoatrial node

87
Q

[intrinsic conduction system]
is at the junction of the atria and ventricles

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

88
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) bundle is also known as

A

bundle of his

89
Q

[intrinsic conduction system]
??? and bundle branches are in the interventricular septum

A

Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His)

90
Q

[intrinsic conduction system] spread within the ventricle wall muscles

A

Purkinje fibers

91
Q

Intrinsic conduction system of the heart pathway

A

○ The sinoatrial node (SA node) starts each heartbeat
○ Impulse spreads through the atria to the AV node
○ Atria contract
○ At the AV node, the impulse is delayed briefly
○ Impulse travels through the AV bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
○ Ventricles contract; blood is ejected from the heart

92
Q

damage to AV node causes ventricles to beat at their own rate, which is much slower, some or all of the time

A

heart block

93
Q

can be installed if there’s damage to SA node

A

artificial pacemakers

94
Q

lack of adequate blood supply to the heart muscles

A

ischemia

95
Q

rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the ventricles; makes the heart unable to pump blood

A

fibrillation

96
Q

major cause of death from heart attacks in adult

A

fibrillation

97
Q

rapid heart rate, over 100 beats per minute

A

tachycardia

98
Q

slow heart rate, less than 60 beats per minutes

A

bradycardia

99
Q

Normal heart rate=

A

60-100 bpm

100
Q

refers to one complete heartbeat, in which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax

A

The cardiac cycle

101
Q

systole

A

contraction

102
Q

Diastole

A

relaxation

103
Q

Average heart rate is approximately

A

75 beats per minute

104
Q

Cardiac cycle length is normally

A

0.8 second

105
Q

longer, louder heart sound caused by the closing of the AV valves
§ S1 (sound 1)

A

lub

106
Q

short, sharp heart sound caused by the closing of the semilunar valves at the end of ventricular systole
§ S2

A

dup

107
Q

sounds during heartbeat cycle (whooshing or swishing) made by turbulent blood in or near your heart
§ Not a disease but may/can indicate an underlying heart problem
§ S3 (usually not normal)

A

heart murmurs

108
Q

Amount of blood pumped by each side (ventricle) of the heart in 1 minute

A

cardiac output (CO)

109
Q

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction (each heartbeat)

A

stroke volume (SV)

110
Q

About ?? ml of blood is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat

A

70

111
Q

CO =

A

HR x SV

112
Q

?? percent of blood in ventricles (about 70 ml/2 ounces) is pumped with each heartbeat

A

60

113
Q

○ The critical factor controlling SV is how much cardiac muscle is stretched
○ The more the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction

A

starling’s law of the heart

114
Q

is the important factor influencing the stretch of heart muscle

A

Venous return

115
Q

plays a major role in increasing the venous return

A

Muscular pump

116
Q

factors modifying basic heart rate (3)

A

neural (ANS) controls
hormones and ions
physical factors

117
Q

Neural (ANS) controls: speeds heart rate

A

sympathetic nervous system

118
Q

Neural (ANS) controls: primarily vagus nerve fibers, slow and steady the heart rate

A

parasympathetic nervous system

119
Q

Hormones and ions: Epinephrine and thyroxine ?? heart rate

A

speeds

120
Q

Hormones and ions: Excess or lack of (3) ions also modify heart activity

A

calcium, sodium, and potassium

121
Q

Physical factors:
(4) influence heart rate

A

Age, gender, exercise, body temperature

122
Q

Resting heart rate in fetus

A

140 – 160 beats per minute

123
Q

Ave. heart rate adult females (???); male (???)

A

72 – 80;
64 – 72

124
Q

???: heart and respiratory rate (increase)

A

Fever

125
Q

form a closed vascular system that transports blood to the tissues and back to the heart

A

Blood vessels

126
Q

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

Arteries and arterioles

127
Q

Vessels that play a role in exchanges between tissues and blood

A

Capillary beds

128
Q

Vessels that return blood toward the heart

A

Venules and veins

129
Q

layers (???) in blood vessels (except the capillaries)

A

tunics

130
Q

Three layers (tunics) in blood vessels (except the capillaries)

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa

131
Q

tunic: forms a friction-reducing lining
○ Endothelium

A

Tunica intima

132
Q

tunic:
○ Smooth muscle and elastic tissue
○ Controlled by sympathetic nervous system

A

tunica media

133
Q

tunic: forms protective outermost covering
○ Mostly fibrous connective tissue
○ Supports and protects the vessel

A

tunica externa

134
Q

have a heavier, stronger, stretchier tunica media than veins to withstand changes in pressure

A

arteries

135
Q

have a thinner tunica media than arteries and operate under low pressure

A

veins

136
Q

??? of veins is larger than that of arteries

A

Lumen

137
Q

“milks” blood in veins toward the heart

A

Skeletal muscle

138
Q

○ Only one cell layer thick (tunica intima)
○ Allow for exchanges between blood and tissue

A

capillaries

139
Q

capillaries form networks called capillary beds that consist of: (2)

A

A vascular shunt
True capillaries

140
Q

Blood flow through a capillary bed is known as

A

microcirculation

141
Q

Branch off a terminal arteriole

A

true capillaries

142
Q

true capillaries empty directly into a

A

postcapillary venule

143
Q

Entrances to capillary beds are guarded by

A

precapillary sphincters

144
Q

Largest artery in the body

A

aorta

145
Q

Leaves from the left ventricle of the heart

A

aorta

146
Q

regions of aorta: leaves the left ventricle

A

Ascending aorta

147
Q

regions of aorta: arches to the left

A

Aortic arch

148
Q

regions of aorta: travels downward through the thorax

A

Thoracic aorta

149
Q

regions of aorta: passes through the diaphragm into the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Abdominal aorta

150
Q

Arterial branches of the ascending aorta: serve the heart

A

Right and left coronary arteries

151
Q

vein that drains the head and arms

A

superior vena cava

152
Q

vein that drains the lower body

A

inferior vena cava

153
Q

Measurements of arterial pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and body temperature

A

vital signs

154
Q

Alternate expansion and recoil of a blood vessel wall (the pressure wave) that occurs as the heart beats

A

arterial pulse

155
Q

Monitored at pressure points in superficial arteries, where pulse is easily palpated

A

arterial pulse

156
Q

in superficial arteries, where pulse is easily palpated

A

pressure points

157
Q

Pulse averages ? to ? beats per minute at rest, in a healthy person

A

70 to 76

158
Q

Body sites where the pulse is most easily palpated

A

[artery]
- superficial temporal
- facial
- common carotid
- brachial
- radial
- apical
- femoral
- popliteal
- posterior tibial
- dorsalis pedis

159
Q

The force that causes blood to continue to flow in the blood vessels

A

blood pressure

160
Q

The pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels

A

blood pressure

161
Q

Two arterial blood pressures are measured

A

systolic, diastolic

162
Q

pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction

A

Systolic

163
Q

pressure when ventricles relax

A

Diastolic

164
Q

blood pressure is expressed as?

A

systolic pressure over diastolic pressure in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)

165
Q

normal blood pressure

A

120/80 mm Hg

166
Q

is an indirect method of measuring systemic arterial blood pressure, most often in the brachial artery

A

Auscultatory method

167
Q

is directly related to cardiac output and peripheral resistance

A

Arterial blood pressure (BP)

168
Q

the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute

A

Cardiac output CO

169
Q

the amount of friction blood encounters as it flows through vessels

A

Peripheral resistance, PR

170
Q

neural factors: has little to no effect on blood pressure

A

parasympathetic nervous system

171
Q

neural factors: promotes vasoconstriction (narrowing of vessels), which increases blood pressure

A

Sympathetic nervous system

172
Q

regulate blood pressure by altering blood volume

A

kidneys

173
Q

If blood pressure is too high, the kidneys release ??? in the urine

A

water

174
Q

If blood pressure is too low, the kidneys release ??? to trigger formation of angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor

A

renin

175
Q

Commonly believed that a diet low in salt, saturated fats, and cholesterol prevents what

A

hypertension (high blood pressure)

176
Q

○ Low systolic (below 100 mm Hg)
○ Often associated with illness
○ Acute hypotension is a warning sign for circulatory shock

A

hypotension

177
Q

○ Sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 mm Hg
○ Warns of increased peripheral resistance

A

hypertension

178
Q

fluid that is found between cells

A

Interstitial fluid (tissue fluid)

179
Q

Substances move to and from the blood and tissue cells through

A

capillary walls

180
Q

in an embryo: The heart develops as a simple tube and pumps blood by

A

week 4 of pregnancy

181
Q

in an embryo: The heart becomes a four-chambered organ capable of acting as a double pump when?

A

over the next 3 weeks (after week 4 of pregnancy)

182
Q

heartbeat is heard in an embryo when?

A

1 month of pregnancy

183
Q

Carries nutrients and oxygen from maternal blood to fetal blood

A

umbilical cord

184
Q

Fetal wastes move from and to?

A

fetal blood to maternal blood

185
Q

umbilical cord houses: (2)

A

1 umbilical vein
2 umbilical arteries

186
Q

carries nutrient- and oxygen-rich blood to the fetus

A

One umbilical vein

187
Q

carry wastes and carbon dioxide–rich blood from the fetus to placenta

A

umbilical arteries

188
Q

Age-related problems associated with the cardiovascular system include: (5)

A
  • Weakening of venous valves
    • Varicose veins
    • Progressive arteriosclerosis
    • Hypertension from loss of elasticity of vessels
    • Coronary artery disease from fatty, calcified deposits in the vessels

ANAPHY (4 decks)

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