Respiratory system Flashcards
1
Q
how do you treat emphysema?
A
- inhalers
- nebulisers
- stop smoking
- pulmonary rehab
- oxygen therapy
2
Q
how do you treat asthma?
A
- preventative inhaler
- reliever inhaler
- identification of triggers
- nebulisers
3
Q
what happens to the intercostal muscles during inspiration?
A
- contract
- move ribs upwards & outwards
- increases size of chest
- decreases air pressure inside
4
Q
how do you monitor emphysema?
A
- lung function tests
- chest x-rays
- CT scan
5
Q
what are the products of lactic acid?
A
- used as additional energy
- build up in muscles causes fatigue
- breaks down using oxygen
6
Q
what happens to the pleural membranes during expiration?
A
- cavity pressure reverses
- temporarily collapses bronchi
- limits airflow
7
Q
how do you monitor asthma?
A
- peak flow
- regular GP checkups
8
Q
what are the properties of the bronchi?
A
- one leading to each lung
- carry air from trachea to lungs
- 2 further large tubes
9
Q
what are some triggers of asthma?
A
- dust
- pollen
- cigarrete smoke
- exercise
- animal fur
10
Q
what is cystic fibrosis?
A
- caused by a defective gene on one of our chromosomes
- produce thick & sticky mucus->blocks bronchioles of respiratory gases
- mucus traps bacteria
11
Q
what are properties of alveoli walls?
A
- vast number of air sacs
- one cell thick
- inner surface coated with water
12
Q
what are the properties of the intercostal muscles?
A
- located between & attached to ribs
- helps with breathing by controlling movement of chest
13
Q
what are the properties of the diaphram?
A
- doomed sheet of muscle
- seperates lungs from digestive organs
- muscle used for breathing
14
Q
what are the properties of the trachea?
A
- windpipe made from cartilage
- carries air from larynx to lungs
- protected from food particles by epiglottis
15
Q
what are the properties of the pleural membrane?
A
- thin layer of tissue
- lines chest cavity & covers lungs
- protects & cushions the lungs
- helps them move smoothly while breathing
16
Q
what is the function of plasma?
A
transports carbon dioxide from body cells to lungs
17
Q
what are physical effects of emphysema?
A
- destruction of alveoli in lungs
- less SA for gaseous exchange
- less oxygen obtained by body
- lack of energy
- immobile
18
Q
how do you treat cystic fibrosis?
A
- steroids
- physiotherapy
- oxygen therapy
- regular monitoring
- lung transplant
- dietary supplements
19
Q
what are the properties of pyruvic acid?
A
- involved in energy generation
- can be converted to lactic acid under aerobic respiration
- can be broken down into water & carbon dioxide in presence of oxygen
- generates large amounts of ATP
20
Q
what is the second stage of cellular respiration?
A
- chemical passes into mitochondria of cell
- has a series of reactions resulting in more energy released
21
Q
what is the first stage of cellular respiration?
A
- glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm of a cell
- breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid with energy
22
Q
what happens to the diaphram during expiration?
A
- relaxes
- moves back to dome-like shape
- forces air out of lungs
23
Q
what is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
A
biochemical way to store & use energy
24
Q
what is adenosine diphosphate (ADP)?
A
uses energy released from the breakdown of glucose
25
what is the function of the diffusion gradient?
- oxygen diffuses into blood & combines with hemoglobin in RBCs
- carbon dioxide in blood diffuses in opposite direction
26
how do you monitor cystic fibrosis?
regular appointments to monitor condition
27
what is cellular respiration?
- series of biochemicals
- break down large molecules into smaller ones
- releases energy in form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- 2 types -> aerobic & anaerobic
28
what is inspiration?
breathing in
29
what is asthma?
- bronchi of lungs become inflammed & narrow
- muscles contract
- increase in production of mucus
30
what is the third stage of cellular respiration?
takes place in walls of mitochondria where oxygen is needed
31
what happens to the diaphram during inspiration?
- contracts
- moves downwards
- allows lungs to expand
32
what happens to the pleural membranes during inspiration?
allows lungs to move smoothly within chest cavity
33
what is emphysema?
- condition withinna group of respiratory illnesse (COPD)
- caused by long-term smoking
- damages alveoli & smaller terminal bronchioles
- decreases efficiency of lungs
34
what happens to the intercostal muscles during expiration?
- relax
- mves ribs downwards & inwards
- decreases size of chest
- increases air pressure inside
35
what are the properties of anaerobic respiration?
- doesnt require oxygen
- produces less ATP
- lactose is produced
- lactic acid is waste product
- takes place in cytoplasm
36
what are the properties of the bronchioles?
- between bronchi & alveoli
- smaller branching tubes
- carry air to small sacs in lungs (alveoli)
37
what is expiration?
breathing out
38
what are the properties of aerobic respiration?
- requires oxygen
- produces more ATP
- carbon dioxide is produced
- carbon dioxide is waste product
- takes place in mitochondria
39
what is gaseous exchange?
- oxygen moves from lungs to bloodstream
- carbon dioxide passes from blood to lungs
- occurs between alveoli & capillaries
40
what are the properties of the alveoli?
- tiny elasticated cavities
- facilitate exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide between lungs & blood
41
what is the function of the alveoli?
site of gaseous exchange
42
what are the properties of the larynx?
- voice box
- found at top of trachea
- contains muscles & ligaments
- enable us to speak
