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H&SC Human Anatomy > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the properties of the larynx?

A
  • voice box
  • found at top of trachea
  • contains muscles & ligaments
  • enable us to speak
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2
Q

what are the properties of the trachea?

A
  • windpipe made from cartilage
  • carries air from larynx to lungs
  • protected from food particles by epiglottis
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3
Q

what are the properties of the bronchi?

A
  • one leading to each lung
  • carry air from trachea to lungs
  • 2 further large tubes
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4
Q

what are the properties of the bronchioles?

A
  • between bronchi & alveoli
  • smaller branching tubes
  • carry air to small sacs in lungs (alveoli)
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5
Q

what are the properties of the alveoli?

A
  • tiny elasticated cavities
  • facilitate exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide between lungs & blood
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6
Q

what are the properties of the diaphram?

A
  • doomed sheet of muscle
  • seperates lungs from digestive organs
  • muscle used for breathing
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7
Q

what are the properties of the intercostal muscles?

A
  • located between & attached to ribs
  • helps with breathing by controlling movement of chest
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8
Q

what are the properties of the pleural membrane?

A
  • thin layer of tissue
  • lines chest cavity & covers lungs
  • protects & cushions the lungs
  • helps them move smoothly while breathing
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9
Q

what is inspiration?

A

breathing in

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10
Q

what is expiration?

A

breathing out

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11
Q

what happens to the intercostal muscles during inspiration?

A
  • contract
  • move ribs upwards & outwards
  • increases size of chest
  • decreases air pressure inside
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12
Q

what happens to the diaphram during inspiration?

A
  • contracts
  • moves downwards
  • allows lungs to expand
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13
Q

what happens to the pleural membranes during inspiration?

A

allows lungs to move smoothly within chest cavity

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14
Q

what happens to the intercostal muscles during expiration?

A
  • relax
  • mves ribs downwards & inwards
  • decreases size of chest
  • increases air pressure inside
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15
Q

what happens to the diaphram during expiration?

A
  • relaxes
  • moves back to dome-like shape
  • forces air out of lungs
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16
Q

what happens to the pleural membranes during expiration?

A
  • cavity pressure reverses
  • temporarily collapses bronchi
  • limits airflow
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17
Q

what is the function of the alveoli?

A

site of gaseous exchange

18
Q

what is the function of plasma?

A

transports carbon dioxide from body cells to lungs

19
Q

what is gaseous exchange?

A
  • oxygen moves from lungs to bloodstream
  • carbon dioxide passes from blood to lungs
  • occurs between alveoli & capillaries
20
Q

what are functions of alveoli walls?

A
  • vast number of air sacs
  • one cell thick
  • inner surface coated with water
21
Q

what is the function of the diffusion gradient?

A
  • oxygen diffuses into blood & combines with hemoglobin in RBCs
  • carbon dioxide in blood diffuses in opposite direction
22
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A
  • series of biochemicals
  • break down large molecules into smaller ones
  • releases energy in form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
  • 2 types -> aerobic & anaerobic
23
Q

what are the properties of aerobic respiration?

A
  • requires oxygen
  • produces more ATP
  • carbon dioxide is produced
  • carbon dioxide is waste product
  • takes place in mitochondria
24
Q

what are the properties of anaerobic respiration?

A
  • doesnt require oxygen
  • produces less ATP
  • lactose is produced
  • lactic acid is waste product
  • takes place in cytoplasm
25
Q

what is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

A

biochemical way to store & use energy

26
Q

what is adenosine diphosphate (ADP)?

A

uses energy released from the breakdown of glucose

27
Q

what are the products of lactic acid?

A
  • used as additional energy
  • build up in muscles causes fatigue
  • breaks down using oxygen
28
Q

what are the properties of pyruvic acid?

A
  • involved in energy generation
  • can be converted to lactic acid under aerobic respiration
  • can be broken down into water & carbon dioxide in presence of oxygen
  • generates large amounts of ATP
29
Q

what is the first stage of cellular respiration?

A
  • glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm of a cell
  • breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid with energy
30
Q

what is the second stage of cellular respiration?

A
  • chemical passes into mitochondria of cell
  • has a series of reactions resulting in more energy released
31
Q

what is the third stage of cellular respiration?

A

takes place in walls of mitochondria where oxygen is needed

32
Q

what is asthma?

A
  • bronchi of lungs become inflammed & narrow
  • muscles contract
  • increase in production of mucus
33
Q

what are some triggers of asthma?

A
  • dust
  • pollen
  • cigarrete smoke
  • exercise
  • animal fur
34
Q

how do you monitor asthma?

A
  • peak flow
  • regular GP checkups
35
Q

how do you treat asthma?

A
  • preventative inhaler
  • reliever inhaler
  • identification of triggers
  • nebulisers
36
Q

what is emphysema?

A
  • condition withinna group of respiratory illnesse (COPD)
  • caused by long-term smoking
  • damages alveoli & smaller terminal bronchioles
  • decreases efficiency of lungs
37
Q

what are physical effects of physical effects?

A
  • destruction of alveoli in lungs
  • less SA for gaseous exchange
  • less oxygen obtained by body
  • lack of energy
  • immobile
38
Q

how do you monitor emphysema?

A
  • lung function tests
  • chest x-rays
  • CT scan
39
Q

how do you treat emphysema?

A
  • inhalers
  • nebulisers
  • stop smoking
  • pulmonary rehab
  • oxygen therapy
40
Q

what is cystic fibrosis?

A
  • caused by a defective gene on one of our chromosomes
  • produce thick & sticky mucus->blocks bronchioles of respiratory gases
  • mucus traps bacteria
41
Q

how do you monitor cystic fibrosis?

A

regular appointments to monitor condition

42
Q

how do you treat cystic fibrosis?

A
  • steroids
  • physiotherapy
  • oxygen therapy
  • regular monitoring
  • lung transplant
  • dietary supplements

H&SC Human Anatomy (6 decks)

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