Respiratory system Flashcards
how do you treat emphysema?
- inhalers
- nebulisers
- stop smoking
- pulmonary rehab
- oxygen therapy
how do you treat asthma?
- preventative inhaler
- reliever inhaler
- identification of triggers
- nebulisers
what happens to the intercostal muscles during inspiration?
- contract
- move ribs upwards & outwards
- increases size of chest
- decreases air pressure inside
how do you monitor emphysema?
- lung function tests
- chest x-rays
- CT scan
what are the products of lactic acid?
- used as additional energy
- build up in muscles causes fatigue
- breaks down using oxygen
what happens to the pleural membranes during expiration?
- cavity pressure reverses
- temporarily collapses bronchi
- limits airflow
how do you monitor asthma?
- peak flow
- regular GP checkups
what are the properties of the bronchi?
- one leading to each lung
- carry air from trachea to lungs
- 2 further large tubes
what are some triggers of asthma?
- dust
- pollen
- cigarrete smoke
- exercise
- animal fur
what is cystic fibrosis?
- caused by a defective gene on one of our chromosomes
- produce thick & sticky mucus->blocks bronchioles of respiratory gases
- mucus traps bacteria
what are functions of alveoli walls?
- vast number of air sacs
- one cell thick
- inner surface coated with water
what are the properties of the intercostal muscles?
- located between & attached to ribs
- helps with breathing by controlling movement of chest
what are the properties of the diaphram?
- doomed sheet of muscle
- seperates lungs from digestive organs
- muscle used for breathing
what are the properties of the trachea?
- windpipe made from cartilage
- carries air from larynx to lungs
- protected from food particles by epiglottis
what are the properties of the pleural membrane?
- thin layer of tissue
- lines chest cavity & covers lungs
- protects & cushions the lungs
- helps them move smoothly while breathing
what is the function of plasma?
transports carbon dioxide from body cells to lungs
what are physical effects of emphysema?
- destruction of alveoli in lungs
- less SA for gaseous exchange
- less oxygen obtained by body
- lack of energy
- immobile
how do you treat cystic fibrosis?
- steroids
- physiotherapy
- oxygen therapy
- regular monitoring
- lung transplant
- dietary supplements
what are the properties of pyruvic acid?
- involved in energy generation
- can be converted to lactic acid under aerobic respiration
- can be broken down into water & carbon dioxide in presence of oxygen
- generates large amounts of ATP
what is the second stage of cellular respiration?
- chemical passes into mitochondria of cell
- has a series of reactions resulting in more energy released
what is the first stage of cellular respiration?
- glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm of a cell
- breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid with energy
what happens to the diaphram during expiration?
- relaxes
- moves back to dome-like shape
- forces air out of lungs
what is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
biochemical way to store & use energy
what is adenosine diphosphate (ADP)?
uses energy released from the breakdown of glucose
what is the function of the diffusion gradient?
- oxygen diffuses into blood & combines with hemoglobin in RBCs
- carbon dioxide in blood diffuses in opposite direction
how do you monitor cystic fibrosis?
regular appointments to monitor condition
what is cellular respiration?
- series of biochemicals
- break down large molecules into smaller ones
- releases energy in form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- 2 types -> aerobic & anaerobic
what is inspiration?
breathing in
what is asthma?
- bronchi of lungs become inflammed & narrow
- muscles contract
- increase in production of mucus
what is the third stage of cellular respiration?
takes place in walls of mitochondria where oxygen is needed
what happens to the diaphram during inspiration?
- contracts
- moves downwards
- allows lungs to expand
what happens to the pleural membranes during inspiration?
allows lungs to move smoothly within chest cavity
what is emphysema?
- condition withinna group of respiratory illnesse (COPD)
- caused by long-term smoking
- damages alveoli & smaller terminal bronchioles
- decreases efficiency of lungs
what happens to the intercostal muscles during expiration?
- relax
- mves ribs downwards & inwards
- decreases size of chest
- increases air pressure inside
what are the properties of anaerobic respiration?
- doesnt require oxygen
- produces less ATP
- lactose is produced
- lactic acid is waste product
- takes place in cytoplasm
what are the properties of the bronchioles?
- between bronchi & alveoli
- smaller branching tubes
- carry air to small sacs in lungs (alveoli)
what is expiration?
breathing out
what are the properties of aerobic respiration?
- requires oxygen
- produces more ATP
- carbon dioxide is produced
- carbon dioxide is waste product
- takes place in mitochondria
what is gaseous exchange?
- oxygen moves from lungs to bloodstream
- carbon dioxide passes from blood to lungs
- occurs between alveoli & capillaries
what are the properties of the alveoli?
- tiny elasticated cavities
- facilitate exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide between lungs & blood
what is the function of the alveoli?
site of gaseous exchange
what are the properties of the larynx?
- voice box
- found at top of trachea
- contains muscles & ligaments
- enable us to speak
