Control & Regulatory systems Flashcards
1
Q
what is urea?
A
waste product formed in liver during breakdown of proteins
2
Q
what is the process of excretion/deamination?
A
Urea filtered from blood in glomerulus and excreted in urine
3
Q
what is the function of the cerebellum?
A
coordination of balance, posture & fine motor movements
4
Q
what is cirrhosis?
A
severe scarring to liver
5
Q
how does the body monitor homeostasis?
A
- uses receptors to monitor key variables, eg. temperature/ blood pressure
- detect stimuli
6
Q
what is the function of the hypothalamus?
A
regulates body temp, appetite & hormones
7
Q
what is the function of the cerebral cortex?
A
higher brain functions like thought, memory, language, voluntary movement & sensory processing
8
Q
what is the structure of the medulla?
A
- located in brainstem, connecting spinal cord & brain
- lies at base of brain
9
Q
why is homeostasis important?
A
- Maintaining optimal conditions- enzymes control biochemical reactions
work best in specific temperature and pH ranges - Preventing damage- extreme temperatures and pH damage cells
- Supporting life processes- necessary for processes like respiration or digestion
10
Q
what are possible causes of nephrotic syndrome?
A
- glomerulonephritis
- diabetes
- use of certain drugs
11
Q
what are neurons?
A
specialised cells designed to transmit chemical & electrical signals through the body
12
Q
what is the process of osmoregulation?
A
- blood water levels sensed by hypothalamus
- when water levels too low, ADH released
- when water levels are too high, less ADH released
13
Q
what is the function of the adrenal gland?
A
produce adrenaline- prepares body for action in times of stress or danger by increasing heart rate etc
14
Q
what effects does cirrhosis have on individuals?
A
- nausea
- memory problems
- fatigue
15
Q
what is th structure of a synapse?
A
gap between neurons
16
Q
what is nephrotic syndrome?
A
kidney disorder that causes body to excrete too much protein in urine, due to damage to glomeruli
17
Q
how do you monitor multiple sclerosis?
A
- MRI scans- detect plaques in brain
- neurological exams- check muscle strength
- lumbar puncture- analyze cerebrospinal fluid
18
Q
what is the function of the pituitary gland?
A
- produce somatotropin- promote bone browth
- produce prolactin- stimulates lactation
- produce LH & FSH- involved in menstrual cycle
- produce oxytocin- initiates contraction of uterus
- produce ADH- triggers uptake of water from urine in kidney
19
Q
what is the function of the urethra?
A
passage for urine from bladder to outside of body
20
Q
what is the structure of the cerebellum?
A
- located at back of brain, behind cerebral cortex
- wrinkled surface with two hemispheres similar to cerebral cortex
21
Q
what is the structure of a myelin sheath?
A
- lined with fatty substance
- layer around Schwann cells
- wrapped around axon
- not continuous; gaps known as Nodes of Ranvier.
22
Q
what is a stroke?
A
blood supply to part of brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen & nutrients.
23
Q
what is the sympathetic system?
A
prepares us for action by activating functions needed for survival
24
Q
what are the care needs for a stroke?
A
- occupational therapy
- anti-depressants
- speech therapy
25
what are the care needs for nephrotic syndrome?
1. dietary management- low protein diet to reduce strain on kidneys
2. fluid management- help swelling
3. emotional support- manage stress of condition
26
what is the process of ultrafiltration?
blood flowing through capillaries/glomerulus is filtered
27
what is the function of the kidney cortex?
houses nephrons responsible for blood filtration & urine formation
28
what is multiple sclerosis?
chronic condition where immune system attacks protective sheath surrounding nerves
29
how do you treat diabetes?
1. insulin injections- reduce glucose levels
2. pancreatic cell transplant- prevents low glucose levels
3. drugs- stimulate insulin production
30
what do you treat multiple sclerosis?
1. medications- reduce autoimmune response
2. physiotherapy- help with muscle stiffness
3. speech therapy- help with communication
31
what effects does a stroke have on individuals?
1. slurred speech
2. loss of mobility
2. face droop on one side
32
how do you treat a stoke?
1. medications- dissolve blood clots
2. surgery- repair ruptured blood vessels
3. antiplatelet drugs- prevent further formation of blood clots
33
what are possible causes of cirrhosis?
1. excessive amounts of alcohol
2. hepatitis infection
3. fatty diet
34
how do you moitor diabetes?
1. blood glucose monitoring- regular testing
2. urine tests- check for ketones
3. regular eye exams- monitor for diabetic retinopathy
35
what are the care needs for multiple sclerosis?
1. mobility support- wheelchair
2. emotional support- councilling
3. fatigue management- energy conservation strategies
36
what are the sensory neurones?
carry messages from sense organs to CNS
37
what is the function of the kidney?
remove waste products from blood and produce urine
38
how do you monitor a stroke?
1. CT scans- locate location of stroke
2. blood pressure monitoring- check for hyprtension
3. Neurological assessments- monitor symptoms
39
what is the function of the frontal lobe?
decision making, problem solving, personality & control of voluntary movement
40
what are the care needs for cirrhosis?
1. nutritional support- balanced diet & low sodium to manage fluid retention
2. infection prevention- due to increased risk of infections
3. psychological support- dealing with lifestyl changes
41
what is homeostasis?
ability to maintain bodys internal environment
42
what is the function of a synapse?
sets off a new nerve impulse
43
what is the central nervous system?
peripheral nerves spreading out from the brain & spinal cord
44
what are motor neurones?
carry messages from CNS to tissues
45
what is the function of the kidney medulla?
- contains loop of henle & collecting ducts
- concentrates urine
46
what is detoxification?
liver cells remove poisons by breaking them down into harmless components
47
what part of the nephron is involved in ultrafiltration?
- bowman’s capsule
- glomerulus
48
what are the care needs for diabetes?
1. education- teach about diabetes management
2. foot care- regular foot exams to prevent ulcers
3. emotional support- support groups
49
what part of the nephron is involved in selective reabsorption?
proximal tubule
50
what is the function of the bladder?
stores urine until excretion
51
what is the function of a dendron?
carry electrical impulses
toward neuron’s cell body
52
what is a dendron?
shorter, branching structures that extend
from cell body and specialized to receive incoming signals from other neurons
53
what is the structure of the hypothalamus?
- between frontal lobe & cerebellum
54
what effects does diabetes have on individuals?
1. insulin injections
2. strokes
3. kidney damage
55
what effects does multiple sclerosis have on individuals?
1. loss of eyesight
2. cognitive problems
3. loss of mobility
56
what is the structure of the corpus callosum?
- thick bond of nerve fibres
- located beneath cerebral cortex
- connects left & right hemisphere
57
what is the process of selective reabsorption?
molecules like glucose needed by body are taken back into blood
58
what is the structure of the meninges?
- 3 layers of membrane that cover & protect brain & spinal cord
59
how do you treat nephrotic syndrome?
1. low sodium diet- control swelling & blood pressure
2. corticostreroids- reduce inflammation in kindeys
3. diuretics- manage fluid retention
60
what are the functions of the parasympathetic system?
- dilate pupils
- inhibit salivation
- increase heartbeat
- relax airways
- inhibit activity of stomach
61
what is the function of the corpus callosum?
communication between left & right hemispheres
62
what is the structure of the frontal lobe?
- located at front of brain, in cerebral cortex, behind forehead
- largest of brain lobes
63
what is the function of the meninges?
- protect brain & spinal cord by providing cushioning with cerebrospinal fluid
- prevent infection
64
what is diabetes?
type 1- immune system destroys insulin-producing beta cells in pancreas
type 2- pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin
65
how does homeostasis operate through negative feedback? (include example)
- trigger responses work to everse change & restore equilibrium
- for example, if body temp rises, body initiates sweating to cool down
66
what are possible causes of diabetes?
type 1- autoimmune condition & genetics
type 2- obesity, lack of physical activity
67
what part of the nephron is involved in osmoregulation?
- loop of henle
- collecting duct
68
what is the function of an axon?
Transmits nerve impulses over long distances
69
what is the function of the thyroid gland?
1. produce thyroxine- regulate cell metabolism
2. produce calcitonin- regulate calcium absorption
70
what is the function of the nephron?
responsible for filtration, reabsorption & secretion
71
what is the function of the renal artery?
supply oxygenated blood & remove deoxygenated blood
72
what effects does nephrotic syndrome have on individuals?
1. swelling in face, ankles & feet
2. foamy urine due to high protein
3. increased risk of infections
73
what are the 3 layers of membrane in the meninges?
1. dura mater- tough outer layer
2. Arachnoid mater- middle, web-like layer
3. pia mater- thin layer, adheres directly to brains surface
74
how does homeostasis operate through positive feedback? (include example)
- amplifies changes in certain physiological conditions
- for eample, in childbirth
75
how do you monitor nephrotic syndrome?
1. urinalysis- check protein contents in urine
2. blood tests- monitor kidney function
3. blood pressure monitoring- regular checks
76
what are the functions of the sympathetic system?
(name 3)
- constrict pupils
- stimulate siliva
- slowdown heartbeat
- constrict airways
- stimulate stomach
77
what is the function of the ureters?
transport urine from kidneys to bladder via peristalsis
78
what is the function of the calyx?
funnels urine from renal pyramids to renal pelvis
79
what is the function of the medulla?
controls vital involuntary functions, like breathing, heart rate & blood pressure
80
what is an axon?
single, long fibre that extends from neurons cell body
81
how do you monitor cirrhosis?
1. blood tests- monitorlevels of liver enzymes
2. CT scans- detect complications like cancer
3. endoscopy- check for esophageal varices
82
what is the parasympathetic system?
dampening down sympathetic & restoring the body to its normal resting state
83
how do you treat cirrhosis?
1. diuretics- reduce fluid retention
2. beta-blockers- reduce risk of bleding varices
3. liver transplant- due to liver failure in sever cases
84
what are possible causes of a stroke?
1. high blood pressure
2. coronary heart disease
3. obesity
85
how are effectors required in homeostasis? (include example)
- bring about necessary changes to return body to homeostasis
- for example, when body temperature is too low, muscles shiver to generate heat
86
what is the function of the myelin sheath?
1. insulation- prevents electrical signals leaking out of axon
2. increase signal speed- speeds up nerve transmission
3. protection- protects axon from damage
87
what are possible causes of multiple sclerosis?
1. autoimmune response
2. genetics
3. myelin sheath eroded
88
what is the structure of the cerebral cortex?
- outer layer of cerebrum
- centre of conscous thought
89
what are the peripheral nerves?
- travel from skin & muscles
- contain sensory & motor neurones
90
what is the function of the pancreas?
1. produce insulin- lowers blood sugar levels
2. produce glucagon- raise blood sugar levels
