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H&SC Human Anatomy > Control & Regulatory systems > Flashcards

Control & Regulatory systems Flashcards

1
Q

what is urea?

A

waste product formed in liver during breakdown of proteins

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2
Q

what is the process of excretion/deamination?

A

Urea filtered from blood in glomerulus and excreted in urine

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3
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

coordination of balance, posture & fine motor movements

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4
Q

what is cirrhosis?

A

severe scarring to liver

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5
Q

how does the body monitor homeostasis?

A
  • uses receptors to monitor key variables, eg. temperature/ blood pressure
  • detect stimuli
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6
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

regulates body temp, appetite & hormones

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7
Q

what is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

higher brain functions like thought, memory, language, voluntary movement & sensory processing

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8
Q

what is the structure of the medulla?

A
  • located in brainstem, connecting spinal cord & brain
  • lies at base of brain
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9
Q

why is homeostasis important?

A
  1. Maintaining optimal conditions- enzymes control biochemical reactions
    work best in specific temperature and pH ranges
  2. Preventing damage- extreme temperatures and pH damage cells
  3. Supporting life processes- necessary for processes like respiration or digestion
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10
Q

what are possible causes of nephrotic syndrome?

A
  1. glomerulonephritis
  2. diabetes
  3. use of certain drugs
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11
Q

what are neurons?

A

specialised cells designed to transmit chemical & electrical signals through the body

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12
Q

what is the process of osmoregulation?

A
  • blood water levels sensed by hypothalamus
  • when water levels too low, ADH released
  • when water levels are too high, less ADH released
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13
Q

what is the function of the adrenal gland?

A

produce adrenaline- prepares body for action in times of stress or danger by increasing heart rate etc

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14
Q

what effects does cirrhosis have on individuals?

A
  1. nausea
  2. memory problems
  3. fatigue
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15
Q

what is th structure of a synapse?

A

gap between neurons

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16
Q

what is nephrotic syndrome?

A

kidney disorder that causes body to excrete too much protein in urine, due to damage to glomeruli

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17
Q

how do you monitor multiple sclerosis?

A
  1. MRI scans- detect plaques in brain
  2. neurological exams- check muscle strength
  3. lumbar puncture- analyze cerebrospinal fluid
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18
Q

what is the function of the pituitary gland?

A
  1. produce somatotropin- promote bone browth
  2. produce prolactin- stimulates lactation
  3. produce LH & FSH- involved in menstrual cycle
  4. produce oxytocin- initiates contraction of uterus
  5. produce ADH- triggers uptake of water from urine in kidney
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19
Q

what is the function of the urethra?

A

passage for urine from bladder to outside of body

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20
Q

what is the structure of the cerebellum?

A
  • located at back of brain, behind cerebral cortex
  • wrinkled surface with two hemispheres similar to cerebral cortex
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21
Q

what is the structure of a myelin sheath?

A
  • lined with fatty substance
  • layer around Schwann cells
  • wrapped around axon
  • not continuous; gaps known as Nodes of Ranvier.
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22
Q

what is a stroke?

A

blood supply to part of brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen & nutrients.

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23
Q

what is the sympathetic system?

A

prepares us for action by activating functions needed for survival

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24
Q

what are the care needs for a stroke?

A
  1. occupational therapy
  2. anti-depressants
  3. speech therapy
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25
Q

what are the care needs for nephrotic syndrome?

A
  1. dietary management- low protein diet to reduce strain on kidneys
  2. fluid management- help swelling
  3. emotional support- manage stress of condition
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26
Q

what is the process of ultrafiltration?

A

blood flowing through capillaries/glomerulus is filtered

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27
Q

what is the function of the kidney cortex?

A

houses nephrons responsible for blood filtration & urine formation

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28
Q

what is multiple sclerosis?

A

chronic condition where immune system attacks protective sheath surrounding nerves

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29
Q

how do you treat diabetes?

A
  1. insulin injections- reduce glucose levels
  2. pancreatic cell transplant- prevents low glucose levels
  3. drugs- stimulate insulin production
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30
Q

what do you treat multiple sclerosis?

A
  1. medications- reduce autoimmune response
  2. physiotherapy- help with muscle stiffness
  3. speech therapy- help with communication
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31
Q

what effects does a stroke have on individuals?

A
  1. slurred speech
  2. loss of mobility
  3. face droop on one side
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32
Q

how do you treat a stoke?

A
  1. medications- dissolve blood clots
  2. surgery- repair ruptured blood vessels
  3. antiplatelet drugs- prevent further formation of blood clots
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33
Q

what are possible causes of cirrhosis?

A
  1. excessive amounts of alcohol
  2. hepatitis infection
  3. fatty diet
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34
Q

how do you moitor diabetes?

A
  1. blood glucose monitoring- regular testing
  2. urine tests- check for ketones
  3. regular eye exams- monitor for diabetic retinopathy
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35
Q

what are the care needs for multiple sclerosis?

A
  1. mobility support- wheelchair
  2. emotional support- councilling
  3. fatigue management- energy conservation strategies
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36
Q

what are the sensory neurones?

A

carry messages from sense organs to CNS

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37
Q

what is the function of the kidney?

A

remove waste products from blood and produce urine

38
Q

how do you monitor a stroke?

A
  1. CT scans- locate location of stroke
  2. blood pressure monitoring- check for hyprtension
  3. Neurological assessments- monitor symptoms
39
Q

what is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

decision making, problem solving, personality & control of voluntary movement

40
Q

what are the care needs for cirrhosis?

A
  1. nutritional support- balanced diet & low sodium to manage fluid retention
  2. infection prevention- due to increased risk of infections
  3. psychological support- dealing with lifestyl changes
41
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

ability to maintain bodys internal environment

42
Q

what is the function of a synapse?

A

sets off a new nerve impulse

43
Q

what is the central nervous system?

A

peripheral nerves spreading out from the brain & spinal cord

44
Q

what are motor neurones?

A

carry messages from CNS to tissues

45
Q

what is the function of the kidney medulla?

A
  • contains loop of henle & collecting ducts
  • concentrates urine
46
Q

what is detoxification?

A

liver cells remove poisons by breaking them down into harmless components

47
Q

what part of the nephron is involved in ultrafiltration?

A
  • bowman’s capsule
  • glomerulus
48
Q

what are the care needs for diabetes?

A
  1. education- teach about diabetes management
  2. foot care- regular foot exams to prevent ulcers
  3. emotional support- support groups
49
Q

what part of the nephron is involved in selective reabsorption?

A

proximal tubule

50
Q

what is the function of the bladder?

A

stores urine until excretion

51
Q

what is the function of a dendron?

A

carry electrical impulses
toward neuron’s cell body

52
Q

what is a dendron?

A

shorter, branching structures that extend
from cell body and specialized to receive incoming signals from other neurons

53
Q

what is the structure of the hypothalamus?

A
  • between frontal lobe & cerebellum
54
Q

what effects does diabetes have on individuals?

A
  1. insulin injections
  2. strokes
  3. kidney damage
55
Q

what effects does multiple sclerosis have on individuals?

A
  1. loss of eyesight
  2. cognitive problems
  3. loss of mobility
56
Q

what is the structure of the corpus callosum?

A
  • thick bond of nerve fibres
  • located beneath cerebral cortex
  • connects left & right hemisphere
57
Q

what is the process of selective reabsorption?

A

molecules like glucose needed by body are taken back into blood

58
Q

what is the structure of the meninges?

A
  • 3 layers of membrane that cover & protect brain & spinal cord
59
Q

how do you treat nephrotic syndrome?

A
  1. low sodium diet- control swelling & blood pressure
  2. corticostreroids- reduce inflammation in kindeys
  3. diuretics- manage fluid retention
60
Q

what are the functions of the parasympathetic system?

A
  • dilate pupils
  • inhibit salivation
  • increase heartbeat
  • relax airways
  • inhibit activity of stomach
61
Q

what is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

communication between left & right hemispheres

62
Q

what is the structure of the frontal lobe?

A
  • located at front of brain, in cerebral cortex, behind forehead
  • largest of brain lobes
63
Q

what is the function of the meninges?

A
  • protect brain & spinal cord by providing cushioning with cerebrospinal fluid
  • prevent infection
64
Q

what is diabetes?

A

type 1- immune system destroys insulin-producing beta cells in pancreas
type 2- pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin

65
Q

how does homeostasis operate through negative feedback? (include example)

A
  • trigger responses work to everse change & restore equilibrium
  • for example, if body temp rises, body initiates sweating to cool down
66
Q

what are possible causes of diabetes?

A

type 1- autoimmune condition & genetics
type 2- obesity, lack of physical activity

67
Q

what part of the nephron is involved in osmoregulation?

A
  • loop of henle
  • collecting duct
68
Q

what is the function of an axon?

A

Transmits nerve impulses over long distances

69
Q

what is the function of the thyroid gland?

A
  1. produce thyroxine- regulate cell metabolism
  2. produce calcitonin- regulate calcium absorption
70
Q

what is the function of the nephron?

A

responsible for filtration, reabsorption & secretion

71
Q

what is the function of the renal artery?

A

supply oxygenated blood & remove deoxygenated blood

72
Q

what effects does nephrotic syndrome have on individuals?

A
  1. swelling in face, ankles & feet
  2. foamy urine due to high protein
  3. increased risk of infections
73
Q

what are the 3 layers of membrane in the meninges?

A
  1. dura mater- tough outer layer
  2. Arachnoid mater- middle, web-like layer
  3. pia mater- thin layer, adheres directly to brains surface
74
Q

how does homeostasis operate through positive feedback? (include example)

A
  • amplifies changes in certain physiological conditions
  • for eample, in childbirth
75
Q

how do you monitor nephrotic syndrome?

A
  1. urinalysis- check protein contents in urine
  2. blood tests- monitor kidney function
  3. blood pressure monitoring- regular checks
76
Q

what are the functions of the sympathetic system?
(name 3)

A
  • constrict pupils
  • stimulate siliva
  • slowdown heartbeat
  • constrict airways
  • stimulate stomach
77
Q

what is the function of the ureters?

A

transport urine from kidneys to bladder via peristalsis

78
Q

what is the function of the calyx?

A

funnels urine from renal pyramids to renal pelvis

79
Q

what is the function of the medulla?

A

controls vital involuntary functions, like breathing, heart rate & blood pressure

80
Q

what is an axon?

A

single, long fibre that extends from neurons cell body

81
Q

how do you monitor cirrhosis?

A
  1. blood tests- monitorlevels of liver enzymes
  2. CT scans- detect complications like cancer
  3. endoscopy- check for esophageal varices
82
Q

what is the parasympathetic system?

A

dampening down sympathetic & restoring the body to its normal resting state

83
Q

how do you treat cirrhosis?

A
  1. diuretics- reduce fluid retention
  2. beta-blockers- reduce risk of bleding varices
  3. liver transplant- due to liver failure in sever cases
84
Q

what are possible causes of a stroke?

A
  1. high blood pressure
  2. coronary heart disease
  3. obesity
85
Q

how are effectors required in homeostasis? (include example)

A
  • bring about necessary changes to return body to homeostasis
  • for example, when body temperature is too low, muscles shiver to generate heat
86
Q

what is the function of the myelin sheath?

A
  1. insulation- prevents electrical signals leaking out of axon
  2. increase signal speed- speeds up nerve transmission
  3. protection- protects axon from damage
87
Q

what are possible causes of multiple sclerosis?

A
  1. autoimmune response
  2. genetics
  3. myelin sheath eroded
88
Q

what is the structure of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • outer layer of cerebrum
  • centre of conscous thought
89
Q

what are the peripheral nerves?

A
  • travel from skin & muscles
  • contain sensory & motor neurones
90
Q

what is the function of the pancreas?

A
  1. produce insulin- lowers blood sugar levels
  2. produce glucagon- raise blood sugar levels

H&SC Human Anatomy (6 decks)

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