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H&SC Human Anatomy > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the properties of a compact bone?

A
  • dense
  • strong
  • forms outer layer of shell of bones
  • composed of tightly packed bone cells
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2
Q

what is the function of a compact bone?

A
  • supports body weight
  • provides pretection
  • contains small channels for blood vessels & nerves
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3
Q

what are the properties of trabeculae?

A
  • small lattice-likestructured within spongy bone
  • form a network
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4
Q

what is the funtion of trabeculae?

A
  • provide structural support to bone
  • spaces between trabeculae filled with bone marrow
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5
Q

what are the properties of growth plates?

A
  • found in ends of long bones
  • layers of cartilage where new bone is produces during childhood & adolescence
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6
Q

what is the function of growth plates?

A
  • allow bones to grow in length as children develop
  • as growth completes, cartilage in these plates replaced by bone
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7
Q

what are the properties of bone marrow?

A
  • located inside trabeculae of spongy bone & within medullary cavity of long bones
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8
Q

what is the function of bone marrow?

A

essential for production of blood cells

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9
Q

what are the 2 types of bone marrow?

A
  1. red marrow
  2. yellow marrow
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10
Q

what is the function of red marrow?

A

produces blood cells

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11
Q

what is the function of yellow marrow?

A

stores fat

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12
Q

what are the properties of cartilage?

A
  • flexible tissue found at joints, growth plates & other areas of the skeleton
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13
Q

what is the funtion of cartilage?

A
  • reduces friction in joints
  • critical role in bone growth at growth plates
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14
Q

what are the 2 types of cartilage?

A
  1. articular cartilage
  2. hyaline crtilage
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15
Q

what is the function of articular cartilage?

A

covers ends of bones in joints, reducing friction

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16
Q

what is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A

found in gowth plates & ribs

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17
Q

what are the properties of collagen?

A

fibrous protein that gives bones tensile strength

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18
Q

what is the function of collagen?

A

provides bone flexibility & resistance to tension

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19
Q

what are the properties of chondrin?

A

gelatinous substance found in cartilage

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20
Q

what is the function of chondrin?

A

allows cartilage resistance & elastic

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21
Q

what are the properties of osteoblasts?

A
  • bone forming cells that screte bone matrix
  • later mineralizes to become hard bone
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22
Q

what is the function of osteoporosis?

A

produces new bone tissue during growth & repair

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23
Q

what are the properties of calcium phosphate?

A

mineral compound making up most of bones inorganic matrix

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24
Q

what is the function of calcium phosphate?

A

hardens bone matrix, giving bones rigidity & strength

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25
Q

what are the properties of osteocytes?

A
  • mature bone cells originated from osteoblasts
  • embedded in bone matrix & residue in small spaces called lacunae
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26
Q

what is the function of osteocytes?

A

maintain bone tissue & help regulate balance of minerals in bone

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27
Q

what are the properties of osteoclasts?

A

large bone cells break down tissue by dissolving bone matrix

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28
Q

what is the function of osteoclasts?

A
  • involved in bone resorption
  • helps remodel bone by breaking down old/damaged bon, allowing osteoblasts to form new bone in its place
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29
Q

what is the movement of a ball & socket joint?

A

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation & circumduction

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30
Q

what are examples of ball & socket joints?

A

hip & shoulder

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31
Q

what is the movement of a hinge joint?

A

flexion & extension

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32
Q

what is an example of a hinge joint?

A

knee & elbow

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33
Q

what is the movement of a pivot joint?

A

rotation

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34
Q

what is are examples of a pivot joint?

A

skull & vertebral column

35
Q

what is the movement of a sliding joint?

A

bones glide past one another

36
Q

what are examples of a sliding joint?

A

wrist & ankle

37
Q

what is the movement of a saddle joint?

A

flexion, extension, abduction & adduction

38
Q

what are examples of a saddle joint?

A

thumb

39
Q

what is the movement of a fixed joint?

A

no movement

40
Q

what are examples of a fixed joint?

A

cranium & pelvis

41
Q

what is the function of a muscle?

A
  • responsible for movement
  • contract & relax to create motion
  • essential for physical activity
42
Q

what is the function of a tendon?

A
  • connects muscles to bones
  • when muscles contract, pull on tendons, pull on bones to create movement
43
Q

what is the function of cartilage?

A
  • covers ends of bones
  • provides cushioning & reduces friction
44
Q

wht is the function of synovial fluid?

A
  • lubricates the joint
  • reduces friction between articulating surfaces of bones
45
Q

what is the function of a joint capsule?

A
  • stabalizes the joint
  • provides protection & facilitation smooth movement
46
Q

what is the function of synovial membrane?

A
  • thin layer of tissue
  • lines inner surface of joing capsule
  • secretes synovial fluid
47
Q

what is the function of a ligament?

A
  • connect bones together at joints
  • provide stability & support
  • helps to prevent excessive movement
48
Q

what is the function of a bone?

A
  • provide structural support for the body
  • protect vital organs
  • store minerals
  • house bone marrow
49
Q

what are antagonistic pairs?

A

muscles work opposite eachother to create movement

50
Q

what is an agonist?

A

contracting muscle

51
Q

what is an antagonist?

A

relaxing muscle

52
Q

what is a contraction?

A

muscle shorterns, pulling on tendons, moves bone at joing

53
Q

what is arthritis?

A
  • group of conditions which cause inflammation of the joints
  • leads to pain, swelling & reduced mobility
54
Q

what are the 2 types of arthritis?

A
  1. osteoarthritis
  2. rheumatoid arthritis
55
Q

what are the results of osteoarthritis?

A
  • wear & tear
  • injury
  • obesity
  • genetics
56
Q

how does OA result in wear & tear?

A
  • results from grdual degeneration
  • due to aging/repetitive joint use
57
Q

how does OA result in injury?

A

previous joint injury increases risk of developing OA

58
Q

how does OA result in obesity?

A

excessive weight puts additional pressure on weight bearing joints, leading to cartilage breakdown

59
Q

how does genetics result in OA?

A

some people may have a genetic predisposition to OA

60
Q

how does RA result in autoimmune disease?

A

RA occurs when immune system attacks synovial membrane lining the joints, causing inflmmation & damage

61
Q

how does genetic factors result in RA?

A

family history can increase the risk

62
Q

how does environmental triggers result in RA?

A

smoking/certain infections may trigger immune systems abnormal response

63
Q

what are the effects of arthritis? (name 3)

A
  • joint pain
  • swelling & stiffness
  • reduced mobility
  • deformities & weakness
  • emotional & psychological effects
  • social isolation
64
Q

joint pain?

A

OA & RA cause pain in affected joints

65
Q

swelling & stiffness?

A
  • inflammation leads to joint stiffness
  • joint swelling reuces flexibility & movement
66
Q

reduced mobility?

A

limits movement, impacting ability to walk, climb stairs or carry out basic skills

67
Q

deformities & weakness?

A

RA leads to joint deformities & muscle weakness

68
Q

emotional & sychological effects?

A

chronic pain & reduced independence leads to frustration, depression & anxiety

69
Q

social isolation?

A

cause individuals to withdra from social activities due to physical limitation & pain

70
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A
  • characterized by weakening of bones, making them more prone to fractures
  • bones become brittle & fragile
71
Q

what are pssible causes of osteoprosis? (name 3)

A
  • aging
  • hormonal changes
  • lack of calcium & vitamin D
  • sedintary lifestyle
  • family history
  • smoking & alcohol
  • medical conditions/medications
72
Q

aging?

A
  • as people age, bone density decreases
73
Q

hormonal changes?

A
  • drop in oeastrogen levels after menopause accelerates bone loss
  • reduced testosterone levels increase risk
74
Q

lack of calcium & vitamin D?

A

calcium & vitamin D defficiencies impairs bone health

75
Q

sedintary lifestyle?

A

physical activity leads to lack of bone stimulation

76
Q

family history?

A

fmaily members with osteoporosis increase risk

77
Q

smoking & alcohol?

A

weakens bones & reduces bodies ability to bsorb calcium

78
Q

medical conditions/medications?

A

conditions like hyperthyroidism & long-term use of carticosteroids contribute to bone loss

79
Q

what are the effects of osteoporosis? (name 3)

A
  • loss of height
  • chronic pain
  • reduced mobility & independence
  • emotional & psychologial impact
  • long term health complications
80
Q

loss of height?

A

cause compression on the spine, leading to height loss & stopped posture

81
Q

chronic pain?

A

fractured lead too chronic, severe back pain & long term disability

82
Q

reduced mobility & independence?

A

struggle with reduced mobility, which can impair ability to live independently

83
Q

emotional & psychological impact?

A

loss of independence, worry about fractures, lead to depression & anxiety

84
Q

long term health complications?

A

hip fractures lead to life threatenng complications
e.g. blood clots, pneumonia & reduced life expectancy

H&SC Human Anatomy (6 decks)

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