Respiratory System Flashcards
Gas exchange between the blood and external environment occur only in the ___ of the lungs
Alveoli
What tract includes the passageway from the nose to larynx
Upper respiratory tract
What tract includes passageway from trachea to alveoli
Lower respiratory tract
Most abundant cell type; responsible for ciliary beating
Ciliated Columnar Cells
Apical portion of these cells contain a polysaccharide-rich mucous droplet
Mucus Goblet Cell
Columnar cells with numerous microvilli
Brush cells
Small, rounded cells that lie on the basal lamina but do not extend to the usual surface of the epithelium
Basal Cells
The only externally visible part of the respiratory system
Nose
The route through which air enters the nose
Nostrils
The interior of the nose
Nasal cavity
It divides the nasal cavity
Nasal septum
Olfactory receptors are located in the ____ on the superior surface
Mucosa
- moisten air
- traps incoming foreign particles
- enzymes in the mucus destroy bacteria chemically
Mucosa
Are projections from the lateral walls
Conchae
- increase surface area
- increase air turbulence within nasal cavity
- increase trapping of inhaled particles
Conchae
Separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
Palate
Hard palate vs soft
HP: anterior and supported by bine
SP: Posterior and unsupported
Cavities within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
- lighten the skull
- act as resonance chamber for speech
- produce mucus
Sinuses
Most dilated, anterior portion
Vestibule
Vestibule is lined by _______
Stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium
3 types of cells found in the nose/ nasal cavity
Olfactory cells, basal cells, and supporting or sustencular cells
consists of the lungs and a series of passages
respiratory system
intake of oxygen by blood and elimination of carbon dioxide
function of respiratory system
conducting portion vs respiratory portion
- Conducting Portion - Warm, humidify, or clean
the air. - Respiratory Portion - Exchange of gases takes
place.
A type of epithelial tissue with ciliated cells
and goblet cells.
Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated with Goblet
Cells
A type of cell present in the respiratory epithelium.
Small Granule Cell
Externally Visible Part of the Respiratory System
nostrils, nasal cavity, nasal septum, olfactory receptors, respiratory mucosa
The route through which air enters the nose.
Nostrils (Nares)
The interior of the nose.
nasal cavity
Divides the nasal cavity.
Nasal Septum
receptors that are located in the mucosa on the superior surface of the nasal cavity.
Olfactory Receptors
Lines the rest of the nasal cavity
Respiratory Mucosa
Functions:
- Moistens air.
- Traps incoming foreign particles.
- Contains enzymes in the mucus that chemically destroy bacteria.
Respiratory Mucosa
Projections from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
Conchae
Functions:
- Increase surface area.
- Increase air turbulence within the nasal cavity.
- Increase trapping of inhaled
particles.
Conchae
hard palate vs soft palate
- Hard Palate - Anterior portion, supported by bone.
- Soft Palate - Posterior portion, unsupported by bone.
Separates the nasal cavity from the
oral cavity.
palate
Cavities within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones surrounding the nasal cavity.
Paranasal Sinuses
Functions of ________
- Lighten the skull.
- Act as resonance chambers for speech.
- Produce mucus.
sinuses
Most dilated, anterior portion of the nasal cavity, lined by stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium.
Vestibule
Dense connective tissue, contains sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair follicles.
Lamina Propria (LP)
Olfactory Region - Contains ________ (olfactory epithelium) located at the roof of the nasal fossa, the receptor organ for _____.
olfactory mucosa; smell
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PSCCE) without goblet cells, with no distinct basal lamina.
Lining Epithelium (LE)
Lamina Propria (LP) contains what glands?
Bowman’s glands
Respiratory Region - Lined by ______ columnar ciliated epithelium with ____, with a ____ basement membrane.
pseudostratified; goblet cells; thick
- Contains serous and mucous tubuloalveolar glands, cavernous plexuses.
Lamina Propria (LP)
Adherent to the perichondrium of the cartilage beneath.
Mucoperiosteum/Mucoperichondrium
a muscular passageway from the nasal cavity to the
larynx
pharynx
regions of pharynx
nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx
Regions of the Pharynx: Superior region behind
the nasal cavity.
nasopharynx
Regions of the Pharynx: Middle region behind the
mouth.
oropharynx
Regions of the Pharynx: Inferior region
attached to the larynx.
laryngopharynx
regions of pharynx that Serve as common passageways for air and food.
oro and laryngopharynx
Routes food into the posterior
tube, the esophagus.
epiglottis
Clusters of lymphatic tissue that play
a role in protecting the body from infection.
tonsils
A single tonsil located in the nasopharynx.
Pharyngeal Tonsil (Adenoid)
Two tonsils located in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate.
palatine tonsils
Two tonsils found at the base of the tongue.
lingual tonsils
Routes air and food into proper channels
and plays a role in speech.
larynx
larynx is located ____ to the pharynx
inferior
larynx is made of ________ cartilages
eight rigid hyaline cartilages
the largest hyaline cartilage in the larynx
thyroid cartilage (adam’s apple)
Spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage that protects the superior opening of the larynx.
Epiglottis
Functions:
- Routes food to the esophagus and air toward the trachea.
- Rises during swallowing to form a lid over the larynx opening.
epiglottis
Laryngeal Regions:
Upper (Laryngeal Vestibule) , Middle (Laryngeal Ventricle) ,Lower (Vocal Cords)
This laryngeal region extends from the laryngeal inlet above to the vestibular folds below.
Upper (Laryngeal Vestibule)
the laryngeal region that is Between the vestibular folds above and the true vocal cords below.
Middle (Laryngeal Ventricle)
this laryngeal region Contains the vocalis muscles and vocalis ligament.
lower (vocal cords)
Made of two pairs of folds between
the ventricles:
mucosa
vocal cord: Upper part lined with respiratory
epithelium.
False Vocal Cords (Vestibular Folds)
vocal cord: Lower part lined with stratified squamous noncornified epithelium.
True Vocal Cords (Vocal Folds)
Which part of the vocal cords has a lamina propria with loose connective tissue, elastic fibers, lymphocytes, lymphatic nodules, and laryngeal glands of mixed secretion?
Lamina propria of the false vocal cords.
Which part of the larynx is lined with respiratory epithelium in its upper region?
False vocal cords.
Which vocal cords contain a lamina propria but are not involved in sound production?
false vocal cords
What connective tissue layer is present in both the true and false vocal cords?
lamina propria
Which part of the vocal cords has a lamina propria that is almost indistinct and contains a vocal ligament?
Lamina propria of the true vocal cords.
muscle that is present in the true vocal cords
vocalis muscle
The cartilages that make up the larynx
Laryngeal cartilages
paired cartilages and unpaired vcartilages
paired
o Arytenoid Cartilages - Control vocal cord movement.
o Corniculate Cartilages - Small cartilages on top of arytenoids.
o Cuneiform Cartilages - Small cartilages in the laryngeal mucosa.
unpaired
o Thyroid Cartilage - Largest cartilage, forms the front of the larynx (Adam’s apple).
o Cricoid Cartilage - Ring-shaped cartilage below the thyroid.
o Epiglottis - Spoon-shaped cartilage that protects the larynx opening.
Commonly called the windpipe, it is a 4-inch-long tube that connects to the larynx.
Trachea
The walls of trachea are reinforced with C shaped rings of _____ cartilage, which keep the trachea patent (open).
hyaline
trachea is lined with
ciliated mucosa
the ____ in the trachea, beat continuously in the
opposite direction of incoming air to expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from the lungs.
cilia
A thin-walled tube that bifurcates into two primary bronchi.
trachea
the lamina propria of trachea contains ______ ______ tissue
loose connective
the cartilage of trachea comprises ____ C-shaped hyaline cartlages
16-20
this layer of connective tissue surrounds the trachea
perichondrium
Smooth muscle fibers located posteriorly in the gap between the ends of the cartilages.
Trachealis Muscles
Formed by the division of the trachea.
main bronchi
Each bronchus enters the lung at the ____ (medial depression).
hilum
right vs left bronchus
Right Bronchus - Wider, shorter, and
straighter than the left bronchus.
Occupy the entire thoracic cavity except for the central mediastinum.
lungs
The ___ of each lung is near the clavicle (superior portion).
apex
the ___ of the lungs rests on the diaphragm
base
lobes of each lungs
left = 2 lobes
right = 3 lobes
Covers the outer surface of the lungs.
serosa
*Pulmonary (Visceral) Pleura - Covers the
lung surface. *
Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity.
parietal pleura
Fills the area between layers,
allowing the lungs to glide over the thorax and
decreasing friction during breathing.
Pleural fluid
The area between the layers of the visceral pleura and parietal pleura is referred to as the
pleural space
The network of branching passageways formed by the subdivision of main bronchi into smaller branches.
bronchial tree
in the lungs, All but the _____ passageways have _____ cartilage in their walls.
smallest; reinforcing
The smallest conducting passageways.
bronchioles
Branching airways that lead to the lungs.
Bronchi
Portion of the main bronchus that is outside the lungs.
Extrapulmonary bronchus
The portion of the bronchi that is within the lungs.
intrapulmonary bronchus
the mucosa of ____ Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PSCCE) with goblet cells (GC).
INTRAPULMONARY BRONCHUS
the ____ ______ of INTRAPULMONARY BRONCHUS is Made of irregular hyaline cartilage; consists of broken plates of cartilage.
Fibrocartilaginous coat
Small airway passages, 1 mm or less in
diameter.
Bronchioles
bronchioles have no
cartilages and secretory glands and lymphatic nodules
Air passages with a diameter of 0.5 mm or less.
Terminal Bronchioles
Lining Epithelium (LE) of Terminal Bronchioles is _____ _______ ______ epithelium without goblet cells.
Simple ciliated columnar
has a smooth muscle layer that is continuous with less mucosal folds
terminal bronchioles
lining epithelium of respiratory bronchioles?
SIMPLE NON-CILIATED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
___ cells secrete products analogous to alveolar surfactant.
Clara
Non-ciliated cuboidal bronchiolar
epithelial cells that are secretory in nature.
clara cells
Thin-walled tubes with discontinuous walls giving off branches; lined with simple squamous epithelium.
alveolar ducts
Thin-walled outpocketings, clusters of two or more alveoli; lined with simple squamous epithelium.
alveolar sacs
Communication between an alveolar duct and an alveolar sac.
atrium
Thin-walled outpocketings lining alveolar sacs, ducts, and respiratory bronchioles; site for gas exchange between blood and air; considered the most important lung component.
pulmonary alveoli
lining epithelium of pulmonary alveoli
simple squamous epithelium
Squamous or flattened cells that form the vast majority of the alveolar surfaces, have junctional attachments laterally with each other or with Type II alveolar cells, and are involved in gas exchange.
Type I Alveolar Cells (Small Alveolar Cells /
Pneumocyte Type I)
Cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant which lowers the surface tension and contain secretory granules at their supranuclear portion.
Type II Alveolar Cells (Great Alveolar Cells /
Septal Cells / Pneumocyte Type II)
_____ Lead into respiratory
zone structures and terminate in alveoli.
terminal bronchioles
Alveolar septum where gases must pass in exchange between the air and blood.
Blood-Air Barrier
Three Layers of the Blood-Air Barrier:
- Alveolar epithelium
- interstitial space
- capillary endothelium
Innermost layer that lines the alveoli.
Alveolar Epithelium
Space between the alveolar
epithelium and the capillary endothelium.
Interstitial Space
Shared basement membrane between the
alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium.
Fused Basement Membrane
Outermost layer that lines the blood vessels within the alveolar
septum.
Capillary Endothelium
Free phagocytic cells that contain particles of dust, also known as dust cells.
Alveolar Macrophages
In congestion, alveolar macrophages become filled with this, and referred to as heart failure cells.
Hemosiderin Pigments
Granules resulting from the phagocytosis and degeneration of blood pigments.
Heart Failure Cells
Structures that include alveoli, which are composed largely of
simple squamous epithelial cells.
Respiratory Zone
Connect neighboring air sacs.
Alveolar Pores
Cover the external surfaces of alveoli.
Pulmonary Capillaries
Gas exchange between Pulmonary Blood and Alveoli.
External Respiration
Gas Crosses Respiratory Membrane by
Diffusion
___ loaded in the blood; ___ unloaded in the blood
oxygen, carbon dioxide
Moving air in and out of the lungs.
Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)
Gas Exchange between Blood and Tissue Cells in Systemic Capillaries.
Internal Respiration
Mechanical process
that depends on volume changes in the
thoracic cavity.
pulmonary ventilation
Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide via Bloodstream.
Respiratory Gas Transport
Physiological processes
involved in the act of breathing.
mechanics of breating
when volume change, it Leads to ____ changes, which lead to the flow of gases to _____ pressure.
pressure; equalize
Two phases of pulmonary ventilation
Inspiration and expiration.
Phase in which the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract.
Inspiration (inhalation)
Largely a passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity.
Expiration (exhalation)
The pressure within the pleural space is always negative.
major factor of Intrapleural Pressure
Inspiration vs expiration.
Inspiration (inhalation) - Flow of air into the lungs.
Expiration (exhalation) - Air leaving the lungs.
during inspiration, ___ increases and ____ decreases
intrapulmonary volume; gas
during expiration, ___ increases and ____ decreases
gas pressure; intrapulmonary volume
Can occur mostly by contraction of internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage.
Forced expiration
Normal quiet breathing;
500 ml of air is moved in/out of lungs with
each breath.
tidal volume
Factors affecting respiratory capacity
Size, Age, Sex, Physical Condition
prevent lung collapse
Intrapleural Pressure
Air that actually reaches
the respiratory zone; usually about 350 ml.
functional volume
Air that remains in the
conducting zone and never reaches alveoli;
about 150 ml.
dead space volume
Essentially the same as crying in
terms of the air movements produced. Also an
emotionally induced response.
laughing
Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume; usually around 3,100 ml.
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Air remaining in the lung after expiration; cannot be voluntarily exhaled.
Residual volume
Allows gas exchange to go on continuously, even
between breaths, and helps keep alveoli
open (inflated); about 1,200 ml.
Residual volume
Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration; approximately 1,200 ml.
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Total amount of exchangeable
air; calculated as vital capacity = TV + IRV +
ERV.
Vital capacity
Inspiration followed by release of air
in a number of short expirations. Primarily an
emotionally induced mechanism.
crying
Very deep inspiration, taken with jaws
wide open; ventilates all alveoli (some alveoli
may remain collapsed during normal quiet
breathing).
yawn
Clears Lungs of Debris
cough
expelled air is directed through nasal cavities
instead of through the oral cavity. The uvula, a
dangling tag of tissue hanging from the soft
palate, becomes depressed and closes, routing
air through nasal cavities. Sneezes clear upper
respiratory passages.
sneeze
Sudden inspirations resulting from
spasms of the diaphragm; initiated by
irritation of the diaphragm or phrenic nerves,
which serve the diaphragm. The sound occurs
when inspired air hits vocal folds of the closed
glottis.
hiccups
respiratory sounds are monitored with a
stethoscope
Produced by air rushing through large passageways such as the trachea and bronchi.
Bronchial sounds
Soft sounds of air filling alveoli.
Vesicular breathing sounds
Gas exchanges - Occur as a result of
diffusion
Exchange of gases
occurring between the alveoli and pulmonary
blood (pulmonary gas exchange).
External Respiration
Carbon dioxide unloading - Carbon dioxide
diffuses from the _____ of the pulmonary
capillaries to the _____.
blood; alveoli
the movement of the gas is toward the area of ____ concentration
lower
Exchange of gases
occurring between the blood and tissue cells
(systemic capillary gas exchange).
Internal Respiration
______ loading - Oxygen diffuses from the
oxygen-rich air of the alveoli to the oxygen
poor _____ of the pulmonary capillaries.
oxygen; blood
Oxygen is loaded into
the blood and carbon dioxide is unloaded out
of the blood.
external respiration
Most oxygen travels attached to ____ and forms oxyhemoglobin (HbO₂).
hemoglobin
Most carbon dioxide is transported in the plasma as ___ ion (HCO₃⁻).
bicarbonate
neural centers - Centers that control rate and depth are located in the medulla and pons.
medulla and pons
Exchange of gases between
blood and tissue cells.
internal respiration
- Carbon dioxide diffusion (Loading) - Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue cells to blood (called ____).
-
Oxygen diffusion (Unloading) - Oxygen
diffuses from blood into ___.
loading; tissue
Setting the basic rhythm of
respiration.
Neural regulation
Sets the basic rhythm of
breathing and contains a pacemaker
medulla
Smoothes out the respiratory
rate.
pons
Rising levels of CO₂ in the
blood (acidosis) result in faster, deeper
breathing, exhaling more CO₂ to elevate blood
pH. This may result in apnea and dizziness,
leading to alkalosis.
hyperventilation
Results when blood
becomes alkaline (alkalosis), leading to
extremely slow or shallow breathing, allowing
CO₂ to accumulate in the blood.
hypoventilation
A progressive lung disease exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
A condition where the mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflamed, leading to excessive mucus production that impairs ventilation and gas exchange. Patients become cyanotic and are sometimes called “blue bloaters” due to chronic hypoxia and carbon dioxide retention.
Chronic bronchitis
A condition characterized by the destruction of alveoli walls, leading to enlarged remaining alveoli. Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis, causing a loss of elasticity. Patients expend a large amount of energy to exhale, with
some air remaining in the lungs. Sufferers are often referred to as “pink puffers” because oxygen exchange is efficient. Overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest, with cyanosis appearing late in the disease.
Emphysema
Lungs do not fully inflate until _ _____ after birth; this change from nonfunctional to functional respiration depends on surfactant.
2 weeks
Substance that lowers
surface tension in the alveoli, preventing
them from collapsing. Surfactant is
formed late in pregnancy, around 28 to
30 weeks.
surfactant
(NO ANSWERS, JUST REMEMBER!!)
Respiratory rate changes throughout life - The
number of respirations varies with age:
* Newborns: 40 to 80 respirations per
minute
* Infants: 30 respirations per minute
* Age 5: 25 respirations per minute
* Adults: 12 to 18 respirations per minute
* The rate often increases again in old age.
A condition characterized
by chronically inflamed, hypersensitive
bronchiole passages that respond to irritants
with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing. It can
be managed with a bronchodilator.
Bronchial asthma
______ effects on the respiratory system - Changes in the respiratory system due to aging include:
* Decreased elasticity of the lungs
* Decreased vital capacity
* Decreased blood oxygen levels
* Reduced stimulating effects of carbon dioxide
* The elderly are often hypoxic and may exhibit sleep apnea.
* Increased risk of respiratory tract infections.
Aging
