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Anaphy Midterms > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Gas exchange between the blood and external environment occur only in the ___ of the lungs

A

Alveoli

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2
Q

What tract includes the passageway from the nose to larynx

A

Upper respiratory tract

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3
Q

What tract includes passageway from trachea to alveoli

A

Lower respiratory tract

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4
Q

Most abundant cell type; responsible for ciliary beating

A

Ciliated Columnar Cells

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5
Q

Apical portion of these cells contain a polysaccharide-rich mucous droplet

A

Mucus Goblet Cell

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6
Q

Columnar cells with numerous microvilli

A

Brush cells

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7
Q

Small, rounded cells that lie on the basal lamina but do not extend to the usual surface of the epithelium

A

Basal Cells

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8
Q

The only externally visible part of the respiratory system

A

Nose

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9
Q

The route through which air enters the nose

A

Nostrils

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10
Q

The interior of the nose

A

Nasal cavity

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11
Q

It divides the nasal cavity

A

Nasal septum

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12
Q

Olfactory receptors are located in the ____ on the superior surface

A

Mucosa

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13
Q
  • moisten air
  • traps incoming foreign particles
  • enzymes in the mucus destroy bacteria chemically
A

Mucosa

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14
Q

Are projections from the lateral walls

A

Conchae

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15
Q
  • increase surface area
  • increase air turbulence within nasal cavity
  • increase trapping of inhaled particles
A

Conchae

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16
Q

Separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

A

Palate

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17
Q

Hard palate vs soft

A

HP: anterior and supported by bine
SP: Posterior and unsupported

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18
Q

Cavities within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones surrounding the nasal cavity

A

Paranasal sinuses

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19
Q
  • lighten the skull
  • act as resonance chamber for speech
  • produce mucus
A

Sinuses

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20
Q

Most dilated, anterior portion

A

Vestibule

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21
Q

Vestibule is lined by _______

A

Stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium

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22
Q

3 types of cells found in the nose/ nasal cavity

A

Olfactory cells, basal cells, and supporting or sustencular cells

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23
Q

consists of the lungs and a series of passages

A

respiratory system

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24
Q

intake of oxygen by blood and elimination of carbon dioxide

A

function of respiratory system

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25
Q

conducting portion vs respiratory portion

A
  • Conducting Portion - Warm, humidify, or clean
    the air.
  • Respiratory Portion - Exchange of gases takes
    place.
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26
Q

A type of epithelial tissue with ciliated cells
and goblet cells.

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated with Goblet
Cells

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27
Q

A type of cell present in the respiratory epithelium.

A

Small Granule Cell

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28
Q

Externally Visible Part of the Respiratory System

A

nostrils, nasal cavity, nasal septum, olfactory receptors, respiratory mucosa

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29
Q

The route through which air enters the nose.

A

Nostrils (Nares)

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30
Q

The interior of the nose.

A

nasal cavity

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31
Q

Divides the nasal cavity.

A

Nasal Septum

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32
Q

receptors that are located in the mucosa on the superior surface of the nasal cavity.

A

Olfactory Receptors

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33
Q

Lines the rest of the nasal cavity

A

Respiratory Mucosa

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34
Q

Functions:
- Moistens air.
- Traps incoming foreign particles.
- Contains enzymes in the mucus that chemically destroy bacteria.

A

Respiratory Mucosa

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35
Q

Projections from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.

A

Conchae

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36
Q

Functions:
- Increase surface area.
- Increase air turbulence within the nasal cavity.
- Increase trapping of inhaled
particles.

A

Conchae

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37
Q

hard palate vs soft palate

A
  • Hard Palate - Anterior portion, supported by bone.
  • Soft Palate - Posterior portion, unsupported by bone.
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38
Q

Separates the nasal cavity from the
oral cavity.

A

palate

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39
Q

Cavities within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones surrounding the nasal cavity.

A

Paranasal Sinuses

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40
Q

Functions of ________
- Lighten the skull.
- Act as resonance chambers for speech.
- Produce mucus.

A

sinuses

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41
Q

Most dilated, anterior portion of the nasal cavity, lined by stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium.

A

Vestibule

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42
Q

Dense connective tissue, contains sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair follicles.

A

Lamina Propria (LP)

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43
Q

Olfactory Region - Contains ________ (olfactory epithelium) located at the roof of the nasal fossa, the receptor organ for _____.

A

olfactory mucosa; smell

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44
Q
  • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PSCCE) without goblet cells, with no distinct basal lamina.
A

Lining Epithelium (LE)

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45
Q

Lamina Propria (LP) contains what glands?

A

Bowman’s glands

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46
Q

Respiratory Region - Lined by ______ columnar ciliated epithelium with ____, with a ____ basement membrane.

A

pseudostratified; goblet cells; thick

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47
Q
  • Contains serous and mucous tubuloalveolar glands, cavernous plexuses.
A

Lamina Propria (LP)

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48
Q

Adherent to the perichondrium of the cartilage beneath.

A

Mucoperiosteum/Mucoperichondrium

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49
Q

a muscular passageway from the nasal cavity to the
larynx

A

pharynx

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50
Q

regions of pharynx

A

nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx

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51
Q

Regions of the Pharynx: Superior region behind
the nasal cavity.

A

nasopharynx

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52
Q

Regions of the Pharynx: Middle region behind the
mouth.

A

oropharynx

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53
Q

Regions of the Pharynx: Inferior region
attached to the larynx.

A

laryngopharynx

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54
Q

regions of pharynx that Serve as common passageways for air and food.

A

oro and laryngopharynx

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55
Q

Routes food into the posterior
tube, the esophagus.

A

epiglottis

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56
Q

Clusters of lymphatic tissue that play
a role in protecting the body from infection.

A

tonsils

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57
Q

A single tonsil located in the nasopharynx.

A

Pharyngeal Tonsil (Adenoid)

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58
Q

Two tonsils located in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate.

A

palatine tonsils

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59
Q

Two tonsils found at the base of the tongue.

A

lingual tonsils

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60
Q

Routes air and food into proper channels
and plays a role in speech.

A

larynx

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61
Q

larynx is located ____ to the pharynx

A

inferior

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62
Q

larynx is made of ________ cartilages

A

eight rigid hyaline cartilages

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63
Q

the largest hyaline cartilage in the larynx

A

thyroid cartilage (adam’s apple)

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64
Q

Spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage that protects the superior opening of the larynx.

A

Epiglottis

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65
Q

Functions:
- Routes food to the esophagus and air toward the trachea.
- Rises during swallowing to form a lid over the larynx opening.

A

epiglottis

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66
Q

Laryngeal Regions:

A

Upper (Laryngeal Vestibule) , Middle (Laryngeal Ventricle) ,Lower (Vocal Cords)

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67
Q

This laryngeal region extends from the laryngeal inlet above to the vestibular folds below.

A

Upper (Laryngeal Vestibule)

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68
Q

the laryngeal region that is Between the vestibular folds above and the true vocal cords below.

A

Middle (Laryngeal Ventricle)

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69
Q

this laryngeal region Contains the vocalis muscles and vocalis ligament.

A

lower (vocal cords)

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70
Q

Made of two pairs of folds between
the ventricles:

A

mucosa

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71
Q

vocal cord: Upper part lined with respiratory
epithelium.

A

False Vocal Cords (Vestibular Folds)

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72
Q

vocal cord: Lower part lined with stratified squamous noncornified epithelium.

A

True Vocal Cords (Vocal Folds)

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73
Q

Which part of the vocal cords has a lamina propria with loose connective tissue, elastic fibers, lymphocytes, lymphatic nodules, and laryngeal glands of mixed secretion?

A

Lamina propria of the false vocal cords.

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74
Q

Which part of the larynx is lined with respiratory epithelium in its upper region?

A

False vocal cords.

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75
Q

Which vocal cords contain a lamina propria but are not involved in sound production?

A

false vocal cords

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76
Q

What connective tissue layer is present in both the true and false vocal cords?

A

lamina propria

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77
Q

Which part of the vocal cords has a lamina propria that is almost indistinct and contains a vocal ligament?

A

Lamina propria of the true vocal cords.

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78
Q

muscle that is present in the true vocal cords

A

vocalis muscle

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79
Q

The cartilages that make up the larynx

A

Laryngeal cartilages

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80
Q

paired cartilages and unpaired vcartilages

A

paired
o Arytenoid Cartilages - Control vocal cord movement.
o Corniculate Cartilages - Small cartilages on top of arytenoids.
o Cuneiform Cartilages - Small cartilages in the laryngeal mucosa.

unpaired
o Thyroid Cartilage - Largest cartilage, forms the front of the larynx (Adam’s apple).
o Cricoid Cartilage - Ring-shaped cartilage below the thyroid.
o Epiglottis - Spoon-shaped cartilage that protects the larynx opening.

81
Q

Commonly called the windpipe, it is a 4-inch-long tube that connects to the larynx.

A

Trachea

82
Q

The walls of trachea are reinforced with C shaped rings of _____ cartilage, which keep the trachea patent (open).

A

hyaline

83
Q

trachea is lined with

A

ciliated mucosa

84
Q

the ____ in the trachea, beat continuously in the
opposite direction of incoming air to expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from the lungs.

A

cilia

85
Q

A thin-walled tube that bifurcates into two primary bronchi.

A

trachea

86
Q

the lamina propria of trachea contains ______ ______ tissue

A

loose connective

87
Q

the cartilage of trachea comprises ____ C-shaped hyaline cartlages

A

16-20

88
Q

this layer of connective tissue surrounds the trachea

A

perichondrium

89
Q

Smooth muscle fibers located posteriorly in the gap between the ends of the cartilages.

A

Trachealis Muscles

90
Q

Formed by the division of the trachea.

A

main bronchi

91
Q

Each bronchus enters the lung at the ____ (medial depression).

A

hilum

92
Q

right vs left bronchus

A

Right Bronchus - Wider, shorter, and
straighter than the left bronchus.

93
Q

Occupy the entire thoracic cavity except for the central mediastinum.

A

lungs

94
Q

The ___ of each lung is near the clavicle (superior portion).

A

apex

95
Q

the ___ of the lungs rests on the diaphragm

A

base

96
Q

lobes of each lungs

A

left = 2 lobes
right = 3 lobes

97
Q

Covers the outer surface of the lungs.

A

serosa

*Pulmonary (Visceral) Pleura - Covers the
lung surface. *

98
Q

Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity.

A

parietal pleura

99
Q

Fills the area between layers,
allowing the lungs to glide over the thorax and
decreasing friction during breathing.

A

Pleural fluid

100
Q

The area between the layers of the visceral pleura and parietal pleura is referred to as the

A

pleural space

101
Q

The network of branching passageways formed by the subdivision of main bronchi into smaller branches.

A

bronchial tree

102
Q

in the lungs, All but the _____ passageways have _____ cartilage in their walls.

A

smallest; reinforcing

103
Q

The smallest conducting passageways.

A

bronchioles

104
Q

Branching airways that lead to the lungs.

A

Bronchi

105
Q

Portion of the main bronchus that is outside the lungs.

A

Extrapulmonary bronchus

106
Q

The portion of the bronchi that is within the lungs.

A

intrapulmonary bronchus

107
Q

the mucosa of ____ Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PSCCE) with goblet cells (GC).

A

INTRAPULMONARY BRONCHUS

108
Q

the ____ ______ of INTRAPULMONARY BRONCHUS is Made of irregular hyaline cartilage; consists of broken plates of cartilage.

A

Fibrocartilaginous coat

109
Q

Small airway passages, 1 mm or less in
diameter.

A

Bronchioles

110
Q

bronchioles have no

A

cartilages and secretory glands and lymphatic nodules

111
Q

Air passages with a diameter of 0.5 mm or less.

A

Terminal Bronchioles

112
Q

Lining Epithelium (LE) of Terminal Bronchioles is _____ _______ ______ epithelium without goblet cells.

A

Simple ciliated columnar

113
Q

has a smooth muscle layer that is continuous with less mucosal folds

A

terminal bronchioles

114
Q

lining epithelium of respiratory bronchioles?

A

SIMPLE NON-CILIATED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

115
Q

___ cells secrete products analogous to alveolar surfactant.

A

Clara

116
Q

Non-ciliated cuboidal bronchiolar
epithelial cells that are secretory in nature.

A

clara cells

117
Q

Thin-walled tubes with discontinuous walls giving off branches; lined with simple squamous epithelium.

A

alveolar ducts

118
Q

Thin-walled outpocketings, clusters of two or more alveoli; lined with simple squamous epithelium.

A

alveolar sacs

119
Q

Communication between an alveolar duct and an alveolar sac.

A

atrium

120
Q

Thin-walled outpocketings lining alveolar sacs, ducts, and respiratory bronchioles; site for gas exchange between blood and air; considered the most important lung component.

A

pulmonary alveoli

121
Q

lining epithelium of pulmonary alveoli

A

simple squamous epithelium

122
Q
A
123
Q

Squamous or flattened cells that form the vast majority of the alveolar surfaces, have junctional attachments laterally with each other or with Type II alveolar cells, and are involved in gas exchange.

A

Type I Alveolar Cells (Small Alveolar Cells /
Pneumocyte Type I)

123
Q

Cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant which lowers the surface tension and contain secretory granules at their supranuclear portion.

A

Type II Alveolar Cells (Great Alveolar Cells /
Septal Cells / Pneumocyte Type II)

124
Q

_____ Lead into respiratory
zone structures and terminate in alveoli.

A

terminal bronchioles

125
Q

Alveolar septum where gases must pass in exchange between the air and blood.

A

Blood-Air Barrier

126
Q

Three Layers of the Blood-Air Barrier:

A
  1. Alveolar epithelium
  2. interstitial space
  3. capillary endothelium
127
Q

Innermost layer that lines the alveoli.

A

Alveolar Epithelium

128
Q

Space between the alveolar
epithelium and the capillary endothelium.

A

Interstitial Space

129
Q

Shared basement membrane between the
alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium.

A

Fused Basement Membrane

130
Q

Outermost layer that lines the blood vessels within the alveolar
septum.

A

Capillary Endothelium

131
Q

Free phagocytic cells that contain particles of dust, also known as dust cells.

A

Alveolar Macrophages

132
Q

In congestion, alveolar macrophages become filled with this, and referred to as heart failure cells.

A

Hemosiderin Pigments

133
Q

Granules resulting from the phagocytosis and degeneration of blood pigments.

A

Heart Failure Cells

134
Q

Structures that include alveoli, which are composed largely of
simple squamous epithelial cells.

A

Respiratory Zone

135
Q

Connect neighboring air sacs.

A

Alveolar Pores

135
Q

Cover the external surfaces of alveoli.

A

Pulmonary Capillaries

136
Q

Gas exchange between Pulmonary Blood and Alveoli.

A

External Respiration

136
Q

Gas Crosses Respiratory Membrane by

A

Diffusion

137
Q

___ loaded in the blood; ___ unloaded in the blood

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide

137
Q

Moving air in and out of the lungs.

A

Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)

138
Q

Gas Exchange between Blood and Tissue Cells in Systemic Capillaries.

A

Internal Respiration

138
Q

Mechanical process
that depends on volume changes in the
thoracic cavity.

A

pulmonary ventilation

138
Q

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide via Bloodstream.

A

Respiratory Gas Transport

138
Q

Physiological processes
involved in the act of breathing.

A

mechanics of breating

139
Q

when volume change, it Leads to ____ changes, which lead to the flow of gases to _____ pressure.

A

pressure; equalize

139
Q

Two phases of pulmonary ventilation

A

Inspiration and expiration.

139
Q

Phase in which the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract.

A

Inspiration (inhalation)

139
Q

Largely a passive process that depends on natural lung elasticity.

A

Expiration (exhalation)

139
Q

The pressure within the pleural space is always negative.

A

major factor of Intrapleural Pressure

139
Q

Inspiration vs expiration.

A

Inspiration (inhalation) - Flow of air into the lungs.
Expiration (exhalation) - Air leaving the lungs.

139
Q

during inspiration, ___ increases and ____ decreases

A

intrapulmonary volume; gas

140
Q

during expiration, ___ increases and ____ decreases

A

gas pressure; intrapulmonary volume

140
Q

Can occur mostly by contraction of internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage.

A

Forced expiration

140
Q

Normal quiet breathing;
500 ml of air is moved in/out of lungs with
each breath.

A

tidal volume

140
Q

Factors affecting respiratory capacity

A

Size, Age, Sex, Physical Condition

140
Q

prevent lung collapse

A

Intrapleural Pressure

140
Q

Air that actually reaches
the respiratory zone; usually about 350 ml.

A

functional volume

141
Q

Air that remains in the
conducting zone and never reaches alveoli;
about 150 ml.

A

dead space volume

141
Q

Essentially the same as crying in
terms of the air movements produced. Also an
emotionally induced response.

A

laughing

141
Q

Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume; usually around 3,100 ml.

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

141
Q

Air remaining in the lung after expiration; cannot be voluntarily exhaled.

A

Residual volume

141
Q

Allows gas exchange to go on continuously, even
between breaths, and helps keep alveoli
open (inflated); about 1,200 ml.

A

Residual volume

141
Q

Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration; approximately 1,200 ml.

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

141
Q

Total amount of exchangeable
air; calculated as vital capacity = TV + IRV +
ERV.

A

Vital capacity

142
Q

Inspiration followed by release of air
in a number of short expirations. Primarily an
emotionally induced mechanism.

A

crying

142
Q

Very deep inspiration, taken with jaws
wide open; ventilates all alveoli (some alveoli
may remain collapsed during normal quiet
breathing).

A

yawn

142
Q

Clears Lungs of Debris

A

cough

142
Q

expelled air is directed through nasal cavities
instead of through the oral cavity. The uvula, a
dangling tag of tissue hanging from the soft
palate, becomes depressed and closes, routing
air through nasal cavities. Sneezes clear upper
respiratory passages.

A

sneeze

142
Q

Sudden inspirations resulting from
spasms of the diaphragm; initiated by
irritation of the diaphragm or phrenic nerves,
which serve the diaphragm. The sound occurs
when inspired air hits vocal folds of the closed
glottis.

A

hiccups

142
Q

respiratory sounds are monitored with a

A

stethoscope

142
Q

Produced by air rushing through large passageways such as the trachea and bronchi.

A

Bronchial sounds

143
Q

Soft sounds of air filling alveoli.

A

Vesicular breathing sounds

144
Q

Gas exchanges - Occur as a result of

A

diffusion

145
Q

Exchange of gases
occurring between the alveoli and pulmonary
blood (pulmonary gas exchange).

A

External Respiration

146
Q

Carbon dioxide unloading - Carbon dioxide
diffuses from the _____ of the pulmonary
capillaries to the _____.

A

blood; alveoli

146
Q

the movement of the gas is toward the area of ____ concentration

A

lower

146
Q

Exchange of gases
occurring between the blood and tissue cells
(systemic capillary gas exchange).

A

Internal Respiration

147
Q

______ loading - Oxygen diffuses from the
oxygen-rich air of the alveoli to the oxygen
poor _____ of the pulmonary capillaries.

A

oxygen; blood

147
Q

Oxygen is loaded into
the blood and carbon dioxide is unloaded out
of the blood.

A

external respiration

148
Q

Most oxygen travels attached to ____ and forms oxyhemoglobin (HbO₂).

A

hemoglobin

149
Q

Most carbon dioxide is transported in the plasma as ___ ion (HCO₃⁻).

A

bicarbonate

149
Q

neural centers - Centers that control rate and depth are located in the medulla and pons.

A

medulla and pons

149
Q

Exchange of gases between
blood and tissue cells.

A

internal respiration

150
Q
  • Carbon dioxide diffusion (Loading) - Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue cells to blood (called ____).
  • Oxygen diffusion (Unloading) - Oxygen
    diffuses from blood into ___.
A

loading; tissue

151
Q

Setting the basic rhythm of
respiration.

A

Neural regulation

152
Q

Sets the basic rhythm of
breathing and contains a pacemaker

A

medulla

153
Q

Smoothes out the respiratory
rate.

A

pons

154
Q

Rising levels of CO₂ in the
blood (acidosis) result in faster, deeper
breathing, exhaling more CO₂ to elevate blood
pH. This may result in apnea and dizziness,
leading to alkalosis.

A

hyperventilation

155
Q

Results when blood
becomes alkaline (alkalosis), leading to
extremely slow or shallow breathing, allowing
CO₂ to accumulate in the blood.

A

hypoventilation

156
Q

A progressive lung disease exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

157
Q

A condition where the mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflamed, leading to excessive mucus production that impairs ventilation and gas exchange. Patients become cyanotic and are sometimes called “blue bloaters” due to chronic hypoxia and carbon dioxide retention.

A

Chronic bronchitis

158
Q

A condition characterized by the destruction of alveoli walls, leading to enlarged remaining alveoli. Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis, causing a loss of elasticity. Patients expend a large amount of energy to exhale, with
some air remaining in the lungs. Sufferers are often referred to as “pink puffers” because oxygen exchange is efficient. Overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest, with cyanosis appearing late in the disease.

A

Emphysema

159
Q

Lungs do not fully inflate until _ _____ after birth; this change from nonfunctional to functional respiration depends on surfactant.

A

2 weeks

160
Q

Substance that lowers
surface tension in the alveoli, preventing
them from collapsing. Surfactant is
formed late in pregnancy, around 28 to
30 weeks.

A

surfactant

161
Q

(NO ANSWERS, JUST REMEMBER!!)

Respiratory rate changes throughout life - The
number of respirations varies with age:
* Newborns: 40 to 80 respirations per
minute
* Infants: 30 respirations per minute
* Age 5: 25 respirations per minute
* Adults: 12 to 18 respirations per minute
* The rate often increases again in old age.

A
162
Q

A condition characterized
by chronically inflamed, hypersensitive
bronchiole passages that respond to irritants
with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing. It can
be managed with a bronchodilator.

A

Bronchial asthma

163
Q

______ effects on the respiratory system - Changes in the respiratory system due to aging include:
* Decreased elasticity of the lungs
* Decreased vital capacity
* Decreased blood oxygen levels
* Reduced stimulating effects of carbon dioxide
* The elderly are often hypoxic and may exhibit sleep apnea.
* Increased risk of respiratory tract infections.

A

Aging

Anaphy Midterms (5 decks)

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