Blood and Circulatory System Flashcards
it forms double layer around the heart
inner serous pericardium
the outer parietal layer of the serous pericardium is fused to the?
fibrous pericardium
the inner visceral layer of the serous pericardium is aka?
epicardium
the wall of heart is composed of ___ layers. what are these?
3; epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
this layer of wall of the heart is consists of cardiac muscle tissue , which constitutes the bulk of heart
myocardium
lines the inside of the myocardium and covers the valves of the heart
endocardium
lines the inside of the myocardium and covers the valves of the heart
endocardium
the heart contains __ chambers. These are;
4; atria (2 upper) and ventricles (2 lower)
between the right atrium and left atrium is a partition called?
interatrial septum
the interatrial septum contains ____ ____ which is the remnant of _____ ______
fossa ovalis; foramen ovale
deoxygenated blood enters the heart through?
inferior and superior vena cava, and coronary sinus (located on the posterior surface of the heart)
the great vessels of the heart (deoxygenated blood)
right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, right and left pulmonary artery
great vessels of the heart (oxygenated blood)
lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, ascending aorta
it prevents the backflow of blood in the heart
valves
valve that lie between the atria and ventricles
atrioventricular valves
tricuspid valve vs mitral valve
tricuspid - between right atrium and ventricle
mitral - between left atrium and ventricle
valve that lied between the opening where the pulmonary trunk leaves the right ventricle
pulmonary valve
the valve situated at the opening between the left ventricle and the aorta
aortic valve
blood flows through the heart from areas of ____ blood pressure to areas of ____ blood pressure
higher; lower
movement of blood is controlled by contraction and relaxation of _____ as well as opening and closing of valves
myocardium
in pulmonary capillaries, blood loses ____ and gains _____
carbon dioxide; oxygen
originate as branches of the ascending aorta
right and left coronary arteries
the coronary sinus empties into the _____ _____
right atrium
maintains heart rhythm
natural pacemaker of the heart
set route for action potentials to ensure coordinated contraction of heart muscles
conduction system
conduction of action potentials through the heart generates ______ ______ that can be picked up by electrodes placed on the skin. A recording of electrical changes that accompany the heartbeat is called?
electrocardiogram (ECG or ECK)
waves that accompany each heartbeat and differentiate them
P wave (1st wave) - represents atrial depolarization
QRS complex (2nd wave)- represents ventricular depolarization
T wave (3rd wave) - ventricular repolarization
the QRS complex begins as a _____ _____ (Q); continues as a large, upright _____ wave (R); and ends as a ______ wave (S)
downward deflection; triangular; downward
one cardiac cycle = __ heartbeat
1
in a normal cardiac cycle, the 2 atria ____ while the 2 ventricles _____
contract; relax
refers to the phase of contraction
systole
refers to the phase of relaxation
diastole
3 phases of cardiac cycle
relaxation period - begins at the end of a cardiac cycle when the ventricles start to relax and all four chambers are in diastole
atrial systole - contraction of atria
ventricular systole - contraction of ventricles
it is the volume of blood ejected per minute
cardiac output
formula for cardiac output
stroke volume x heart rate
3 factors of cardiac output
degree of stretch, forcefulness of contraction, pressure required to eject blood
the nervous system regulation of the heart originates in the ______ ______ in the medulla oblongata
cardiovascular center
________ is a decrease in the diameter of the blood vessel lumen and ____ is an increase
vasoconstriction; vasodilation
carry blood away from the heart
arteries
regulates blood flow from arteries into capillaries
arterioles
connect arterioles to venules; known as exchange vessels
capillaries
similar in structure to arterioles; their walls are thinner near the capillary end and thicker as they progress toward the heart
venules
the greater the pressure difference, the ______ the blood flow
greater
contraction of ventricles generate?
blood pressure
the outer layer of veins is the _____ layer
thickest
the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessels
blood pressure
the opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and the walls of blood vessels
vascular resistance
The _______ center in the medulla oblongata helps regulate heart rate, and stroke volume
cardiovascular
Hormones that help regulate blood pressure
- ______- kidneys secrete the enzyme renin to increase BP
- ______ - sympathetic stimulation increases cardiac output
- ______ - produced by hypothalamus. pituitary causes vasoconstriction and increased BP
- ______ - atria of the heart causes vasodilation and lowers BP
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system
epinephrine and norepinephrine
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
blood vessels are organized into ____ ____ that carry blood throughout the body
circulatory routes
2 major circulatory routes
systemic circulation , pulmonary circulation
all systemic arteries branch from ____
aorta
takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
pulmonary circulation
provides main supply to the arm and is commonly used to measure BP
brachial artery
common site for measuring radial pulse
radial artery
gives rise to blood vessels that supply the palm and the fingers
superficial palmar arch
supplies the cerebellum and pons of the brain and the internal ear
basilar artery
equalize blood pressure to the brain and provide alternate routes for blood flow to the brain, should the arteries be damaged
internal carotid artery
the primary arteries of the pelvis; supply buttocks, pelvis, external genitals and thigh)
internal iliac arteries
supply the lower limbs
external iliac arteries
supply the lower abdominal wall, groin, external genitals, and muscles of thigh
femoral arteries
_______ supply the muscles and skin of the feet and toes; _______ supply the feet and toes
medial plantar arteries; lateral plantar arteries
the main vein of the heart
coronary sinus
the largest vein the body
inferior vena cava
______ vein drains blood from the lateral aspect of the upper limbs; _____ drain blood from the medial aspects of the upper limbs
cephalic; basilic
longest vein in the body
great saphenous veins
collects deoxygenated blood from the veins of the gastrointestinal tract and spleen and directs it into the hepatic portal vein of the liver
hepatic portal circulation
this routing allows the liver to extract and modify nutrients and detoxify harmful substances in the blood
hepatic portal circulation
this circulation only exists in fetus. it involves the exchenge of materials between fetus and the mother via _____
fetal circulation; placenta
the alternate expansion and elastic recoil of an artery with each heartbeat
pulse
normal pulse rate?
75 beats per min
blood pressure is measured by?
sphygmomanometer
systolic blood pressure vs diastolic blood pressure
SBP - force of blood recorded during ventricular contraction
DBP - force of blood recorded during ventricular relaxation
a failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough oxygen and nutrients to meet metabolic needs
shock
a thin, weakened section of the wall of an artery or a vein that bulges outward, forming a balloon-like sac
aneurysm
liquid connective tissue composed of cells surrounded by extracellular matrix
blood
3 functions of blood
regulation, transportation, protection
components of whole blood
blood plasma (dissolved substances) and formed elements (cells and cell fragments)
components of blood in a normal adult
blood plasma - 55%
rbc - 45%
plasma proteins are synthesized mainly by the?
liver
PLASMA PROTEINS
_______ - 54%, maintain proper blood osmotic pressure
_______ - 38%, antibodies
_______ - 7%, blood clots
albumin; globulin; fibrinogen
combats microbes or irritation by inducing phagocytosis or by producing antibodies
White blood cells
first to respond to bacterial invasion
neutrophils
combat inflammation in allergic reactions and are effective against parasitc worms
eosinophils
involved in inflammatory and allergic reaction
basophils
disc-shaped cell fragments with no nucleus
platelets
precursor of platelets
megakaryocytes
the body’s response to prevent leakage of blood and blood products from injured vessels and prevent hemorrhage
hemostasis
contraction of smooth muscle wall of injured vessels
vascular spasm
complex process which culminates in the production of fibrin threads
blood clotting
Rh blood group
Rh+ (with antigen)
Rh- (w/o antigen)
the ventricles, atria, and cavity are compressed; the fluid/blood accumulates in the pericardial cavity
cardiac tamponade
