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Anaphy Midterms > Blood and Circulatory System > Flashcards

Blood and Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

it forms double layer around the heart

A

inner serous pericardium

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2
Q

the outer parietal layer of the serous pericardium is fused to the?

A

fibrous pericardium

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3
Q

the inner visceral layer of the serous pericardium is aka?

A

epicardium

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4
Q

the wall of heart is composed of ___ layers. what are these?

A

3; epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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5
Q

this layer of wall of the heart is consists of cardiac muscle tissue , which constitutes the bulk of heart

A

myocardium

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6
Q

lines the inside of the myocardium and covers the valves of the heart

A

endocardium

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7
Q

lines the inside of the myocardium and covers the valves of the heart

A

endocardium

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8
Q

the heart contains __ chambers. These are;

A

4; atria (2 upper) and ventricles (2 lower)

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9
Q

between the right atrium and left atrium is a partition called?

A

interatrial septum

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10
Q

the interatrial septum contains ____ ____ which is the remnant of _____ ______

A

fossa ovalis; foramen ovale

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11
Q

deoxygenated blood enters the heart through?

A

inferior and superior vena cava, and coronary sinus (located on the posterior surface of the heart)

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12
Q

the great vessels of the heart (deoxygenated blood)

A

right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, right and left pulmonary artery

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13
Q

great vessels of the heart (oxygenated blood)

A

lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, ascending aorta

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14
Q

it prevents the backflow of blood in the heart

A

valves

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15
Q

valve that lie between the atria and ventricles

A

atrioventricular valves

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16
Q

tricuspid valve vs mitral valve

A

tricuspid - between right atrium and ventricle
mitral - between left atrium and ventricle

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17
Q

valve that lied between the opening where the pulmonary trunk leaves the right ventricle

A

pulmonary valve

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18
Q

the valve situated at the opening between the left ventricle and the aorta

A

aortic valve

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19
Q

blood flows through the heart from areas of ____ blood pressure to areas of ____ blood pressure

A

higher; lower

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20
Q

movement of blood is controlled by contraction and relaxation of _____ as well as opening and closing of valves

A

myocardium

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21
Q

in pulmonary capillaries, blood loses ____ and gains _____

A

carbon dioxide; oxygen

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22
Q

originate as branches of the ascending aorta

A

right and left coronary arteries

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23
Q

the coronary sinus empties into the _____ _____

A

right atrium

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24
Q

maintains heart rhythm

A

natural pacemaker of the heart

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25
Q

set route for action potentials to ensure coordinated contraction of heart muscles

A

conduction system

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26
Q

conduction of action potentials through the heart generates ______ ______ that can be picked up by electrodes placed on the skin. A recording of electrical changes that accompany the heartbeat is called?

A

electrocardiogram (ECG or ECK)

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27
Q

waves that accompany each heartbeat and differentiate them

A

P wave (1st wave) - represents atrial depolarization
QRS complex (2nd wave)- represents ventricular depolarization
T wave (3rd wave) - ventricular repolarization

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28
Q

the QRS complex begins as a _____ _____ (Q); continues as a large, upright _____ wave (R); and ends as a ______ wave (S)

A

downward deflection; triangular; downward

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29
Q

one cardiac cycle = __ heartbeat

A

1

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30
Q

in a normal cardiac cycle, the 2 atria ____ while the 2 ventricles _____

A

contract; relax

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31
Q

refers to the phase of contraction

A

systole

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32
Q

refers to the phase of relaxation

A

diastole

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33
Q

3 phases of cardiac cycle

A

relaxation period - begins at the end of a cardiac cycle when the ventricles start to relax and all four chambers are in diastole

atrial systole - contraction of atria

ventricular systole - contraction of ventricles

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34
Q

it is the volume of blood ejected per minute

A

cardiac output

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35
Q

formula for cardiac output

A

stroke volume x heart rate

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36
Q

3 factors of cardiac output

A

degree of stretch, forcefulness of contraction, pressure required to eject blood

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37
Q

the nervous system regulation of the heart originates in the ______ ______ in the medulla oblongata

A

cardiovascular center

38
Q

________ is a decrease in the diameter of the blood vessel lumen and ____ is an increase

A

vasoconstriction; vasodilation

39
Q

carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

40
Q

regulates blood flow from arteries into capillaries

A

arterioles

41
Q

connect arterioles to venules; known as exchange vessels

A

capillaries

42
Q

similar in structure to arterioles; their walls are thinner near the capillary end and thicker as they progress toward the heart

A

venules

43
Q

the greater the pressure difference, the ______ the blood flow

A

greater

43
Q

contraction of ventricles generate?

A

blood pressure

43
Q

the outer layer of veins is the _____ layer

A

thickest

44
Q

the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessels

A

blood pressure

45
Q

the opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and the walls of blood vessels

A

vascular resistance

46
Q

The _______ center in the medulla oblongata helps regulate heart rate, and stroke volume

A

cardiovascular

47
Q

Hormones that help regulate blood pressure

  • ______- kidneys secrete the enzyme renin to increase BP
  • ______ - sympathetic stimulation increases cardiac output
  • ______ - produced by hypothalamus. pituitary causes vasoconstriction and increased BP
  • ______ - atria of the heart causes vasodilation and lowers BP
A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system
epinephrine and norepinephrine
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

48
Q

blood vessels are organized into ____ ____ that carry blood throughout the body

A

circulatory routes

49
Q

2 major circulatory routes

A

systemic circulation , pulmonary circulation

50
Q

all systemic arteries branch from ____

A

aorta

51
Q

takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

A

pulmonary circulation

52
Q

provides main supply to the arm and is commonly used to measure BP

A

brachial artery

53
Q

common site for measuring radial pulse

A

radial artery

54
Q

gives rise to blood vessels that supply the palm and the fingers

A

superficial palmar arch

55
Q

supplies the cerebellum and pons of the brain and the internal ear

A

basilar artery

56
Q

equalize blood pressure to the brain and provide alternate routes for blood flow to the brain, should the arteries be damaged

A

internal carotid artery

57
Q

the primary arteries of the pelvis; supply buttocks, pelvis, external genitals and thigh)

A

internal iliac arteries

58
Q

supply the lower limbs

A

external iliac arteries

59
Q

supply the lower abdominal wall, groin, external genitals, and muscles of thigh

A

femoral arteries

60
Q

_______ supply the muscles and skin of the feet and toes; _______ supply the feet and toes

A

medial plantar arteries; lateral plantar arteries

61
Q

the main vein of the heart

A

coronary sinus

62
Q

the largest vein the body

A

inferior vena cava

63
Q

______ vein drains blood from the lateral aspect of the upper limbs; _____ drain blood from the medial aspects of the upper limbs

A

cephalic; basilic

64
Q

longest vein in the body

A

great saphenous veins

65
Q

collects deoxygenated blood from the veins of the gastrointestinal tract and spleen and directs it into the hepatic portal vein of the liver

A

hepatic portal circulation

66
Q

this routing allows the liver to extract and modify nutrients and detoxify harmful substances in the blood

A

hepatic portal circulation

67
Q

this circulation only exists in fetus. it involves the exchenge of materials between fetus and the mother via _____

A

fetal circulation; placenta

68
Q

the alternate expansion and elastic recoil of an artery with each heartbeat

A

pulse

69
Q

normal pulse rate?

A

75 beats per min

70
Q

blood pressure is measured by?

A

sphygmomanometer

71
Q

systolic blood pressure vs diastolic blood pressure

A

SBP - force of blood recorded during ventricular contraction
DBP - force of blood recorded during ventricular relaxation

72
Q

a failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough oxygen and nutrients to meet metabolic needs

A

shock

73
Q

a thin, weakened section of the wall of an artery or a vein that bulges outward, forming a balloon-like sac

A

aneurysm

74
Q

liquid connective tissue composed of cells surrounded by extracellular matrix

A

blood

75
Q

3 functions of blood

A

regulation, transportation, protection

76
Q

components of whole blood

A

blood plasma (dissolved substances) and formed elements (cells and cell fragments)

77
Q

components of blood in a normal adult

A

blood plasma - 55%
rbc - 45%

78
Q

plasma proteins are synthesized mainly by the?

A

liver

79
Q

PLASMA PROTEINS

_______ - 54%, maintain proper blood osmotic pressure
_______ - 38%, antibodies
_______ - 7%, blood clots

A

albumin; globulin; fibrinogen

80
Q

combats microbes or irritation by inducing phagocytosis or by producing antibodies

A

White blood cells

81
Q

first to respond to bacterial invasion

A

neutrophils

82
Q

combat inflammation in allergic reactions and are effective against parasitc worms

A

eosinophils

83
Q

involved in inflammatory and allergic reaction

A

basophils

84
Q

disc-shaped cell fragments with no nucleus

A

platelets

85
Q

precursor of platelets

A

megakaryocytes

86
Q

the body’s response to prevent leakage of blood and blood products from injured vessels and prevent hemorrhage

A

hemostasis

87
Q

contraction of smooth muscle wall of injured vessels

A

vascular spasm

88
Q

complex process which culminates in the production of fibrin threads

A

blood clotting

89
Q

Rh blood group

A

Rh+ (with antigen)
Rh- (w/o antigen)

90
Q

the ventricles, atria, and cavity are compressed; the fluid/blood accumulates in the pericardial cavity

A

cardiac tamponade

Anaphy Midterms (5 decks)

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