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Anaphy Midterms > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Occurs when gastric juices regurgutate into esophagus

Cause?

A

Heartburn; caffeine, smoking or eating/drinking in excess

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2
Q
  1. Take in food
  2. Break down food
  3. Absorb digested materials
  4. Provide nutrients
  5. Eliminate waste
A

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

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3
Q

Layer of smooth epithelial tissue

A

Peritoneum

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4
Q

Connective tissue of organs in
abdominal cavity

A

Mesenteries

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5
Q

Mesentery connecting lesser curvature of stomach to liver and diaphragm

A

Lesser Omentum

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6
Q

Mesentery connecting greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon and posterior body wall.

A

Greater Omentum

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7
Q

First part of the digestive system

A

Oral Cavity

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8
Q

Tissue type present in the oral cavity

A

Stratified squamous epithelia

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9
Q

Produce saliva

A

Salivary glands

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10
Q

Salivary Glands

  • contains ____ to break down carbohydrates into ____
  • ______ the mouth
  • dissolves and _____ food
A
  • enzymes; glucose
  • cleanses
    moistens
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11
Q

Salivary enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates

A

Amylase

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12
Q

Salivary enzymes that are active against bacteria

A

Lysozyme

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13
Q

House taste buds and mucus

A

Tongue

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14
Q

a normal adult has ____ teeth

A

32

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15
Q

types of teeth

A

Incisors, canine, premolars, molars, wisdom teeth

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16
Q

primary teeth consists of __ baby teeth

A

20

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17
Q

Tooth structure

A

Each tooth has a crown, cusp, neck, and root

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18
Q

The center of the tooth

A

Pulp cavity

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19
Q

Hard covering that protects against
abrasions

A

Enamel

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20
Q

Breakdown of enamel by acids from
bacteria

A

Cavities

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21
Q

Roof of oral cavity

A

Palate

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22
Q

hard palate vs soft palate

A

hard is anterior and soft is posterior

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23
Q

Includes submandibular,
sublingual, and parotid glands

A

Salivary Glands

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24
Q

Inflammation of the parotid gland

A

Mumps

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25
Q

Purely serous secretion

A

Parotid Gland

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26
Q

Mixed secretion, predominantly serous

A

Submandibular Gland

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27
Q

Mixed secretion, predominantly mucous

A

Sublingual Gland

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28
Q

pharynx is aka?

A

throat

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29
Q

Connects mouth to esophagus

A

pharynx

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30
Q

Tube that connects the pharynx to
the stomach

A

esophagus

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31
Q

Transports food to the stomach

A

esophagus

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32
Q

Joins the stomach at the cardiac opening

A

Esophagus Connection

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33
Q

Occurs when gastric juices regurgitate into the esophagus; caused by caffeine, smoking, or eating or drinking in excess

A

heartburn

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34
Q

Bolus (mass of food) formed in the mouth and pushed into the oropharynx

A

swallowing

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35
Q

Swallowing reflex initiated when the bolus stimulates receptors in the oropharynx

A

Pharyngeal phase

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36
Q

it refers to mass of food

A

bolus

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37
Q

Moves food from the pharynx to the stomach

A

Esophageal phase

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38
Q

Wave-like contractions that move food through the digestive tract (Myenteric plexus/Auerbach’s plexus)

A

Peristalsis

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39
Q

stomach is located in ____

A

abdomen

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40
Q

it is the Storage tank for food

A

stomach

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41
Q

Produces mucus, hydrochloric acid, and protein-digesting enzymes

A

stomach

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42
Q

stomach Contains a ______
that lubricates and protects epithelial cells on
the stomach wall from acidic pH (3)

A

thick mucus layer

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43
Q

capacity of stomach

A

can hold 2L of food

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44
Q

layer of stomach that produce churning action

A

thick muscular layer

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45
Q

Large folds that allow the stomach to stretch

A

rugae

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46
Q

Paste-like substance that forms when
food begins to be broken down

A

Chyme

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47
Q

Opening between the stomach and small intestine

A

Pyloric opening

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48
Q

Thick, ring of smooth
muscle around the pyloric opening

A

Pyloric sphincter

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49
Q

Stomach is stimulated to
contract by low blood glucose levels, usually
12-24 hours after a meal

A

hunger pangs

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50
Q

Stomach is stimulated to
______ by ________ levels, usually
12-24 hours after a meal

A

contract; low blood glucose

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51
Q

increases stomach secretions

A

Parasympathetic stimulation, gastrin,
histamine

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52
Q
  • 1st phase of secretion regulation
  • Stomach secretions are initiated by the sight, smell, taste, or thought of food
A

Cephalic phase

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53
Q
  • 2nd phase of secretion regulation
  • Partially digested proteins and distention of the stomach promote secretion
A

Gastric phase

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54
Q
  • 3rd phase of secretion regulation
  • Acidic chyme stimulates neuronal reflexes and secretion of hormones that inhibit gastric secretions by negative feedback loops
A

Intestinal phase

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55
Q

Cephalic Phase - The taste, smell, or thought
of food or tactile sensations of food in the
mouth stimulate the ______

A

medulla oblongata

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56
Q

Carry parasympathetic action
potentials to the stomach, where
enteric plexus neurons are activated.

A

Vagus Nerves

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57
Q

Stimulate secretion by parietal and chief cells and stimulate gastrin and histamine secretion by endocrine cells.

A

Postganglionic Neurons

58
Q

Carried through the circulation back to the stomach, where, along with histamine, it stimulates secretion.

A

Gastrin

59
Q

Distention of the stomach stimulates mechanoreceptors (stretch receptors) and activates a parasympathetic reflex. Action potentials generated by the mechanoreceptors are carried by the vagus nerves to the medulla oblongata. What phase is this?

A

Gastric Phase

60
Q

Increases action potentials in vagal and chief cells that
stimulate secretion by parietal cells and stimulate gastrin and histamine secretion by endocrine cells

A

Medulla Oblongata

61
Q

Distention of the stomach also activates local reflexes that increase stomach secretions

A

Local Reflexes

62
Q

Carried through the circulation back to the stomach, where, along with histamine, it stimulates secretion.

A

Gastrin

63
Q

In the duodenum with a pH less than 2 or containing fat digestion products (lipids) inhibits gastric secretions by three mechanisms (2-4).

A

Chyme

64
Q

In the duodenum are stimulated by H+ (low pH) or lipids. Action potentials generated by the ______ are carried by the vagus nerves to the medulla oblongata (green arrow), where they inhibit parasympathetic action potentials, thereby decreasing gastric secretions.

A

chemoreceptors

65
Q

Activated by H+ or lipids also
inhibit gastric secretion. what reflex is this?

A

local reflexes

66
Q

Produced by the duodenum (brown arrows) decrease gastric secretions in the stomach.

A

Secretin and Cholecystokinin

67
Q

Secretin and Cholecystokinin - Produced by
the ______ and ______
gastric secretions in the stomach.

A

duodenum; decrease

68
Q

Weak contractions that thoroughly mix food to form chyme.

A

Mixing waves

69
Q

Mixing Waves - _____ contractions that thoroughly mix food to form _____

A

weak; chyme

70
Q

Stronger contractions that force chyme toward and through the pyloric sphincter.

A

Peristaltic Waves

71
Q

Peristaltic Waves - _____ contractions that force chyme toward and through the pyloric sphincter.

A

stronger

72
Q

Hormonal and Neural Mechanisms -
Stimulate _________

A

stomach secretions.

73
Q

stomach empties every ___ hours after a regular meal, and ___ hours after a high-fat meal.

A

4 ; 6-8

74
Q

Initiated in the body of the stomach and progresses toward the pyloric sphincter. what wave is this?

A

mixing wave

75
Q

More fluid part of the chyme is pushed toward the pyloric sphincter, while the more solid contents are squeezed back toward the body of the stomach through peristaltic constriction. what movement is this?

A

Chyme Movement

76
Q

Move in the same direction and in an orderly way as mixing waves but are stronger

A

Peristaltic Waves

77
Q

more fluid part of the chyme is pushed toward the pyloric region, while the more solid center of the chyme squeezes past the peristaltic constriction back toward the body of the stomach. what movement is this

A

Chyme Movement

78
Q

Force a few milliliters of the most fluid chyme through the pyloric opening into the duodenum. Most of the chyme, including the more solid portion, is forced back toward the body of the stomach for further mixing. what contraction is this?

A

Peristaltic Contractions-

79
Q

Mucin in an alkaline fluid

A

Surface mucous cells

80
Q

Mucin in an acidic fluid

A

Mucous neck cells

81
Q

Chief cells

A

Pepsinogen & lipase

82
Q

A 6-meter-long major absorptive organ where chyme takes 3-5 hours to pass through, containing enzymes to further break down food and secretions to protect against chyme’s acidity.

A

Small Intestine

83
Q

Parts of Small Intestine:

A

duodenum, jejunum, Ileum

84
Q

25 cm long section containing absorptive cells, goblet cells, granular cells, endocrine cells, microvilli, and many folds. It also houses the bile and pancreatic ducts.

A

Duodenum

85
Q

2.5-meter-long section responsible for nutrient absorption.

A

Jejunum

86
Q

A 3.5-meter-long section of the small intestine.

A

Ileum

87
Q

Its function is to absorb water from indigestible food and contains the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.

A

large intestine

88
Q

Joins the small intestine at the ileocecal junction and has the appendix attached.

A

cecum

89
Q

9 cm structure that is often removed.

A

appendix

90
Q

1.5-meter-long section with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid regions.

A

colon

91
Q

Straight tube that begins at the sigmoid and ends at the anal canal.

A

rectum

92
Q

Last 2-3 cm of the digestive tract

A

anal canal

93
Q

Food Passage – Takes ___ hours to pass
through the large intestine.

A

18-24

94
Q

Feces Product is made up of?

A

water, indigestible food, and microbes.

95
Q

Microbes in the large
intestine synthesize _____

A

vitamin K

96
Q

Weighs about 3 lbs and is located in the ___ ____ quadrant of the abdomen under the _____. It has right, left, caudate, and quadrate lobes.

A

right upper; diaphragm

97
Q

Gateway where blood vessels, ducts, and nerves enter and exit the liver

A

porta

98
Q

liver Receives blood from the _____

A

hepatic artery.

99
Q

what duct Transports bile out of liver

A

hepatic duct

100
Q

Formed from left and right hepatic duct

A

common hepatic duct

101
Q

Joins common hepatic duct and it is from gallbladder

A

cystic duct

102
Q

Formed from common hepatic duct and cystic duct

A

common bile duct

103
Q

(no answers!!)

Flow of Bile and Pancreatic Secretions through Duct System of Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

  1. Hepatic ducts – From liver lobes combine to form the common hepatic duct.
  2. Common hepatic duct - Combines with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct.
  3. Common bile duct - Joins the pancreatic duct
  4. Combined duct - Empties into the duodenum at the duodenal papilla
  5. Pancreatic Secretions - Pancreatic secretions also enter the duodenum through pancreatic duct, which empties into duodenum.
A
104
Q

Small sac located on the inferior surface of the liver that stores and concentrates bile.

A

gallbladder

105
Q

Responsible for digestive and excretory functions, storing and processing nutrients, detoxifying harmful chemicals, and synthesizing new molecules. It secretes 700ml of bile each day.

A

liver

106
Q

Dilutes and neutralizes stomach acid and breaks down fats.

A

bile

107
Q

this stimulation Causes the gallbladder to contract, releasing bile into the duodenum

A

vagus and nerve stimulation

108
Q

Produced by the duodenum and carried through the circulation to the liver, stimulates bile secretion by the liver.

A

secretin

109
Q

Produced by the duodenum and carried through the circulation to the gallbladder, stimulates the gallbladder to contract, releasing bile into the duodenum.

A

Cholecystokinin

110
Q

Stimulate bile secretion; over 90% are reabsorbed in the ileum and returned to the liver, where they stimulate additional secretion of bile salts.

A

bile salts

111
Q

Located posterior to the stomach in the inferior part of the left upper quadrant, with its head near the midline of the body and its tail extending to the left, touching the spleen.

A

pancreas

112
Q

this tissues contain pancreatic islets that produce insulin and glucagon

A

Endocrine Tissues

113
Q

this tissues Produce digestive enzymes

A

exocrine tissues

114
Q

Causes the pancreas to release a
secretion rich in digestive enzymes.

A

Parasympathetic stimulation from the vagus
nerve

115
Q

Released from the duodenum, stimulates the pancreas to release a watery secretion, rich in bicarbonate ions.

A

secretin

116
Q

Released from the duodenum, causes the pancreas to release a secretion rich in digestive enzymes.

A

Cholecystokinin

117
Q

Breakdown of food occurs in ____ and ____

A

stomach; mouth

118
Q

Moves food through digestive tract includes swallowing and peristalsis.

A

propulsion

119
Q

Elimination of waste in the form of feces

A

defecation

120
Q

______ split into disaccharides by
salivary and pancreatic amylases.

A

Polysaccharides

121
Q

are Broken down into monosaccharides by disaccharidases on surface of intestinal epithelium.

A

disaccharides

122
Q

Absorbed by cotransport with Na+
into intestinal epithelium

A

glucose

123
Q

____ is carried by hepatic portal vein to
liver and enters most cells by facilitated
______

A

glucose; diffusion

124
Q

(no answer)

Monosaccharide (glucose) Transport

  1. Glucose is absorbed by symport with Na⁺ into
    intestinal epithelial cells.
  2. Symport is driven by a sodium gradient
    established by a Na⁺-K⁺ pump.
  3. Glucose moves out of the intestinal epithelial
    cells by facilitated diffusion.
  4. Glucose enters the capillaries of the hepatic
    portal vein and is carried through the liver.
A
125
Q

Bile salts _____ lipids

A

emulsify

126
Q

Lipase breaks down lipids, forming ____

A

micelles

127
Q

Micelles come into contact with the intestinal epithelium and diffuse into the cells, where they are packaged and released into _____.

A

lacteals

128
Q

Lipids are stored in ____ and ____

A

adipose tissue; liver.

129
Q

Attach to the cell membranes of
intestinal epithelial cells, allowing fatty acids
and monoglycerides to pass by simple
diffusion into the intestinal epithelial cells.

A

micelles

130
Q

Within the intestinal epithelial cells - ____
acids and _____ are converted to
triglycerides; proteins coat the triglycerides to
form chylomicrons, which move out of the
intestinal epithelial cells by _____.

A

Fatty; monoglycerides; exocytosis

131
Q

Enter the lacteals of the intestinal villi and are carried through the lymphatic system to the general circulation.

A

Chylomicrons

132
Q

____ are split into ____ by enzymes secreted by the stomach and pancreas.

A

Proteins; polypeptides

133
Q

Peptides and amino acids are absorbed into ____

A

intestinal epithelial cells.

134
Q

____ are actively transported into cells with help from growth hormone (GH) and insulin.

A

Amino acids

135
Q

Amino acids are used to build
new ___.

A

proteins

136
Q

(no answer)

Amino Acid Transport
1. Acidic and most neutral amino acids -
Absorbed by symport into intestinal epithelial
cells.
2. Symport - Driven by a sodium gradient
established by a Na+—K+ pump.
3. Amino acids - Move out of intestinal epithelial
cells.
4. Amino acids - Enter the capillaries of the
intestinal villi and are carried through the
hepatic portal vein to the liver.

A
137
Q

___ can move across the intestinal wall in either direction, depending on osmotic conditions.

A

water

138
Q

99% of the water entering the
intestine is ____.

A

absorbed

139
Q

are actively transported across the wall of the small intestine.

A

minerals

140
Q

(no answers)

Fluid Volumes in Digestive Tract
1. Ingestion - 2 L
2. Salivary gland secretions - 1.5 L
3. Gastric secretions - 2 L
4. Pancreatic secretions - 1.2 L
5. Bile - 0.7 L
6. Small intestine secretions - 2 L
7. Absorption in the small intestine - 92%
8. Absorption in the large intestine - 6%-7%
9. Water in feces - 0.1 L

A

Anaphy Midterms (5 decks)

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