Eyes And Ears Flashcards
Eardrum is aka?
Tympanic membrane
Eardrum _____ when sound waves enter the ear canal
Vibrates
The barrier that separates the internal and external environment
Eardrum
Ear and nose is made of ______ tissue
Cartilage
What part of ear has less pain receptors compared to helix and auricle?
Lobule
What is an inflammation in the ear caused by infection?
Otitis media
Function of auditory tube
For pressure equalization
Where are the smallest bones in the body located?
Middle ear
What do you call the smallest bones in the body?
Ossicular bones
Ossicular bones are composed of?
Incus, malleus, stapes
Reduces the intensity of vibration in the ear, particularly during loud noises
Tensor tympani muscle
Order of receiving sound waves in the middle ear?
Malleus, incus, stapes
Function of vestibule
For balance and spatial orientation
3 chambers of the eye
Anterior, Posterior, and vitreous chamber
It covers the sclera
Conjunctiva
It is the white part of the eye
Sclera
It allows light to pass through
Pupil
Responsible for adjusting the lens
Ciliary body
When looking at far away objects, the lens _____; near objects makes the lens _____
Flattens; round
Layer of the eye that has arteries and veins
Choroid
What muscle elevates the eyelid
Levator Palpebrae Superioris
Sense of smell
Olfaction
Sense of taste
Gustation
It describes three receptors for ___ and the visual pathway to the brain
Vision
Structures of the external, middle, and the internal ear
Hearing and Equilibrium
What are the special senses?
Olfaction, Gustation, Vision, Hearing and Equilibrium
Somatic senses
Tactile, thermal, pain, proprioceptive
Conditions within the internal organ
Visceral senses
Special senses
Smell, taste, vision, hearing, Equilibrium
Conscious/ subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment
Sensation
Sensation must satisfy how many conditions?
4
Conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations and is primarily a function of the cerebral cortex
Perception
4 conditions for sensation to occur
1. Stimulus must occur and activate a ______
2. Receptor must convert the stimulus into ________
3. Nerve impulses must be conducted to the _______
4. Brain must receive and integrate the nerve impulses into a _______
Receptor; nerve impulses; brain; sensation
Stimulus getting to the brain
Sensation
How the cerebral cortex interprets the sensation
Perception
It is a characteristic of most sensory receptors
Adaptation
Perception of a sensation may _____ even though the stimulus persists
Fade/ disappear
Two variations of adaptation
Rapidly adapting - pressure, touch, smell
Slowly adapting - pain, body position, chemical composition of the blood
Bare dendritic associated with pain, thermal, tickle, itch, and some touch sensations
Free nerve ending
Dendritic enclosed in a connective tissue capsule for pressure, vibration and some touch sensations
Encapsulated nerve endings
Receptor cell that synapses with a first-order neuron; located in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and taste buds
Separate cells
Detect mechanical pressure, provide sensation of touch, pressure, vibration proprioception, and hearing a d Equilibrium
Mechanoreceptors
Monitor the stretching of blood vessels and internal organs
Mechanoreceptors
Detect changes in the temperature
Thermoreceptors
Respond to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue
Nociceptors
Detect light that strikes the retina of the eye
Photoreceptors
Detect chemicals in mouth, nose, and body fluids
Chemoreceptors
Sense the osmotic pressure of body fluids
Osmoreceptors
Three somatic receptors that are tactile
Touch, pressure and vibration, tickle and itch sensations
What are the six somatic receptors
Touch, pressure and vibration , tickle and itch sensations, thermoreceptors, pain, proprioception
What are the basis of classification of sensory receptors based on structure
Free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings, separate cells
Classification of sensory receptors based on its function
Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors , osmoreceptors
Hair root plexus, and type I and type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors
Touch
Lamelated corpuscles can detect what sensation/s
Pressure and vibration
Free nerve endings can detect what sensation/s
Tickle and itch sensations
Free nerve endings in the epidermis and dermis have what type of somatic receptor
Thermoreceptors
The free nerve endings in nearly everybody can detect what sensation
Pain
These are proprioceptors in the skeletal muscles, tendons, synovial joints, inner hair cells
Proprioception
Two types of cutaneous mechanoreceptors
Type I - Merkel discs/ tactile disc’s
Type II - Ruffini Corpuscle
This type of cutaneous mechanoreceptor can be found in the fingertips, hands, lips, and external genitalia
Type I - merkel discs/tactile discs
This type of cutaneous mechanoreceptors can be found deep in the dermis, ligaments, tendons, hands and soles
Type II - Ruffini Corpuscle
This type of cutaneous mechanoreceptor is sensitive to stretching
Type II - ruffini corpuscle
What are the types of tactile receptors for touch
Corpuscles of touch (meissner’s corpuscle) and hair root plexuses
This type of tactile receptor can be found in the dermal papillae of the hairless skin
Corpuscles of touch (Meissner’s corpuscle)
Hair root plexuses can be found in?
Hairy skin
What are the tactile receptors for pressure
Corpuscles of touch, Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors, lamellated (pacinian) corpuscle
It is a tactile receptor of pressure that can adapt quickly and is widely distributed in the body
Lamellated (pacinian) corpuscle
What are the tactile receptors for vibration
Corpuscles of touch and lamellated corpuscles
This tactile receptors for vibration detects lower frequency vibration
Corpuscles of touch
This tactile receptor for vibration detects higher frequency vibration
Lamellated corpuscles
It is the stimulation of free nerve endings by chemicals
Itch
It is a local inflammatory response
Bradykinin
It detects itch and tickle
Free nerve endings
This nerve endings arises only when someone touches you and not when you touch yourself
Tickle
It contains free nerve endings that are sensitive to cold
Epidermis
It contains free nerve endings that are sensitive to warm
Dermis
Extreme temperatures beyond 108C and 488C stimulate mainly _______, producing _______ sensations
Nociceptors; painful
Pain receptors are also known as
Nociceptors
This receptor is found everywhere except the brain
Nociceptors
Pain may persist even after a pain producing stimulus is removed because pain causing chemicals linger and because nociceptors exhibit ______
Very little adaptation
What are the types of pain receptors
Fast pain and slow pain
Type of pain receptors that is
- rapid/ happens after 0.1 seconds
- acute, sharp or picking pain
- Needle puncture, knife cut to the skin
- not felt in the deeper tissues of the body
Fast pain
Type of pain receptors that is
- a second or more after stimulus
- Increases in intensity over a period of several seconds or minutes
- May be excruciating chronic, burning, aching or throbbing pain
- can occur both in the skin and in deeper tissues or internal organs
- tooth ache
Slow pain
It allow us to know where our head and limbs are located and how they are moving even if we are not looking at them
Proprioceptive sensations
It allows us to walk, type, or dress without using our eyes
Proprioceptive sensations
This sensation allows us to estimate weight
Proprioceptive sensations
This type of sensations can be found in the muscles, tendons, joints, inner ear
Proprioceptive sensations
Includes smell, taste, sight, hearing, and Equilibrium
Special senses
Allows us to detect changes in the environment
Special senses
A branch of medicine that focuses on the eye and its disorders
Ophthalmology
It is the science that deals with the ears, nose, and throat and their disorders.
Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)
The olfactory epithelium in the upper portion of the nasal cavity contains
- Olfactory receptor cells
- Supporting cells
- Basal cells
How does an individual olfactory receptor respond to hundreds of different odaran molecules
By producing an electrical signal that triggers one or more nerve impulses
Decreasing sensitivity to odors
Adaptation
Pathway of olfactory sensation
- Nasal mucosa receptors
- Olfactory (I) Nerve
- Cribriform plate
- Olfactory bulb
- Olfactory tract
6m primary olfactory area in the temporal lobe
It is where the gustatory receptor cells are located
Taste buds
To be tasted, substances must be ____ in saliva
Dissolved
What are the five primary tastes
Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami
It is where the taste receptors are located
Taste buds
Where are the taste buds located
Tongue papillae
Lifespan of taste buds
10 days
Each taste bud has three kinds of epithelial cells
Supporting cells, gustatory receptor cells, basal cells
What are the types of papillae
Village, fungiform, foliate, filiform
There are typically about 12 ____ that is located at the back of the tongue 100 - 300 taste buds
Vallate papillae
This papillae is scattered over the tongue with about five taste buds each
Fungiform papillae
This is located in lateral trenches of the tongue– most of their taste buds degenerate in early childhood
Foliate papillae
It covers the entire surface of the tongue
Filiform papillae
This papillae contains tactile receptors but no taste buds
Filiform papillae
This papillae increases friction to make it easier for the tongue to move food within the mouth
Filiform papillae
It is dissolved in the saliva and enter taste pores
Tastant
Pathway of sense of tatse
- Release of neurotransmitter molecules from gustatory receptor cell
- First order neuron
- Gustatory receptors in taste buds
What are the cranial nerves involved in sense of taste
Facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X)
It produces and drains tears
Lacrimal apparatus
Move the eye
Extrinsic eye muscles
Controls eyelid movement
Palpebral muscles
Responsible for moving the eyeball
Extrinsic eye muscles
Is a thin, protective mucus membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera
Conjunctiva
It is a fold of connective tissue that gives form to the eyelids
Tarsal plate
This sebaceous gland keeps the eyelids from sticking to each other
Tarsal glands/ Meibomian glands
Pathway for tear
- Lacrimal gland
- Lacrimal ducts
- Lacrimal puncture
- Lacrimal canaliculi
- Lacrimal sac
- Nasolacrimal ducts
- Nasal cavity
The 2 ____(coats) of the eyeball are ____ and _____
Tunics; fibrous tunic, vascular tunic
What type of tunic do the cornea and sclera belong to?
Fibrous tunic
What type of tunic do the choroid, biliary body and iris belong to?
Vascular Tunic
Contraction of the _____ muscles causes constriction of the pupil; contraction of the _______ muscles causes dilation of the pupil
Circular; radial
It is the colored portion of the eyeball
Iris
Controls the size of the pupil based on autonomic reflexes
Iris
- Inner coat of the eyeball
- beginning of the visual pathway
Retina
Two layers of retina
Pigmented and Neural layer
This layer of retina contains melanin and absorbs stray light
Pigmented layer
This layer of retina contains rods and cones
Photoreceptors
Has no rods or cones
Optic disc
- shades of gray in different light
- absent in fovea, more numerous in the periphery of the retina
- 6-600 : 1 bipolar cell
Rods
- stimulated by brighter light; highly acute color vision
- blue, green, red cones
- most dense in fovea centralis
- 1:1 bipolar cell higher acuity
Cones
Divided into an anterior chamber and a posterior chamber by the iris
Anterior Cavity
The anterior chamber and a posterior chamber is filled with _____ humor
Aqueous
It is filled with vitreous humor
Posterior cavity/ vitreous chamber
Aka vitreous chamber
Posterior cavity
It is a clear, watery liquid
Aqueous chamber
It is a transparent, gelatinous substance
Vitreous humor
Focus image on the retina
Cornea and lens
75% of the total refraction occurs at the ____
Cornea
The lens of the eye further ______ the light rays so that they come into exact focus on the ____
Refracts; Retina
Images focused on the retina are _______ due to ______
Inverted and right-to-left reversed; refraction
The ____ must _____ to properly focus the object
Lens; accommodate
It is the site of the sharpest vision
Central fovea
refers to the eye’s ability to change the shape of the lens to focus on objects at different distances.
Accommodation
- Normal
- sufficiently refract light rays from an object 6m (20ft)
Emmetropic eye
Near sightedness
Myopia
Farsightedness
Hyperopia
A condition where either the cornea or the lens has an irregular curvature
Astigmatism
Nearsighted and farsighted, use what type of lens?
Near - concave lens
Far - convex lens
The eyeball is longer than it should be and the image converges in front of the retina
Myopia
People see close objects better
Myopia
The eyeball is shorter than it should be and the image converges behind the retina
Hyperopia
Individuals can see distant objects better
Hyperopia
It causes blurred or distorted vision
Astigmatism
Part of ear that includes the auricle (pinna), external auditory canal, tympanic membrane
External ear
It captures sound
Auricle
It transmits sound to the eardrum
External auditory canal
Ceruminous glands secrete _____ to protect the canal and eardrum
Cerumen (earwax)
Middle ear Contains 3 auditory ossicles
Malleus, incus, stapes
Sound vibrations are transmitted from the ____ through these 3 bones to the ____ into which the stapes fit
Eardrum; oval window
The _____ tube extends from the middle ear into the nasopharynx to regulate air pressure in the middle ear
Eustachian
Aka labyrinth
Inner ear
Translates vibration into Neural impulses that the brain can interpret as sound
Cochlea
It contains utricle and saccule
Vestibule
Semicirular Canals work with the _____ for _____ and _____
Cerebellum; balance; Equilibrium
Which are responsible for static Equilibrium
Utricle and saccule
Detects linear motion
Static Equilibrium
Utricle vs saccule
Utricle - linear horizontal motion
Saccule - linear vertical motion
They detect dynamic Equilibrium
Semicircular canals
Responsible for sensing rotational acceleration/ deceleration
Semicircular canals
