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Anaphy Midterms > Eyes And Ears > Flashcards

Eyes And Ears Flashcards

1
Q

Eardrum is aka?

A

Tympanic membrane

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2
Q

Eardrum _____ when sound waves enter the ear canal

A

Vibrates

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3
Q

The barrier that separates the internal and external environment

A

Eardrum

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4
Q

Ear and nose is made of ______ tissue

A

Cartilage

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5
Q

What part of ear has less pain receptors compared to helix and auricle?

A

Lobule

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6
Q

What is an inflammation in the ear caused by infection?

A

Otitis media

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7
Q

Function of auditory tube

A

For pressure equalization

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8
Q

Where are the smallest bones in the body located?

A

Middle ear

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9
Q

What do you call the smallest bones in the body?

A

Ossicular bones

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10
Q

Ossicular bones are composed of?

A

Incus, malleus, stapes

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11
Q

Reduces the intensity of vibration in the ear, particularly during loud noises

A

Tensor tympani muscle

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12
Q

Order of receiving sound waves in the middle ear?

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

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13
Q

Function of vestibule

A

For balance and spatial orientation

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14
Q

3 chambers of the eye

A

Anterior, Posterior, and vitreous chamber

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15
Q

It covers the sclera

A

Conjunctiva

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16
Q

It is the white part of the eye

A

Sclera

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17
Q

It allows light to pass through

A

Pupil

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18
Q

Responsible for adjusting the lens

A

Ciliary body

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19
Q

When looking at far away objects, the lens _____; near objects makes the lens _____

A

Flattens; round

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20
Q

Layer of the eye that has arteries and veins

A

Choroid

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21
Q

What muscle elevates the eyelid

A

Levator Palpebrae Superioris

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22
Q

Sense of smell

A

Olfaction

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23
Q

Sense of taste

A

Gustation

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24
Q

It describes three receptors for ___ and the visual pathway to the brain

A

Vision

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25
Q

Structures of the external, middle, and the internal ear

A

Hearing and Equilibrium

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26
Q

What are the special senses?

A

Olfaction, Gustation, Vision, Hearing and Equilibrium

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27
Q

Somatic senses

A

Tactile, thermal, pain, proprioceptive

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28
Q

Conditions within the internal organ

A

Visceral senses

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29
Q

Special senses

A

Smell, taste, vision, hearing, Equilibrium

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30
Q

Conscious/ subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment

A

Sensation

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31
Q

Sensation must satisfy how many conditions?

A

4

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32
Q

Conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations and is primarily a function of the cerebral cortex

A

Perception

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33
Q

4 conditions for sensation to occur
1. Stimulus must occur and activate a ______
2. Receptor must convert the stimulus into ________
3. Nerve impulses must be conducted to the _______
4. Brain must receive and integrate the nerve impulses into a _______

A

Receptor; nerve impulses; brain; sensation

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34
Q

Stimulus getting to the brain

A

Sensation

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35
Q

How the cerebral cortex interprets the sensation

A

Perception

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36
Q

It is a characteristic of most sensory receptors

A

Adaptation

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37
Q

Perception of a sensation may _____ even though the stimulus persists

A

Fade/ disappear

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38
Q

Two variations of adaptation

A

Rapidly adapting - pressure, touch, smell

Slowly adapting - pain, body position, chemical composition of the blood

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39
Q

Bare dendritic associated with pain, thermal, tickle, itch, and some touch sensations

A

Free nerve ending

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40
Q

Dendritic enclosed in a connective tissue capsule for pressure, vibration and some touch sensations

A

Encapsulated nerve endings

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41
Q

Receptor cell that synapses with a first-order neuron; located in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and taste buds

A

Separate cells

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42
Q

Detect mechanical pressure, provide sensation of touch, pressure, vibration proprioception, and hearing a d Equilibrium

A

Mechanoreceptors

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43
Q

Monitor the stretching of blood vessels and internal organs

A

Mechanoreceptors

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44
Q

Detect changes in the temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

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45
Q

Respond to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue

A

Nociceptors

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46
Q

Detect light that strikes the retina of the eye

A

Photoreceptors

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47
Q

Detect chemicals in mouth, nose, and body fluids

A

Chemoreceptors

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48
Q

Sense the osmotic pressure of body fluids

A

Osmoreceptors

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49
Q

Three somatic receptors that are tactile

A

Touch, pressure and vibration, tickle and itch sensations

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50
Q

What are the six somatic receptors

A

Touch, pressure and vibration , tickle and itch sensations, thermoreceptors, pain, proprioception

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51
Q

What are the basis of classification of sensory receptors based on structure

A

Free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings, separate cells

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52
Q

Classification of sensory receptors based on its function

A

Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors , osmoreceptors

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53
Q

Hair root plexus, and type I and type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors

A

Touch

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54
Q

Lamelated corpuscles can detect what sensation/s

A

Pressure and vibration

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55
Q

Free nerve endings can detect what sensation/s

A

Tickle and itch sensations

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56
Q

Free nerve endings in the epidermis and dermis have what type of somatic receptor

A

Thermoreceptors

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57
Q

The free nerve endings in nearly everybody can detect what sensation

A

Pain

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58
Q

These are proprioceptors in the skeletal muscles, tendons, synovial joints, inner hair cells

A

Proprioception

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59
Q

Two types of cutaneous mechanoreceptors

A

Type I - Merkel discs/ tactile disc’s
Type II - Ruffini Corpuscle

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60
Q

This type of cutaneous mechanoreceptor can be found in the fingertips, hands, lips, and external genitalia

A

Type I - merkel discs/tactile discs

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61
Q

This type of cutaneous mechanoreceptors can be found deep in the dermis, ligaments, tendons, hands and soles

A

Type II - Ruffini Corpuscle

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62
Q

This type of cutaneous mechanoreceptor is sensitive to stretching

A

Type II - ruffini corpuscle

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63
Q

What are the types of tactile receptors for touch

A

Corpuscles of touch (meissner’s corpuscle) and hair root plexuses

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64
Q

This type of tactile receptor can be found in the dermal papillae of the hairless skin

A

Corpuscles of touch (Meissner’s corpuscle)

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65
Q

Hair root plexuses can be found in?

A

Hairy skin

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66
Q

What are the tactile receptors for pressure

A

Corpuscles of touch, Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors, lamellated (pacinian) corpuscle

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67
Q

It is a tactile receptor of pressure that can adapt quickly and is widely distributed in the body

A

Lamellated (pacinian) corpuscle

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68
Q

What are the tactile receptors for vibration

A

Corpuscles of touch and lamellated corpuscles

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69
Q

This tactile receptors for vibration detects lower frequency vibration

A

Corpuscles of touch

70
Q

This tactile receptor for vibration detects higher frequency vibration

A

Lamellated corpuscles

71
Q

It is the stimulation of free nerve endings by chemicals

A

Itch

72
Q

It is a local inflammatory response

A

Bradykinin

73
Q

It detects itch and tickle

A

Free nerve endings

74
Q

This nerve endings arises only when someone touches you and not when you touch yourself

A

Tickle

75
Q

It contains free nerve endings that are sensitive to cold

A

Epidermis

76
Q

It contains free nerve endings that are sensitive to warm

A

Dermis

77
Q

Extreme temperatures beyond 108C and 488C stimulate mainly _______, producing _______ sensations

A

Nociceptors; painful

78
Q

Pain receptors are also known as

A

Nociceptors

79
Q

This receptor is found everywhere except the brain

A

Nociceptors

80
Q

Pain may persist even after a pain producing stimulus is removed because pain causing chemicals linger and because nociceptors exhibit ______

A

Very little adaptation

81
Q

What are the types of pain receptors

A

Fast pain and slow pain

82
Q

Type of pain receptors that is
- rapid/ happens after 0.1 seconds
- acute, sharp or picking pain
- Needle puncture, knife cut to the skin
- not felt in the deeper tissues of the body

A

Fast pain

83
Q

Type of pain receptors that is
- a second or more after stimulus
- Increases in intensity over a period of several seconds or minutes
- May be excruciating chronic, burning, aching or throbbing pain
- can occur both in the skin and in deeper tissues or internal organs
- tooth ache

A

Slow pain

84
Q

It allow us to know where our head and limbs are located and how they are moving even if we are not looking at them

A

Proprioceptive sensations

85
Q

It allows us to walk, type, or dress without using our eyes

A

Proprioceptive sensations

86
Q

This sensation allows us to estimate weight

A

Proprioceptive sensations

87
Q

This type of sensations can be found in the muscles, tendons, joints, inner ear

A

Proprioceptive sensations

88
Q

Includes smell, taste, sight, hearing, and Equilibrium

A

Special senses

89
Q

Allows us to detect changes in the environment

A

Special senses

90
Q

A branch of medicine that focuses on the eye and its disorders

A

Ophthalmology

91
Q

It is the science that deals with the ears, nose, and throat and their disorders.

A

Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)

92
Q

The olfactory epithelium in the upper portion of the nasal cavity contains

A
  1. Olfactory receptor cells
  2. Supporting cells
  3. Basal cells
93
Q

How does an individual olfactory receptor respond to hundreds of different odaran molecules

A

By producing an electrical signal that triggers one or more nerve impulses

94
Q

Decreasing sensitivity to odors

A

Adaptation

95
Q

Pathway of olfactory sensation

A
  1. Nasal mucosa receptors
  2. Olfactory (I) Nerve
  3. Cribriform plate
  4. Olfactory bulb
  5. Olfactory tract
    6m primary olfactory area in the temporal lobe
96
Q

It is where the gustatory receptor cells are located

A

Taste buds

97
Q

To be tasted, substances must be ____ in saliva

A

Dissolved

98
Q

What are the five primary tastes

A

Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami

99
Q

It is where the taste receptors are located

A

Taste buds

100
Q

Where are the taste buds located

A

Tongue papillae

101
Q

Lifespan of taste buds

A

10 days

102
Q

Each taste bud has three kinds of epithelial cells

A

Supporting cells, gustatory receptor cells, basal cells

103
Q

What are the types of papillae

A

Village, fungiform, foliate, filiform

104
Q

There are typically about 12 ____ that is located at the back of the tongue 100 - 300 taste buds

A

Vallate papillae

105
Q

This papillae is scattered over the tongue with about five taste buds each

A

Fungiform papillae

106
Q

This is located in lateral trenches of the tongue– most of their taste buds degenerate in early childhood

A

Foliate papillae

107
Q

It covers the entire surface of the tongue

A

Filiform papillae

108
Q

This papillae contains tactile receptors but no taste buds

A

Filiform papillae

109
Q

This papillae increases friction to make it easier for the tongue to move food within the mouth

A

Filiform papillae

110
Q

It is dissolved in the saliva and enter taste pores

A

Tastant

111
Q

Pathway of sense of tatse

A
  1. Release of neurotransmitter molecules from gustatory receptor cell
  2. First order neuron
  3. Gustatory receptors in taste buds
112
Q

What are the cranial nerves involved in sense of taste

A

Facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X)

113
Q

It produces and drains tears

A

Lacrimal apparatus

114
Q

Move the eye

A

Extrinsic eye muscles

115
Q

Controls eyelid movement

A

Palpebral muscles

116
Q

Responsible for moving the eyeball

A

Extrinsic eye muscles

117
Q

Is a thin, protective mucus membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera

A

Conjunctiva

118
Q

It is a fold of connective tissue that gives form to the eyelids

A

Tarsal plate

119
Q

This sebaceous gland keeps the eyelids from sticking to each other

A

Tarsal glands/ Meibomian glands

120
Q

Pathway for tear

A
  1. Lacrimal gland
  2. Lacrimal ducts
  3. Lacrimal puncture
  4. Lacrimal canaliculi
  5. Lacrimal sac
  6. Nasolacrimal ducts
  7. Nasal cavity
121
Q

The 2 ____(coats) of the eyeball are ____ and _____

A

Tunics; fibrous tunic, vascular tunic

122
Q

What type of tunic do the cornea and sclera belong to?

A

Fibrous tunic

123
Q

What type of tunic do the choroid, biliary body and iris belong to?

A

Vascular Tunic

124
Q

Contraction of the _____ muscles causes constriction of the pupil; contraction of the _______ muscles causes dilation of the pupil

A

Circular; radial

125
Q

It is the colored portion of the eyeball

A

Iris

126
Q

Controls the size of the pupil based on autonomic reflexes

A

Iris

127
Q
  • Inner coat of the eyeball
  • beginning of the visual pathway
A

Retina

128
Q

Two layers of retina

A

Pigmented and Neural layer

129
Q

This layer of retina contains melanin and absorbs stray light

A

Pigmented layer

130
Q

This layer of retina contains rods and cones

A

Photoreceptors

131
Q

Has no rods or cones

A

Optic disc

132
Q
  • shades of gray in different light
  • absent in fovea, more numerous in the periphery of the retina
  • 6-600 : 1 bipolar cell
A

Rods

133
Q
  • stimulated by brighter light; highly acute color vision
  • blue, green, red cones
  • most dense in fovea centralis
  • 1:1 bipolar cell higher acuity
A

Cones

134
Q

Divided into an anterior chamber and a posterior chamber by the iris

A

Anterior Cavity

135
Q

The anterior chamber and a posterior chamber is filled with _____ humor

A

Aqueous

136
Q

It is filled with vitreous humor

A

Posterior cavity/ vitreous chamber

137
Q

Aka vitreous chamber

A

Posterior cavity

138
Q

It is a clear, watery liquid

A

Aqueous chamber

139
Q

It is a transparent, gelatinous substance

A

Vitreous humor

140
Q

Focus image on the retina

A

Cornea and lens

141
Q

75% of the total refraction occurs at the ____

A

Cornea

142
Q

The lens of the eye further ______ the light rays so that they come into exact focus on the ____

A

Refracts; Retina

143
Q

Images focused on the retina are _______ due to ______

A

Inverted and right-to-left reversed; refraction

144
Q

The ____ must _____ to properly focus the object

A

Lens; accommodate

145
Q

It is the site of the sharpest vision

A

Central fovea

146
Q

refers to the eye’s ability to change the shape of the lens to focus on objects at different distances.

A

Accommodation

147
Q
  • Normal
  • sufficiently refract light rays from an object 6m (20ft)
A

Emmetropic eye

148
Q

Near sightedness

A

Myopia

149
Q

Farsightedness

A

Hyperopia

150
Q

A condition where either the cornea or the lens has an irregular curvature

A

Astigmatism

151
Q

Nearsighted and farsighted, use what type of lens?

A

Near - concave lens
Far - convex lens

152
Q

The eyeball is longer than it should be and the image converges in front of the retina

A

Myopia

153
Q

People see close objects better

A

Myopia

154
Q

The eyeball is shorter than it should be and the image converges behind the retina

A

Hyperopia

155
Q

Individuals can see distant objects better

A

Hyperopia

156
Q

It causes blurred or distorted vision

A

Astigmatism

157
Q

Part of ear that includes the auricle (pinna), external auditory canal, tympanic membrane

A

External ear

158
Q

It captures sound

A

Auricle

159
Q

It transmits sound to the eardrum

A

External auditory canal

160
Q

Ceruminous glands secrete _____ to protect the canal and eardrum

A

Cerumen (earwax)

161
Q

Middle ear Contains 3 auditory ossicles

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

162
Q

Sound vibrations are transmitted from the ____ through these 3 bones to the ____ into which the stapes fit

A

Eardrum; oval window

163
Q

The _____ tube extends from the middle ear into the nasopharynx to regulate air pressure in the middle ear

A

Eustachian

164
Q

Aka labyrinth

A

Inner ear

165
Q

Translates vibration into Neural impulses that the brain can interpret as sound

A

Cochlea

166
Q

It contains utricle and saccule

A

Vestibule

167
Q

Semicirular Canals work with the _____ for _____ and _____

A

Cerebellum; balance; Equilibrium

168
Q

Which are responsible for static Equilibrium

A

Utricle and saccule

169
Q

Detects linear motion

A

Static Equilibrium

170
Q

Utricle vs saccule

A

Utricle - linear horizontal motion
Saccule - linear vertical motion

171
Q

They detect dynamic Equilibrium

A

Semicircular canals

172
Q

Responsible for sensing rotational acceleration/ deceleration

A

Semicircular canals

Anaphy Midterms (5 decks)

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