respiratory system Flashcards
conducting portion
nostrils, nasal cavities,
pharynx
larynx
trachea
main bronchi
bronchioles (secondary and tertiary
filtration portion
nostrils- cilia, hair, muscus producing goblet cells
trachea and bronchi -cilia and mucus producing goblet cells
respirtory portion
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveoli
single cartilages
epiglottis, cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage
paired cartilage
arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, cuneiform cartilage
exporated
spit up
Swallowing
larynx elevates and the trachea is closed by the epiglottis moving inferiorly (this prevents food from entering)
the soft palette moves up to cover the nasal passageway to prevent food and liquid
then food is pushed down the esphogus
terminal bronchioles
smallest air conducting bronchioles
respitory bronchioles
transition to gas exchange
respiratory tract
made primarily of psuedostratified columnar cells - these cells have cilia that move/beat in an upward motion that help keep the respitort tract free of debris
psuedostratified because they appear to be layered, but are attached to the basement membrane
other respitory epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium- like that found in skin is found at the entrance of the respiratory system - just inside the nostril
stratified means layered and squamous means flattened
simple squamous - a single layer of flattened cells -this single layer allows for gas exchange to occur in repertory bronchioles
surfactant
a lipoprotein that covers the surface of the alveoli and keeps them from sticking together during exhalation
since the alveoli are always kept moist and water molecules are attached to each other the alveoli can be difficult to inflate without surfactant
helps maintain the circular open shape of the alveoli that are needed for gas exchange
impossible without it
premature babies
have not developed the ability to make surfactant yet, so they need to stay hospitalized until they can make it.
Three cell types of alveoli
alveolar macrophages, type 1 alveolor cells, and type two alveolar cells
type 1 - 95 percent of cells and form the thin simple squamous layer
type II - 5% these produce and secrete surfactant
can replace type 1 cells
alveolar macrophages - these are the most abundant cells in alveoli - phagocytize allergens, toxic particles, infectious bacteria/mircroorgnisms
What happenes once an alvelor macrophage ingests harmful particles things
they migrate to the ciliary surface to carry the particles to the mouth to be swallowed or exported
breathing
inspiration/expiration
external respiration
gas exchange with the environment at a respiratory surface
internal respiration
gas exchange between blood and tissue fluid
diffusion
high concentration of oxygen in the blood will move to tissues. then CO2 will diffuse into the capillaries to be expelled by the lungs
areobic celular respiration
make ATP
what are the three things that make diffusion and gas exchange effective
- moist 2. large in relation to body size (lungs have large surface area due to all the tiny bronchioles and large lungs) , and thin
also the lungs are highly vascularized
** air is a rich source of oxygen but it has a drying effect
pleurae
help reduce friction
provide a Negative pressure enviroment
help pull the lungs open during inhalation
usually just have a scant amount of liquid
ventilation
the pleura create a negative pressure space -pressure inside is less than the outside
what happens during inhalation
rib cage lifts and anteriorly and superiorly to expand lungs
diaphragm (usually dome shaped at rest) pushes down and flattens pulling the lungs open
the thoracic cavity expands and as the volume in the lungs increases the gases decrease
now there is greater air pressure outside the lungs than inside and air flows in
exhalation
rib cage is lowered, diaphragm raises, thoracic pressure increases and air will naturally flow out
the lungs do not completely empty - INCOMPLETE VENTILTION
incomplete ventilaiton
not all the air is expelled during exhalation leaving some old air that is warm and moist to mix with the new air
helps conserve water and maintain temperature in the lungs
Diffusion
accounts for most gas exchange in the alveoli and in the blood, pulmonary capillaries
atmospheric air contains very little CO2, but blood flowing into the pulmonary capillaries is saturated with CO2
so CO2 naturally diffuses out the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled
opposite for oxygen - blood coming in to pulmonary capillaries are oxygen poor, so oxygen diffuses into the capillaries.
hemoglobin
most oxygen entering the blood combines with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin
carbaminohemoglobin
some hemoglobin combine with CO2 about 30% is transported this way
most of the CO2 is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ion
Boyles law
volume is inversely porptional to a given quantity of gas
higher pressure in smaller volume and vice Versa
Charles law
the volume of a given quantity of gas is proportional to temperature
higher temperature higher volume and vice versa
the total pressure of gas is the sum of its partial pressures of individual gases
daltons law
spirometer
used to measure pulmonary ventilation
tidal breathing
amount of air inhaled and exhaled in a round of quiet breathing
typically 500 mL
inspiratory reserve volume
maximum amount of air to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation
typically 3100 ml
Expiratory reserve volume
maximum amount of air to be exhaled beyond a normal exhalation (with effort/forceful)
1200 mL
Vital capacity
ERV +TV+IRV
1200 mL + 3100 mL + 500 mL = 4800 mL
Total lung Capacity
VC + RV
(ERV+TV+IRV) + 1200 mL
(1200 mL+500 mL+3100) + 1200 = 6000 mL
Residual volume
amount of air remaining in the lungs that can not be exhaled
1200 mL
Inspiratory capacity
TV+IRV
500 mL + 3100mL =3600 mL
Tidal Volume
500 mL
one round of queit breathing
Functional residual capacity
RV+ ERV =FRC
1200+1200=2400 mL
cystic fibrosis
hereditary disease - cells produce mucus that becomes too think and clogs the respitory tract
chronic respitory infections lead to repertory failure and shortened lifespan
pulmonary edema
is an accumulation of fluid in the lungs
caused by several diseases - cancer, congestive heart failure, infections
a doctor can hear a crackling sound when they listen to the chest which is the fluid filled alveoli popping open with every breath
minute respiratory volume
MRV= RR (repository rate)x TV
What pulmonary ventilation is reduced with obstructive disorders?
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) due to the inability to exhale
a person exhales rapidly as possible into a spirometer in for one minute to meaure their FEV
What pulmonary ventilation is reduced with restrictive disorders
Vital capacity ( deepest breath possible) because the IRV, ERV, and TC are effected due to the limited amount of air they can be inflated.
restrictive disorders
any disorder that limits the amount of air they can be inhaled (restrict the amount the lungs can expand)
pulmonary fibrosis, TB, Black lung
obstructive disorders
any disorder that interferes with air flow by narrowing, blocking airway
asthma, chromic bronchitis, emphysema is both obstructive and restrictive)
emphysema
restrictive and obstructive -inability to inflate the lungs as well as inability to bring air in and exhale - weekend alveoli walls
diffusion
high concentration of CO2 in the blood diffuse into the alveoli to be exhaled
high concentration of O2 in the alveoli will move/diffuse into the blood capillaries to oxygenate tissues
external respiration -gas exchange with external environment of th
