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Anatomy and physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormone

A

an organic chemical produced by one set of cells that affect a different set of cells

Chemical messengers that influence the metabolism of the recipient cell

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2
Q

Hormone

A

has a specific organ/origin, and a target organ/gland or organs/Glands

And a specific action

Many hormones are proteins that are coded for by genes and synthesized within the cytoplasm by ribosomes

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3
Q

What happens to synthesized hormones?

A

they eventually get packaged into vesicles by the Golgi apparatus and secreted at the plasma membrane.

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4
Q

What are the two main categories of hormones

A

Peptides and steroids

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5
Q

Peptide hormones

A

can be derived from proteins, peptides, and catecholamines

act relatively quickly but are short lived

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6
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Derived from cholesterol by a series of metabolic reactions

Act more slowly because it takes time to synthesize new proteins than to activate enzymes that are already present in the cell

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7
Q

Where are steroid hormones stored

A

Fat droplets in the cytoplasm until their release at the plasma membrane

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8
Q

Which hormone can enter the cell and nucleus freely?

A

Steroid hormones can enter freely and do NOT need to interact with cell surface receptors

Once inside the cell, steroids bind to receptors and create a hormone complex

The complex activates specific genes that lead to protein synthesis

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9
Q

Which hormone type has a longer sustained effect on metabolism?

A

Steroid hormones do because the create new proteins for a cells

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10
Q

Endocrine glands

A

These are ductless and secrete their hormones in the bloodstream to be distributed throughout the body.

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11
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Have ducts and secrete their contents directly onto epithelial tissue
ex. salivary glands

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12
Q

Primary endocrine glands

A

Secrete hormones that chemically regulate body functioning

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, and pancreas

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13
Q

Secondary Endocrine glands

A

The heart, kidneys, gonads (testes and ovaries), thymus

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14
Q

negative feedback loop

A

This functions like a thermostat and is how most hormones are regulated.

Homeostasis has a set-point or range it requires to maintain proper functioning

If something falls below the range, it triggers it to turn on like a thermostat. It will run until it is slightly above optimal range, and then shut off. It will turn on again if the levels detected are below the set-point.

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15
Q

How does ADH use a negative feedback loop?

A

Its action is dilute blood. Once the blood is dilute, the hypothalamus detects dilute levels and shuts off the release of ADH

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16
Q

positive feedback system

A

This enhances or increases the amount of hormone that is regulated

Oxytocin works in a positive feedback system during childbirth

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17
Q

Hypothalmus

A

The part of the brain that regulates the internal environment and homeostasis.

It controls heart rate, body temperature, water balance, and glandular secretions of the pituitary gland

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18
Q

pituitary gland

A

lies just below the hypothalamus and has an anterior and posterior portion.

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19
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk-like structure. Overlap between the nervous and endocrine systems – store nuerosecretory - cells that respond to neurotransmitters and produce hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary

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20
Q

Neurosecretory

A

nuerons in the hypothalamus that respond to neurotransmitters and produce hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary.

The hormones pass from the hypothalamus through axons that terminate in the posterior pituitary

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21
Q

What two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary from the axons endings?

A

ADH ( antidiuretic hormone also called vasopressin) and oxytocin

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22
Q

ADH

A

promotes the absorption of water from collecting ducts which receive urine produced by the kidneys

As blood becomes dilute, the hormone is no longer released until it is needed again.

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23
Q

Oxytocin

A

Made by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary

Triggers uterine contractions during labor AND stimulates milk production in mammary glands for nursing

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24
Q

Anterior Pituitary gland

A

Three tiered relationship between the hypothamlus, anterior pituitary gland, and other endocrine glands

They hypothalamus produces hormones that travel to the APG, and then trigger the APG to make specific hormones that control the thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads

Then those glands make hormones using a negative feed back system that regulate the secretion of the appropriate hypothalamic hormone

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25
what hormones does the endocrine system secrete?
Growth Hormone (GH) Prolactin Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
26
Growth Hormone
dramatically affects physical appearance) the amount of this hormone determines height and bone structure of a person Causes cell growth, cell division, and protein synthesis impacts changes on skeletal muscles, liver, and bones promotes growth of cartilaginous plates and causes osteoblasts to form new bone
27
Too much or too little GH cause what?
Too little - pituitary dwarf too much - pituitary giant
28
Acromegaly
Too much growth hormones in adults that causes feet, hands and part of the face ( eyebrow ridges, chin, and nose) to become overly large
29
Prolactin
produced only during pregnancy, childbirth, and nursing causes mammory glands to develop and produce milk and plays a role in carbohydrate and fat production
30
Melanocyte Stimulating hormone
stimulates melanocytes (cells found in skin) to increase the synthesis of melanin -- what makes the skin darker in the sun
31
Thyroid Stimulating hormone
stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4 Often grouped together and BOTH contain Iodine - iodine is actively transported into the thyroid gland and can reach concentrations of more than 25 times greater than the blood.
32
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
33
Gonadtropic hormones: FSH and LH
Stimulates the gonads - testes in males and ovaries in females FSH- causes the development of a follicle on the ovary to mature before ovulation. ALSO increases estrogen production LH- acts on the ovary to cause ovulation. ALSO triggers the release of progesterone
34
What does Luteinizing Hormone also trigger
the production on progesterone to increase potential for fertilization of egg and pregnancy
35
Thyroxin (T4)
the anterior pituitary produces TSH which stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroxin in a negative feedback loop Increases thyroxin exerts feedback control over anterior pituitary, which ceases to make TSH
36
Goiter
When iodine is lacking in the diet the thyroid gland enlarges - caused by a relationship between the thyroid and anterior pituitary When thyroxin is low, Anterior pituitary continues to make TSH, the thyroid responds by getting larger (goiter), but is isn't effective because thyroxin can not be produced without iodine
37
Roles of Thyroxin
Increases metabolic rate in all cells increases respiratory enzymes and oxygen uptake NECESSARY for proper growth and delvelopent
38
congenital hypothyroidism
occurs in people who have low thyroid (hypo) function since birth. Causes reduced skeletal growth, sexual immaturity, abnormal protein metabolism - this can lead to intellectual disabilities
39
Calcitonin
Tyroid releases calcitonin as well as thyroxin. this hormone lowers levels of calcium in the blood and deposits them onto bones (osteoblasts) ** Opposes the action of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases calcium levels in the blood and phosphate levels decrease.
40
Parathyroid gland
4 glands embedded on the surface of the thyroid gland Produces Parathyroid Hormone This hormone increases calcium levels in blood and decreases phosphate
41
How does the parathyroid work to increase calcium?
Stimulates increased absorption in the intestine retains calcium by excreting phosphate at the kidneys these work with osteoclasts - demineralizing the bones and increasing calcium in the blood. When calcium levels reach the appropriate level, PHT shuts off via negative feedback system.
42
Tetany
Caused by PTH not being produced in response to low calcium levels in the blood a person shakes from continuous muscle contractions Happens due to low blood calcium levels which causes increase excitability of nerves which fire spontaneously
43
Adrenal Glands
Located above each kidney Each has an inner portion called medulla and outer portion called cortex These have no physiological connection with each other other than hormonal
44
Adrenal medulla
Not essential to life and can be removed secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine directly in the blood stream in times of stress flight or fight reaction blood glucose and metabolic rate increase, as do breathing and heart rate increased circulation causes the muscles to have more stamina than usual Epinephrine is used to stimulate a person in cardiac arrest
45
adrenal cortex
Essential to life It makes glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids releases a small amount of male hormones and an even smaller amount of female hormones
46
Cortisol
the glucocorticoid responsible for the most activity Under control of the Anterior pituitary hormone ACTH Raises blood glucose levels in opposition to inulin counteracts inflammatory response Inflammation cause pain and swelling and cortisol can ease symptoms and and reduce inflammation
47
48
Aldosterone
mineralocorticoid that is not under control of the anterior pituitary regulates sodium and potassium ions in the blood primary target organ is the kidneys promotes renal absorption of sodium and renal excretion of potassium
49
melatonin
produced primarily at night receives nerve impulse to the pineal gland via optic tract melatonin and the pineal gland are involved in daily cycles Called circadian rhythms ( people get sleepy at dark and wake with the light) Nigh shifts, and travel can disrupt this
50
What two types of tissues are in the pancreas?
Exocrine tissue produces and secretes digestive juices via ducts into the small intestine Endocrine tissue called pancreatic islets - produces and secretes insulin and glucagon directly into the blood stream.
51
Glucose
main energy source for cells and body and needs to remain in normal limits
52
insulin
secreted into beta cells of the pancreas when there is high blood glucose level which occurs right after eating
53
3 purposes of insulin
1) Stimulates liver, fat, amino acids to take up and metabolize glucose. 2) stimulates the liver and muscles to store glucose and glycogen 3) promotes the build up of fats and proteins and inhibits their use as an energy source.
54
What else does insulin do?
Insulin is a hormone that promotes the storage of nutrients so they are hand durning times of low blood glucose levels
55
Glucagon
is secreted by the pancreas by alpha cells in between eating and its effects are opposite of insulin Stimulates the breakdown of nutrients and causes blood sugar to rise
56
Erythropoietin
the kidneys make this hormone that acts on bone marrow to release bed blood cells into the bloodstream. without erythropoietin people can become anemic People with kidney disease are often anemic
57
what hormones do the testes produce?
androgens - testosterone
58
what hormone do the ovaries make?
estrogen and progesterone
59
What controls the sex hormone secretions?
The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland control the hormonal secretions of the ovaries and testes through FSH, and LH
60
what are some functions of testosterone?
essential for normal development and functioning of the sex organs in males necessary for the maturation of sperm stimulates the growth of penis testes during puberty responsible for muscular strength in males causes growth of facial, body hair
61
Effects of estrogen and progestogen
at puberty stimulates the growth of the uterus and vagina necessary for egg maturation in the ovary responsible for secondary sex characteristics of female body hair and fat distribution pelvic girdle enlarges responsible for breast development and regulation of uterine cycle
62
"all sex hormones"
both males and females produce all sex hormones however the ratios are different. Adrenal glands are responsible for making the opposite hormones that the gonads of the individual do not make
63
Thymus
reaches it largest size and is most active during childhood With age it becomes less active and

Anatomy and physiology (19 decks)

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