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IPHY 3410 - Exam 3 > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment

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2
Q

Which respiration processes are functions of the respiratory system?

A

Ventilation and external respiration

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3
Q

Which respiration processes are functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Gas transport and internal respiration

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4
Q

Ventilation

A

Move air in/out of lungs

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5
Q

External respiration

A

Gas diffuses between lungs and blood

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6
Q

How does gas transport happen?

A

Via blood

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7
Q

Internal respiration

A

Gas diffuses between blood and cells

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8
Q

Conducting zone

A

Passageway for air (NO DIFFUSION)

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9
Q

What process does the conducting zone use?

A

Ventilation

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10
Q

Where does the conducting zone range from?

A

External nose through most tubes in lungs

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11
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Oxygen diffuses into blood

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12
Q

What process does the respiratory system use?

A

External respiration

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13
Q

Where is the respiratory system?

A

Pulmonary alveoli and respiratory bronchioles

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14
Q

What are the layers of the conducting zone?

A

Mucosa and submucosa

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15
Q

What is mucosa’s connective tissue layer?

A

Lamina propria

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16
Q

What is the epithelium in the conducting zone that is exposed to food?

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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17
Q

What is the epithelium in the conducting zone that is NOT exposed to food?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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18
Q

What is a function of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

A

Removing debris

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19
Q

What are two glands that secrete mucus to trap debris in the conducting zone?

A

Goblet cells and seromucous glands

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20
Q

Goblet cells

A

1-celled glands in mucosal epithelium

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21
Q

Seromucous glands

A

In lamina propria and submucosa

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22
Q

External nares

A

Entrance and exit

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23
Q

What does the nasal septum separate?

A

Left and right nasal cavitites

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24
Q

What type of epithelium is in the external nose?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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25
Q

Which way is debris swept to be swallowed?

A

Posteriorly

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26
Q

What does the highly vascularized lamina propria do?

A

Warms and moistens inspired air

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27
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Paired air spaces in the bones of skull

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28
Q

What do paranasal sinuses do?

A

Connect to nasal cavity by drainage ducts

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29
Q

Pharynx

A

Where respiratory and digestive tracts intersect

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30
Q

What are the divisions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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31
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Connects to nasal cavity and has pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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32
Q

Oropharynx

A

Connects to oral cavity and has nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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33
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Connects to larynx and esophagus and has nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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34
Q

Larynx functions

A

“Gateway to lungs”, control speech (voice box)

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35
Q

What type of cartilage are most larynx structures made of?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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36
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

Laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple)

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37
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

Most inferior cartilage of larynx (circular)

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38
Q

Arytenoid cartilage

A

Attached on back of cricoid cartilage (not visible in anterior view)

39
Q

What happens in the epiglottis?

A

Swallowing elevates the larynx, epiglottis passively tilts down, laryngeal inlet (opening) closes

40
Q

What other type of cartilage does the epiglottis have?

A

Elastic cartilage

41
Q

Vocal folds

A

Vibrated by air to produce sound

42
Q

Rima glottidis

A

Opening between vocal folds

43
Q

Glottis

A

Rima glottidis + vocal folds

44
Q

Where are the vocal folds attached?

A

Attached to thyroid cartilage at anterior end and arytenoid cartilage at posterior end

45
Q

How do the vocal folds open/close?

A

By moving arytenoid cartilages in transverse plane

46
Q

How is the pitch controlled?

A

Cricoid cartilage moves in sagittal plane and carries arytenoid cartilages along (high tension = high pitch)

47
Q

Vestibular folds

A

False vocal cords that are superior to vocal folds

48
Q

Do vestibular folds have a direct role in sound production?

A

No

49
Q

What are the vestibular folds important for?

A

Holding the breath against pressure in the thoracic cavity

50
Q

Superior larynx epithelium

A

Stratified squamous

51
Q

Inferior larynx epithelium

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

52
Q

Where is the trachea located?

A

Mediastinum

53
Q

Which tissue in the trachea helps to get rid of dust?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

54
Q

Which tissue in the trachea prevents the collapse of airways?

A

Rings of hyaline cartilage

55
Q

Which structure in the trachea contracts when coughing?

A

Smooth muscle structure

56
Q

Why does the trachea need elastic connective tissue?

A

For elastic recoil (more efficient ventilation)

57
Q

Do the same tissues continue throughout most of the conducting zone?

A

Yes

58
Q

Which bronchi is outside of the lungs?

A

Primary bronchi

59
Q

Where is the primary bronchi located?

A

Mediastinum

60
Q

Which zones does the lung contain?

A

Part of conducting and all of respiratory

61
Q

Pleuare

A

Serous membranes surrounding the lungs

62
Q

What are the pleuare membranes in order superficial to deep?

A

Outer pleura, pleural cavity, and inner pleura

63
Q

Outer pleura

A

Parietal pleura (attached to chest wall)

64
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Space that contains pleural fluid

65
Q

What does the pleural cavity provide?

A

Subatmospheric pressure for breathing

66
Q

Inner pleura

A

Visceral pleura (outer layer of lung)

67
Q

How many lobes are in the left lung?

A

2 to make space for the heart

68
Q

How many lobes are in the right lung?

A

3

69
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are in each lung?

A

About 10

70
Q

What does the bronchial tree connect?

A

Trachea to alveoli

71
Q

How many secondary (lobar) bronchi are there and where are they?

A

1 per lobe

72
Q

How many tertiary (segmental) bronchi are there and where are they?

A

1 per bronchopulmonary segment

73
Q

What is the size of bronchioles?

A

<1mm wide

74
Q

Asthma

A

Allergic inflammation where the smooth muscle of bronchioles contracts and increases mucus secretion

75
Q

Where are the terminal bronchioles?

A

End of conducting zone

76
Q

Where are the respiratory bronchioles and what are they attached to?

A

Start of respiratory zone, attached to the alveoli

77
Q

Pulmonary alveoli

A

Where gas exchange occurs by diffusion

78
Q

Pulmonary alveoli characteristic (1)

A

Covered with pulmonary capillaries

79
Q

Pulmonary alveoli characteristic (2)

A

Very short diffusion distance (thin wall = fast diffusion)

80
Q

Pulmonary alveoli characteristic (3)

A

Very large surface area

81
Q

Pulmonary alveoli characteristic (4)

A

No mucus (slows down diffusion)

82
Q

Emphysema

A

Walls between alveoli break down which decreases surface area for oxygen to reach blood vessels

83
Q

Alveolar macrophages function

A

Trap dust

84
Q

Type 1 cells (main component of alveolar lining)

A

Thinnest for diffusion, have simple squamous epithelium

85
Q

Type 2 cells

A

Secrete surfactant, simple cuboidal epithelial cells

86
Q

Surfactant

A

Molecules that decrease surface tension of water allowing alveoli to expand

87
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

Not enough surfactant produced which makes it difficult for alveoli to expand

88
Q

What age is respiratory distress syndrome common and why?

A

In premature infants because their type 2 cells take longer to mature

89
Q

Inspiration (active)

A

External intercostal and diaphragm contract (skeletal muscles)

90
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

Increased thoracic volume then decreased pressure in lungs and air enters

91
Q

Expiration (passive)

A

Muscles relax and tissues recoil because it has elastic connective tissue

92
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Presence of air in the pleural cavity

93
Q

What can a pneumothorax cause?

A

A collapsed lung

94
Q

Where can air enter the body?

A

From the lung or outside thorax

IPHY 3410 - Exam 3 (6 decks)

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