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IPHY 3410 - Exam 3 > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system function (1)

A

Transport nutrients and metabolic waste VIA the blood

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2
Q

Cardiovascular system function (2)

A

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide VIA the blood

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3
Q

Cardiovascular system function (3)

A

Transport hormones VIA the blood

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4
Q

Cardiovascular system function (4)

A

Transport heat VIA the blood

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5
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Delivers blood TO and FROM lungs for external respiration

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6
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Delivers blood TO and FROM rest of the body for internal respiration

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7
Q

Capillary beds

A

Where exchange takes place

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8
Q

Artery

A

Delivers blood FROM the heart BACK to capillary beds

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9
Q

Do arteries carry oxygenated blood?

A

Most arteries, not all

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10
Q

Veins

A

Deliver blood from capillary beds to new location

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11
Q

Where do most veins take blood back to?

A

Heart

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12
Q

Where do portal veins take blood?

A

To another capillary bed

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13
Q

What is the heart?

A

A muscular pump that circulates blood

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14
Q

What surrounds the heart?

A

Pericardial cavity in the mediastinum

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15
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium? (superficial to deep)

A

Fibrous pericardium (outer), parietal layer of serous pericardium, pericardial cavity (contains fluid), visceral layer of serous pericardium

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16
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

Compression of the heart due to excess fluid in pericardial cavity

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17
Q

What are the layers of the heart’s wall? (outer to inner)

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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18
Q

Epicardium

A

Visceral layer of serous pericardium (peri = perimeter/surrounds entire heart)

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19
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle layer (thickest/in the middle)

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20
Q

Endocardium

A

Has simple squamous epithelium and lines inner heart (including valves)

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21
Q

Atria

A

Receives blood from veins

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22
Q

Atrium

A

Hall/pathway that connects places

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23
Q

Where does the right atrium receive deoxygenated blood from?

A

From inferior/superior vena cava and the coronary sinus

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24
Q

Where does the left atrium receive oxygenated blood from?

A

Pulmonary veins (two from right lung and two from left lung)

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25
Q

Ventricles

A

Eject blood from the heart

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26
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump deoxygenated blood to?

A

Pulmonary trunk and then pulmonary arteries

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27
Q

Where does the left ventricle pump oxygenated blood to?

A

Aorta (coronary arteries are branches of aorta) that supply blood to heart tissues

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28
Q

Heart valves

A

Prevent back flow of blood

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29
Q

Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)

A

Between atrium and ventricle

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30
Q

Tricuspid valves (R AV valves)

A

Between right atrium and ventricle

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31
Q

Bicuspid valves (mitral, L AV valve)

A

Between left atrium and ventricle

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32
Q

What hold valves in place?

A

Chordae tendineae which are anchored to papillary muscles

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33
Q

What do papillary muscles help with?

A

Preventing eversion (prolapse or leaking)

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34
Q

Semilunar valves (SL valves)

A

Between great arteries and ventricles

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35
Q

Aortic SL valve

A

Between left ventricle and aorta

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36
Q

Pulmonary SL valve

A

Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

37
Q

What does the first heart sound “lub” mean?

A

Closing of both AV valves (WHEN LEFT AND RIGHT VENTRICLES BEGIN CONTRACTING)

38
Q

What does the second heart sound “dup” mean?

A

Closing of both SL valves (WHEN LEFT AND RIGHT VENTRICLES BEGIN RELAXING)

39
Q

How does the conducting system relate to intrinsic rhythm?

A

Has specialized cardiac muscle cells which initiate electrical signal to the heart chamber to contract

40
Q

How does the signal to the heart chambers spread from one cardiac muscle cell to another?

A

Gap junctions

41
Q

What is the sequence of conduction?

A

Sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, bundle branches, purkinje fibers

42
Q

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

A

Pacemaker that has the fastest spontaneous fire

43
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Subendocardial conducting network (runs up walls of heart)

44
Q

Heart block

A

Damage to AV node or bundle of His (only path from atria to ventricles)

45
Q

What happens during heart block?

A

Signal never reaches ventricles, they still beat but at a slower pace

46
Q

What is the solution for heart block?

A

Artificial pacemaker restores normal function

47
Q

Is blood a type of connective tissue?

A

Yes

48
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

49
Q

Plasma

A

Fluid with dissolved nutrients, etc.

50
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells that carry oxygen

51
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells that act as immune cells

52
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragments for clot formation

53
Q

What are in blood vessels?

A

Capillary, artery, vein

54
Q

Capillary

A

Allows diffusion between blood and tissues

55
Q

Artery

A

Carries blood away from heart

56
Q

Vein

A

Carries blood away from capillary beds and back to heart eventually

57
Q

What is the general structure of the blood vessel wall?

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

58
Q

Tunica intima

A

Has endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)

59
Q

Tunica media

A

Has smooth muscle, collagen, elastin, circularly arranged

60
Q

Tunica externa

A

Has collagen, elastin, longitudinally arranged

61
Q

How is the artery structure compared to veins and capillaries?

A

Subject to higher pressure, thick walls (high elastin), and more elastic

62
Q

Elastic arteries

A

Largest arteries (1cm to 1inch), thick wall, very elastic for smoothing out pressure fluctuations

63
Q

Muscular arteries

A

Most named arteries, (0.3mm to 1cm), thickest tunica media relative to vessel diameter, regulate bp and distribution

64
Q

Arterioles

A

Smallest arteries (0.01 to 0.3mm), regulate bp and distribution

65
Q

What does the capillary structure do?

A

Facilitate diffusion

66
Q

What tunica do capillaries have?

A

Tunica intima (mostly endothelium), very thin wall

67
Q

What are the size of capillaries and what are some other characteristics?

A

<0.01mm wide, all blood in capillary is close to the wall, large surface area

68
Q

Capillary beds (when tissue is active)

A

Arterioles dilate, blood flows into capillaries, exchange occurs

69
Q

Capillary beds (when tissue is not active)

A

Arterioles constrict, shuts off blood flow and exchange

70
Q

Which capillary beds use precapillary sphincters and what for?

A

Mesenteric capillary beds use them to control blood flow into capillaries

71
Q

What are the types of capillary beds?

A

Continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries, sinusoid capillaries

72
Q

Continuous capillaries (in brain)

A

Completely sealed by tight junctions, all molecules must go across membrane of endothelial cell, least leaky (blood brain barrier)

73
Q

Continuous capillaries (in most organs)

A

Not completely sealed by tight junctions (somewhat leaky), small molecules can pass through intercellular clefts

74
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Have fenestrations (holes thru endothelial cells), allows more rapid exchange of small molecules, (INCLUDE kidney, endocrine glands, intestines, synovial membranes)

75
Q

Sinusoid capillaries

A

Have fenestrations, very few tight junctions, allows exchange of proteins and cells (fluidy), (INCLUDES liver, lymphoid organs like spleen and red bone marrow)

76
Q

Vein structure (1)

A

VERY low pressure system

77
Q

Vein structure (2)

A

Thinner walls than arteries, less smooth muscle/elastin, collapsible

78
Q

Vein structure (3)

A

Larger lumen than arteries, blood reservoir, ~65% of total body blood

79
Q

Vein structure (4)

A

Have valves to prevent back flow of blood

80
Q

What are the types of veins?

A

Venules, veins, portal veins

81
Q

Venules (small veins)

A

Receive blood from capillaries

82
Q

Veins (other than venules)

A

Receive blood from venules

83
Q

Portal veins

A

Deliver blood from capillary bed to capillary bed (middle man of circulation/exchange)

84
Q

What is an example of a portal vein?

A

Hepatic portal vein

85
Q

Mechanism for enhancing venous return (1)

A

Return of blood to the right side of the heart

86
Q

Mechanism for enhancing venous return (2)

A

Return is slow because of low pressure

87
Q

Mechanism for enhancing venous return (3)

A

Needs a way to enhance blood return to heart

88
Q

Example of speeding of venous return

A

Skeletal muscle pump allows for the pressure to change (and valves) which drives blood back to heart

IPHY 3410 - Exam 3 (6 decks)

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