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IPHY 3410 - Exam 3 > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system property

A

All cells are naturally charged

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2
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Uses electrical charge for rapid communication

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3
Q

Nervous system function (1)

A

Receive sensory input (monitor changes inside/outside of the body)

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4
Q

Nervous system function (2)

A

Integration (processes and interprets sensory input)

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5
Q

Nervous system function (3)

A

Motor output (causes a response by activating effector organs (muscle or gland))

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6
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord make decisions, send directions for motor output

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7
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Nerves and ganglia control how sensory input and motor output travel

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8
Q

Regional divisions of PNS

A

Spinal and cranial nerves

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9
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Nerves that transmit signals to and from spinal cord (also connected to spinal ganglia)

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10
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Nerves that transmit signals to and from brain (also connected to cranial ganglia)

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11
Q

Functional divisions (ALL CONNECTED)

A

Afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor)

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12
Q

Afferent

A

Carries impulses to CNS

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13
Q

Somatic sensory pathways (AFFERENT)

A

Monitors external environment, skin, body wall, limbs (needle puncturing skin)

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14
Q

Visceral sensory pathways (AFFERENT)

A

Monitors visceral organs (when stomach feels empty)

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15
Q

Efferent

A

Carries impulses to effector organs

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16
Q

Somatic motor pathways (usually voluntary)

A

To skeletal muscles

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17
Q

Visceral motor pathways (involuntary) OR autonomic nervous system

A

To smooth, cardiac muscle and glands

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18
Q

(efferent) Sympathetic

A

“fight or flight” = use energy (organs all react at same time and work together)

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19
Q

(efferent) Parasympathetic

A

“rest and digest” = obtaining energy (digestion and body maintenance)

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20
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells (not only found in nerves)

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21
Q

What is the function of a neuron?

A

Rapid transmission and integration of signals

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22
Q

What are neurons specialized for conducting?

A

Electrical impulses (communication)

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23
Q

Can neuron cells divide after birth?

A

No but new neurons can be generated from stem cells

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24
Q

What is the anatomy of a multipolar neuron?

A

Has cell body (SOMA) which contains nucelus, RNA, and proteins are produced there.

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25
Does a multipolar neuron contain dendrites?
Yes, dendrites receive signals from other neurons and send signals to cell body
26
What are axons?
Nerve fibers (long and skinny) that receive signals from axon hillock of cell body
27
Axon terminals
Transmit signal to other neurons
28
Myelin sheath
Made of glial cells, insulates axons from each other, speed up signal
29
Nodes of ranvier
Gaps in myelin sheath
30
Multiple sclerosis
Autoimmune disease of CNS that makes body attack its own myelin
31
What happens when the body attacks its myelin?
Damaged myelin = inflammation and body attacks axon = damaged myelin and axon
32
Synapse
Site of neuron-neuron communication
33
Are synapse communications chemical or electrical?
Most are chemical using neurotransmitters that diffuse across synaptic cleft but some are electrical through gap junctions
34
What are the types of neurons that are functionally classified?
Sensory (afferent) neurons, motor (efferent) neurons, interneurons
35
Sensory neurons
Carry signal TO CNS, make up sensory division of PNS, axon terminal is typically in CNS
36
Motor neurons
Carry signal FROM CNS TO EFFECTOR, make up the motor division of PNS, cell body is typically in CNS
37
Interneurons
Between sensory and motor neurons, found entirely within CNS
38
What are the types of neurons that are structurally classified?
Multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar
39
Multipolar
Many processes (many dendrites, 1 axon), most neurons are multipolar
40
Bipolar
1 axon, 1 fused dendrite, found in some sensory organs
41
Unipolar
Typically sensory neurons, receptive endings (NO DENDRITES), axon with peripheral and central processes
42
Support cells (neuroglia) properties
Don't send nervous signals, may outnumber neurons, continue dividing throughout life
43
What kind of cells become sick with brain cancer?
Tumors of glial cells = gliomas
44
What are the type of support cells found in the CNS only?
Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells
45
Oligodendrocytes
Forms myelin sheath, wraps around axon (like tendon sheath)
46
Astrocytes
Must abundant, wraps around capillaries, controls environment around neurons
47
Microglia
Immune cells, attack pathogens and break down dead cells, protect tissue
48
Ependymal cells
Lines fluid-filled cavities, on top of brain or spinal cord tissue
49
What type of support cells are found in the PNS only?
Schwann cells, satellite cells
50
Schwann cells
Forms myelin sheath, wrapped around axon/insulating cover
51
Satellite cells
Regulates environment around neuron cell bodies
52
Nerve
Group of axons traveling together in the PNS
53
What does the nerve anatomy consist of?
Endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium, fascicle
54
Endoneurium
Surrounds axon
55
Perineurium
Surrounds each subgroup of axons
56
Epineurium
Wraps around outside of nerve (epi=outside)
57
Fascicle
Subgroup of axons
58
Each ____ contains the axons of many _____
Nerve, neurons
59
Axons are also called _____
Nerve fibers
60
Why do nerves carry signals in both directions?
Because contain neurons oriented in both directions (exception is cranial nerves)
61
Ganglion
Collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
62
Gray and white matter
Two general types of nervous tissue in the CNS
63
White matter
Myelinated axons
64
Gray matter
Everything else (un-myelinated axons, dendrites, cell bodies)
65
Tract
Collection of axons traveling together INSIDE THE CNS (white matter)
66
Nucleus
Collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS (gray matter)
67
Brain complexity
100 billion neurons, many synapses per neuron
68
What is fluid-filled at a 4 week old embryo?
Neural tube
69
What are the three primary brain vesicles?
Prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
70
What is spina bifida?
When the neural tube fails to close completely
71
What does spina bifida result in?
Potential partial paralysis and risk of infection
72
What are the secondary brain vesicles?
Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
73
Forebrain includes
Telencephalon and diencephalon
74
Midbrain includes
MeSencephalon
75
Hindbrain includes
MeTencephalon and mYelencephalon
76
What are the brain structures at birth? (rostral to caudal)
Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon, brain stem
76
Diencephalon
Fully formed brain region
76
Telencephalon
Cerebrum
77
Mesencephalon
Midbrain (top of brainstem)
78
Metencephalon
Pons and cerebellum (where they meet)
79
Myelencephalon
Medulla oblongata
80
Brains stem
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
81
What is the ventricular system?
Fluid-filled cavities
82
Where are the lateral ventricles?
In cerebrum
83
Where is the third ventricle?
In diencephalon
84
Where is the cerebral aqueduct
In midbrain
85
Where is the fourth ventricle?
Between pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
86
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Fluid that fills ventricles
87
What does CSF do?
Cushions brain and transports nutrients, wastes, other chemicals
88
What is the choroid plexus?
Found in all 4 ventricles, produces in the CSF
89
What does the choroid plexus contain?
Contains capillaries which produce CSF by filtration and ependymal cells which modify CSF
90
What is the circulation of CSF? Blood to blood
(Propelled by cilia of ependymal cells) Produced in lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle to cerebral aqueduct to 4th ventricle
91
Meninges
3 layers of CT surrounding the CNS
92
What do the meninges do?
Protect the CNS, contains a portion of the CSF
93
Dura mater
Outer layer "tough mother", functions as a vein
94
What layers are in the dura mater?
Periosteal layer (outer) and meningeal layer (inner)
95
Dural sinus
Space between these layers that carries blood
96
Arachnoid mater
Middle layer "spidery mother"
97
What is in the arachnoid mater?
Subarachnoid space which contains CSF and large blood vessels
98
Pia mater
Inner layer "gentle mother"
99
What does the pia mater do?
Carries small blood vessels to nervous tissue
100
After the 4th ventricle in CSF circulation blood to blood, what comes next?
4th ventricle to apertures to subarachnoid space to arachnoid villi to dural sinuses (combines with blood from veins) to internal jugular veins back to heart
101
Where will some of the CSF go?
4th ventricle to central canal of spinal cord to apertures etc...

IPHY 3410 - Exam 3 (6 decks)

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