Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
Four processes of Breathing/Respiration
A
• Ventilation (1st)
• Gas exchange (external respiration) (2nd)
• Gas exchange (internal respiration) (4th)
• Transport of oxygen (3rd)
2
Q
Movement of air into and out of the lungs
A
Ventilation
3
Q
Galing sa labas. Exchange of gases between the lungs and blood
A
Gas exchange (external respiration)
4
Q
Exchange of gases between the blood and tissues
A
Gas exchange (Internal respiration)
5
Q
Functions of the Respiratory System (5)
A
• regulation of blood
• production of chemical mediators
• voice production
• olfaction
• protection
6
Q
Regulation of blood pH occurs by
A
Changing the carbon dioxide levels in the circulation
7
Q
Production of chemical mediators produces
A
ACE (Angiotensin-converting enzyme)
8
Q
Regulator for maintaining blood pressure
A
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
9
Q
Occurs when air is being drawn to our nasal cavity
A
Olfaction
10
Q
Sweeps foreign materials
A
Cilia
11
Q
Upper respiratory tract (4)
A
• external nose
• nasal cavity
• pharynx
• larynx
12
Q
Lower respiratory tract (3)
A
• trachea
• bronchi (including small bronchioles)
• lungs
13
Q
Two regions of Respiratory System
A
• conducting zone
• respiratory zone
14
Q
Conducting zone (5)
A
• external nose
• nasal cavity
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea
15
Q
Respiratory zone (2)
A
• alveoli
• lungs
16
Q
Exclusively for air movements which extends from the nose to bronchioles
A
Conducting zone
17
Q
Happens between the lungs. Gas exchange between the air and the blood takes place
A
Respiratory zone
18
Q
Visible structure that forms the prominent feature of the face
A
External nose (Nasus)
19
Q
Largest part of nose is composed of
A
Hyaline cartilage
20
Q
Extends from nares to choanae
A
Nasal cavity
21
Q
External opening of the nose
A
Nares (nostrils)
22
Q
Opening into the pharynx
A
Choanae
23
Q
Divides the nasal cavity into left and right. Anterior part is a cartilage, posterior part is composed of the vomer bone and the perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
A
Nasal Septum
24
Q
Formed by the palatine process of the maxillae and the palatine bone. Floor of nasal cavity separating the nasal and oral cavity
A
Hard Palate
25
Three bony ridges present on the lateral walls on each side of nasal cavity.
Conchae
26
Beneath the conchae there's a passageway called the
Meatus
27
Air filled spaces within the bone. Production of mucus. Influence the quality of the voice by acting as resonating chambers
Paranasal sinuses
28
Within the superior and middle meatuses there are openings from the various
Paranasal sinuses
29
Inferior meatus makikita
Ang opening ng nasolacrimal duct
30
Functions of nose and nasal cavity (5)
• passageway for air
• cleans the air
• humidifies and warms the air
• contains the olfactory epithelium
• helps determine voice and sound
31
How does the nose and nasal cavity cleans the air
The vestibules is lightly pierced
32
Other parts that cleans the air (2)
• nasal septum
• nasal conchae
33
Increases surface area of nasal cavity which makes airflow turbulent. Air inhaled and lining of nose come in contact which stimulates production of mucus by goblet cells from the pseudostratified columnar epithelium and that mucus traps the debris and the cilia of that epithelium sweeps the dropped debris/dirt by the mucus then goes into digestive system and gets eliminated
Nasal septum and nasal conchae
34
What air damages the Respiratory System
Cold air
35
What humidifies and warms the air
Warm blood
36
Gives us the capability of sensory of smell. Found in superior part of nasal cavity
Olfactory epithelium
37
What helps determine voice and sound (2)
• nasal cavity
• paranasal sinuses
38
Common opening of both digestive and respiratory system. Receives air from the nasal cavity. Receives also food, drinks through the oral cavity
Pharynx
39
3 regions of pharynx
• nasopharynx
• oropharynx
• laryngopharynx
40
Located posterior to the choanae and superior to soft palate
Nasopharynx
41
Incomplete muscles which separates the nasopharynx from oropharynx
Soft palate
42
Posterior extension of the soft palate
Uvula
43
Posterior surface of nasopharynx contains
Pharyngeal tonsils or adenoid
44
Helps defend the body against infection. Serves as a sieve
Adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil)
45
Extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis
Oropharynx
46
How does the oral cavity have openings?
Through the fauces
47
Fauces locate two tonsils what are they?
• palatine tonsils
• lingual tonsils
48
Extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the esophagus and passes posterior to the larynx. This is where food and drinks pass through para makarating sa esophagus
Laryngopharynx
49
Anterior part of the throat and extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea. Passageway of air between pharynx and trachea. Connected by membranes, hyoid bones. Contains 9 cartilages: 6 paired and 3 unpaired
Larynx
50
Articulate with the posterior superior border of cricoid cartilage
Paired arytenoid cartilage
51
Attached to superior tips of arytenoid cartilage
Paired corniculate cartilage
52
Contains mucous membrane anterior to the corniculate cartilage
Paired cuneiform cartilage
53
3 paired cartilages
• paired arytenoid
• paired corniculate
• paired cuneiform cartilage
54
3 unpaired cartilage
• thyroid cartilage
• cricoid cartilage
• epiglottis
55
Largest cartilage, aka Adam's apple
Thyroid cartilage
56
Most inferior; forming the base of the larynx where cartilages rest
Cricoid cartilage
57
Elastic cartilage rather than hyaline cartilage. Attached to thyroid cartilage. Freely move, covers trachea when swallowing food
Epiglottis
58
False vocal cords, covers superior ligaments
Vestibular folds
59
True vocal cords, covers inferior ligaments
Vocal folds
60
Opening
Glottis
61
Vestibular and vocal cords are lined by
Stratified squamous epithelium
62
Remainder of larynx is comprised of
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
63
Functions of larynx (4)
• maintain open passageway for air movement
• prevents swallowed materials from entering the Lower Respiratory Tract
• sound production
• traps debris in air (mucus)
64
What maintains open passageway for air movement (2)
Thyroid and cricoid cartilage
65
What part prevents swallowed materials from entering the Lower Respiratory Tract
Epiglottis
66
Force of air moving through vocal folds determines the (2)
• amplitude of vibration
• loudness of sound
67
Greater the amplitude
Lower the sound and vice versa
68
Higher pitched sounds are produced when
Only anterior parts of the fold vibrates
69
Low pitched sounds are produced when
Longer sections of folds vibrates
70
What traps debris
Mucus (and cilia)
71
A membranous tubed attached to the larynx with 15-20 C shaped pieces of hyaline
Trachea (windpipe)
72
What does the cartilages in the trachea do
It supports the anterior and lateral sides of your trachea. They protect the trachea and maintain an open passageway for air
73
Posterior point of trachea is
devoid (no or does not contain) of Cartilages
74
Smooth muscle in trachea
Trachealis muscle
75
Constant long term irritation to the trachea that causes tracheal epithelium to become moist stratified squamous epithelial
Smoker's cough
76
Release mucus which traps inhaled foreign particles
Goblet cells
77
From trachea to all respiratory passageways na madadaanan ni air
Tracheobronchial tree
78
Left lung
2 lobar bronchi
79
Right lung
3 lobar bronchi
80
Lobar bronchi give rise to
Segmental bronchi (tertiary bronchi)
81
Less than 1 mm in diameter
Bronchioles
82
How many generations of branching
16
83
As bronchi become smaller the cartilage becomes more _____ and the smooth muscle becomes more _____
Sparse (thinly dispersed), abundant
84
As diameter increases it
Reduces resistance of airflow
85
Contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchi and bronchioles decreasing the diameter resulting in increased resistance to airflow, which greatly reduces air movement
Asthma attack
86
Main medication for asthma attack
Albuterol
87
Respiratory bronchioles give rise to
Alveolar ducts
88
What removes debris in air in alveoli
Macrophages
89
Where do macrophages reside in alveoli
Nearby lymphatic vessels or interterminal bronchioles
90
Small air filled chambers where gas exchange between air and blood takes place. Approximately 300 million in numbers, 250 um in diameter with extremely thin wall
Alveoli
91
Are like long branching hallways with many open doorways and ends with two or more alveolar sacs, which are chambers connected to two or more alveoli
Alveolar ducts
92
Membrane lining of alveoli
Simple squamous epithelium
93
Membrane lining of bronchioles
Simple cuboidal epithelium
94
Enables exchange easier for alveoli para mag expand during respiration
Surfactant
95
Thin squamous epithelial cells (90%). Most of the gas exchange happens in these cells
Type I pneumocytes
96
Round cube shaped secretory cells that release surfactant which makes it easier for alveoli to expand during inspiration
Type II Pneumocytes
97
Principal organ of respiration and one of the largest organ in the body (in volume)
Lungs
98
Right lung (620 g) is larger than
Left lung (560 g)
99
Region where structures enter or exit the lung (root of lung)
Hilum
100
Where does lung rest
Diaphragm
101
Apex of lungs extends
2.5 cm to clavicle
102
Indentation of lungs
Cardiac notch
103
Lobes are separated by
Fissure
104
Lobes are divided into
Bronchopulmonary segments
105
How many lobes are in left lung
9
106
Lobes in right lung
10
107
HTES
Heart, Trachea, Esophagus, Associated structures
108
Midline partition
Mediastinum
109
Covers the inner thoracic wall
Parietal pleura
110
Covers the surface of the lungs
Visceral pleura
111
Serous fluid, acts as lubricant. Slide past each other
Pleural fluid
112
Significance of holding the parietal and visceral pleura
Adheres lungs to thoracic wall
113
Po2
Partial pressure of oxygen
114
Pco2
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide
115
Maintains electroneutrality
Chloride
116
Pagpapasok si bicarbonate lalabas si
Chlorate (chloride shift)
117
Release of oxygen from hemoglobin
Bohr effect
118
Hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen readily releases carbon dioxide
Haldane effect
119
Lungs have how many mmHg
104
120
How many mmHg (in Po2) does lungs have
Po2 of 40 mmHg
121
Po2 mmHg of lungs during exercise
15, hemoglobin 25%, oxygen 73%
122
Low pH affinity means
High hydrogen affinity
123
Located bilaterally in the dorsal Medulla oblongata. Stimulate diaphragm
Dorsal group (2)
124
Forms longitudinal column of cells located bilaterally in the ventral part of medulla oblongata. Stimulate intercostal and abdominal muscles
Ventral groups (2)
125
Involved with switching between inspiration and expiration. Collection of neurons in the pons
Pontine (pneumotaxic) respiratory group
126
Medullary respiratory center neurons are continuously active. It receives stimulation from receptors and stimulation from parts of brain concerned with voluntary respiratory movements and emotion
Starting inspiration
127
More neurons are being activated. Lasts 2 seconds
Increasing inspiration
128
Neurons stimulating also responsible for stopping and receive input from pontine group and stretch receptors in lungs. Inhibitory neurons activated and relaxation of respiratory muscle results in expiration
Stopping inspiration
129
What's the receptors
Those that monitor blood gas level, blood temperature, and movement of muscles and joints
130
The conscious and unconscious change in rate and depth of the respiratory movements
Cerebral and Limbic System Control
131
Absence of breathing
Apnea
132
In mechanisms of ventilation we call
Chemoreceptors
133
Specialized neurons that responds to changes in chemical in solution
Chemoreceptors
134
2 chemoreceptors
• central chemoreceptors
• peripheral chemoreceptors
135
located bilaterally and ventrally in chemosensitive area of medulla oblongata and connected to respiratory centers
Central chemoreceptors
136
Chemoreceptors that are found in carotid and aortic valve
Peripheral chemoreceptors
137
Inflammation of bronchi caused by irritants, such as cigarette smoke or infection. Swelling impairs breathing. Can progress to emphysema
Bronchitis
138
Destruction of alveolar walls; increased coughing increases pressure on the alveoli, causing rupture and destruction. Loss of alveoli decreases surface area for gas exchange and decreases the lungs' ability to expel air; progression can be slowed, but there is no cure
Emphysema
139
Emphysema+bronchitis
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
140
Genetic disorder that affects mucus secretions throughout the body due to an abnormal transport protein. Mucus is much more viscous and accumulates in ducts and tubes, such as bronchioles. Airflow is restricted and infections are more likely. Caused by Burkholderia cepacia
Cystic fibrosis
141
Can be caused by a number of bacterial or viral infections of the lungs that cause fever, difficulty in breathing, and chest pain. Edema in lungs decreases their inflation ability and reduces gas exchange. SARS-COV-2 and Influenza virus
Pneumonia
142
Causative agent of pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Lobar pneumoniae)
143
Potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs. The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread from person to person through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes. Causative agent is mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
144
Destruction of cilia lining the respiratory epithelium, allowing mucus to accumulate leading to a very severe cough
Whooping cough
145
Immunization for whooping cough that partially targets Pertussis
DPT - diptheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine
146
Causative agent of whooping cough
Bordetella pertussis
