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ANAPHY LAB FINALS > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Four processes of Breathing/Respiration

A

• Ventilation (1st)
• Gas exchange (external respiration) (2nd)
• Gas exchange (internal respiration) (4th)
• Transport of oxygen (3rd)

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2
Q

Movement of air into and out of the lungs

A

Ventilation

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3
Q

Galing sa labas. Exchange of gases between the lungs and blood

A

Gas exchange (external respiration)

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4
Q

Exchange of gases between the blood and tissues

A

Gas exchange (Internal respiration)

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5
Q

Functions of the Respiratory System (5)

A

• regulation of blood
• production of chemical mediators
• voice production
• olfaction
• protection

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6
Q

Regulation of blood pH occurs by

A

Changing the carbon dioxide levels in the circulation

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7
Q

Production of chemical mediators produces

A

ACE (Angiotensin-converting enzyme)

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8
Q

Regulator for maintaining blood pressure

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

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9
Q

Occurs when air is being drawn to our nasal cavity

A

Olfaction

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10
Q

Sweeps foreign materials

A

Cilia

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11
Q

Upper respiratory tract (4)

A

• external nose
• nasal cavity
• pharynx
• larynx

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12
Q

Lower respiratory tract (3)

A

• trachea
• bronchi (including small bronchioles)
• lungs

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13
Q

Two regions of Respiratory System

A

• conducting zone
• respiratory zone

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14
Q

Conducting zone (5)

A

• external nose
• nasal cavity
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea

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15
Q

Respiratory zone (2)

A

• alveoli
• lungs

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16
Q

Exclusively for air movements which extends from the nose to bronchioles

A

Conducting zone

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17
Q

Happens between the lungs. Gas exchange between the air and the blood takes place

A

Respiratory zone

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18
Q

Visible structure that forms the prominent feature of the face

A

External nose (Nasus)

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19
Q

Largest part of nose is composed of

A

Hyaline cartilage

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20
Q

Extends from nares to choanae

A

Nasal cavity

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21
Q

External opening of the nose

A

Nares (nostrils)

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22
Q

Opening into the pharynx

A

Choanae

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23
Q

Divides the nasal cavity into left and right. Anterior part is a cartilage, posterior part is composed of the vomer bone and the perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

A

Nasal Septum

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24
Q

Formed by the palatine process of the maxillae and the palatine bone. Floor of nasal cavity separating the nasal and oral cavity

A

Hard Palate

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25
Q

Three bony ridges present on the lateral walls on each side of nasal cavity.

A

Conchae

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26
Q

Beneath the conchae there’s a passageway called the

A

Meatus

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27
Q

Air filled spaces within the bone. Production of mucus. Influence the quality of the voice by acting as resonating chambers

A

Paranasal sinuses

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28
Q

Within the superior and middle meatuses there are openings from the various

A

Paranasal sinuses

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29
Q

Inferior meatus makikita

A

Ang opening ng nasolacrimal duct

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30
Q

Functions of nose and nasal cavity (5)

A

• passageway for air
• cleans the air
• humidifies and warms the air
• contains the olfactory epithelium
• helps determine voice and sound

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31
Q

How does the nose and nasal cavity cleans the air

A

The vestibules is lightly pierced

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32
Q

Other parts that cleans the air (2)

A

• nasal septum
• nasal conchae

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33
Q

Increases surface area of nasal cavity which makes airflow turbulent. Air inhaled and lining of nose come in contact which stimulates production of mucus by goblet cells from the pseudostratified columnar epithelium and that mucus traps the debris and the cilia of that epithelium sweeps the dropped debris/dirt by the mucus then goes into digestive system and gets eliminated

A

Nasal septum and nasal conchae

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34
Q

What air damages the Respiratory System

A

Cold air

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35
Q

What humidifies and warms the air

A

Warm blood

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36
Q

Gives us the capability of sensory of smell. Found in superior part of nasal cavity

A

Olfactory epithelium

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37
Q

What helps determine voice and sound (2)

A

• nasal cavity
• paranasal sinuses

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38
Q

Common opening of both digestive and respiratory system. Receives air from the nasal cavity. Receives also food, drinks through the oral cavity

A

Pharynx

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39
Q

3 regions of pharynx

A

• nasopharynx
• oropharynx
• laryngopharynx

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40
Q

Located posterior to the choanae and superior to soft palate

A

Nasopharynx

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41
Q

Incomplete muscles which separates the nasopharynx from oropharynx

A

Soft palate

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42
Q

Posterior extension of the soft palate

A

Uvula

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43
Q

Posterior surface of nasopharynx contains

A

Pharyngeal tonsils or adenoid

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44
Q

Helps defend the body against infection. Serves as a sieve

A

Adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil)

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45
Q

Extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis

A

Oropharynx

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46
Q

How does the oral cavity have openings?

A

Through the fauces

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47
Q

Fauces locate two tonsils what are they?

A

• palatine tonsils
• lingual tonsils

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48
Q

Extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the esophagus and passes posterior to the larynx. This is where food and drinks pass through para makarating sa esophagus

A

Laryngopharynx

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49
Q

Anterior part of the throat and extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea. Passageway of air between pharynx and trachea. Connected by membranes, hyoid bones. Contains 9 cartilages: 6 paired and 3 unpaired

A

Larynx

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50
Q

Articulate with the posterior superior border of cricoid cartilage

A

Paired arytenoid cartilage

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51
Q

Attached to superior tips of arytenoid cartilage

A

Paired corniculate cartilage

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52
Q

Contains mucous membrane anterior to the corniculate cartilage

A

Paired cuneiform cartilage

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53
Q

3 paired cartilages

A

• paired arytenoid
• paired corniculate
• paired cuneiform cartilage

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54
Q

3 unpaired cartilage

A

• thyroid cartilage
• cricoid cartilage
• epiglottis

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55
Q

Largest cartilage, aka Adam’s apple

A

Thyroid cartilage

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56
Q

Most inferior; forming the base of the larynx where cartilages rest

A

Cricoid cartilage

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57
Q

Elastic cartilage rather than hyaline cartilage. Attached to thyroid cartilage. Freely move, covers trachea when swallowing food

A

Epiglottis

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58
Q

False vocal cords, covers superior ligaments

A

Vestibular folds

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59
Q

True vocal cords, covers inferior ligaments

A

Vocal folds

60
Q

Opening

A

Glottis

61
Q

Vestibular and vocal cords are lined by

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

62
Q

Remainder of larynx is comprised of

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

63
Q

Functions of larynx (4)

A

• maintain open passageway for air movement
• prevents swallowed materials from entering the Lower Respiratory Tract
• sound production
• traps debris in air (mucus)

64
Q

What maintains open passageway for air movement (2)

A

Thyroid and cricoid cartilage

65
Q

What part prevents swallowed materials from entering the Lower Respiratory Tract

A

Epiglottis

66
Q

Force of air moving through vocal folds determines the (2)

A

• amplitude of vibration
• loudness of sound

67
Q

Greater the amplitude

A

Lower the sound and vice versa

68
Q

Higher pitched sounds are produced when

A

Only anterior parts of the fold vibrates

69
Q

Low pitched sounds are produced when

A

Longer sections of folds vibrates

70
Q

What traps debris

A

Mucus (and cilia)

71
Q

A membranous tubed attached to the larynx with 15-20 C shaped pieces of hyaline

A

Trachea (windpipe)

72
Q

What does the cartilages in the trachea do

A

It supports the anterior and lateral sides of your trachea. They protect the trachea and maintain an open passageway for air

73
Q

Posterior point of trachea is

A

devoid (no or does not contain) of Cartilages

74
Q

Smooth muscle in trachea

A

Trachealis muscle

75
Q

Constant long term irritation to the trachea that causes tracheal epithelium to become moist stratified squamous epithelial

A

Smoker’s cough

76
Q

Release mucus which traps inhaled foreign particles

A

Goblet cells

77
Q

From trachea to all respiratory passageways na madadaanan ni air

A

Tracheobronchial tree

78
Q

Left lung

A

2 lobar bronchi

79
Q

Right lung

A

3 lobar bronchi

80
Q

Lobar bronchi give rise to

A

Segmental bronchi (tertiary bronchi)

81
Q

Less than 1 mm in diameter

A

Bronchioles

82
Q

How many generations of branching

A

16

83
Q

As bronchi become smaller the cartilage becomes more _____ and the smooth muscle becomes more _____

A

Sparse (thinly dispersed), abundant

84
Q

As diameter increases it

A

Reduces resistance of airflow

85
Q

Contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchi and bronchioles decreasing the diameter resulting in increased resistance to airflow, which greatly reduces air movement

A

Asthma attack

86
Q

Main medication for asthma attack

A

Albuterol

87
Q

Respiratory bronchioles give rise to

A

Alveolar ducts

88
Q

What removes debris in air in alveoli

A

Macrophages

89
Q

Where do macrophages reside in alveoli

A

Nearby lymphatic vessels or interterminal bronchioles

90
Q

Small air filled chambers where gas exchange between air and blood takes place. Approximately 300 million in numbers, 250 um in diameter with extremely thin wall

A

Alveoli

91
Q

Are like long branching hallways with many open doorways and ends with two or more alveolar sacs, which are chambers connected to two or more alveoli

A

Alveolar ducts

92
Q

Membrane lining of alveoli

A

Simple squamous epithelium

93
Q

Membrane lining of bronchioles

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

94
Q

Enables exchange easier for alveoli para mag expand during respiration

A

Surfactant

95
Q

Thin squamous epithelial cells (90%). Most of the gas exchange happens in these cells

A

Type I pneumocytes

96
Q

Round cube shaped secretory cells that release surfactant which makes it easier for alveoli to expand during inspiration

A

Type II Pneumocytes

97
Q

Principal organ of respiration and one of the largest organ in the body (in volume)

A

Lungs

98
Q

Right lung (620 g) is larger than

A

Left lung (560 g)

99
Q

Region where structures enter or exit the lung (root of lung)

A

Hilum

100
Q

Where does lung rest

A

Diaphragm

101
Q

Apex of lungs extends

A

2.5 cm to clavicle

102
Q

Indentation of lungs

A

Cardiac notch

103
Q

Lobes are separated by

A

Fissure

104
Q

Lobes are divided into

A

Bronchopulmonary segments

105
Q

How many lobes are in left lung

A

9

106
Q

Lobes in right lung

A

10

107
Q

HTES

A

Heart, Trachea, Esophagus, Associated structures

108
Q

Midline partition

A

Mediastinum

109
Q

Covers the inner thoracic wall

A

Parietal pleura

110
Q

Covers the surface of the lungs

A

Visceral pleura

111
Q

Serous fluid, acts as lubricant. Slide past each other

A

Pleural fluid

112
Q

Significance of holding the parietal and visceral pleura

A

Adheres lungs to thoracic wall

113
Q

Po2

A

Partial pressure of oxygen

114
Q

Pco2

A

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide

115
Q

Maintains electroneutrality

A

Chloride

116
Q

Pagpapasok si bicarbonate lalabas si

A

Chlorate (chloride shift)

117
Q

Release of oxygen from hemoglobin

A

Bohr effect

118
Q

Hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen readily releases carbon dioxide

A

Haldane effect

119
Q

Lungs have how many mmHg

A

104

120
Q

How many mmHg (in Po2) does lungs have

A

Po2 of 40 mmHg

121
Q

Po2 mmHg of lungs during exercise

A

15, hemoglobin 25%, oxygen 73%

122
Q

Low pH affinity means

A

High hydrogen affinity

123
Q

Located bilaterally in the dorsal Medulla oblongata. Stimulate diaphragm

A

Dorsal group (2)

124
Q

Forms longitudinal column of cells located bilaterally in the ventral part of medulla oblongata. Stimulate intercostal and abdominal muscles

A

Ventral groups (2)

125
Q

Involved with switching between inspiration and expiration. Collection of neurons in the pons

A

Pontine (pneumotaxic) respiratory group

126
Q

Medullary respiratory center neurons are continuously active. It receives stimulation from receptors and stimulation from parts of brain concerned with voluntary respiratory movements and emotion

A

Starting inspiration

127
Q

More neurons are being activated. Lasts 2 seconds

A

Increasing inspiration

128
Q

Neurons stimulating also responsible for stopping and receive input from pontine group and stretch receptors in lungs. Inhibitory neurons activated and relaxation of respiratory muscle results in expiration

A

Stopping inspiration

129
Q

What’s the receptors

A

Those that monitor blood gas level, blood temperature, and movement of muscles and joints

130
Q

The conscious and unconscious change in rate and depth of the respiratory movements

A

Cerebral and Limbic System Control

131
Q

Absence of breathing

A

Apnea

132
Q

In mechanisms of ventilation we call

A

Chemoreceptors

133
Q

Specialized neurons that responds to changes in chemical in solution

A

Chemoreceptors

134
Q

2 chemoreceptors

A

• central chemoreceptors
• peripheral chemoreceptors

135
Q

located bilaterally and ventrally in chemosensitive area of medulla oblongata and connected to respiratory centers

A

Central chemoreceptors

136
Q

Chemoreceptors that are found in carotid and aortic valve

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

137
Q

Inflammation of bronchi caused by irritants, such as cigarette smoke or infection. Swelling impairs breathing. Can progress to emphysema

A

Bronchitis

138
Q

Destruction of alveolar walls; increased coughing increases pressure on the alveoli, causing rupture and destruction. Loss of alveoli decreases surface area for gas exchange and decreases the lungs’ ability to expel air; progression can be slowed, but there is no cure

A

Emphysema

139
Q

Emphysema+bronchitis

A

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

140
Q

Genetic disorder that affects mucus secretions throughout the body due to an abnormal transport protein. Mucus is much more viscous and accumulates in ducts and tubes, such as bronchioles. Airflow is restricted and infections are more likely. Caused by Burkholderia cepacia

A

Cystic fibrosis

141
Q

Can be caused by a number of bacterial or viral infections of the lungs that cause fever, difficulty in breathing, and chest pain. Edema in lungs decreases their inflation ability and reduces gas exchange. SARS-COV-2 and Influenza virus

A

Pneumonia

142
Q

Causative agent of pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Lobar pneumoniae)

143
Q

Potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs. The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread from person to person through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes. Causative agent is mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Tuberculosis

144
Q

Destruction of cilia lining the respiratory epithelium, allowing mucus to accumulate leading to a very severe cough

A

Whooping cough

145
Q

Immunization for whooping cough that partially targets Pertussis

A

DPT - diptheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine

146
Q

Causative agent of whooping cough

A

Bordetella pertussis

ANAPHY LAB FINALS (5 decks)

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