Circulatory System Flashcards
1
Q
It is the one responsible for oxygen-carrying. Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and removes waste products
A
Circulatory system
2
Q
Circulatory system is composed of: (3)
A
- blood
- vascular system
- heart
3
Q
Vascular system consists of: (3)
A
- capillaries
- veins
- arteries
4
Q
Functions of Circulatory system (5)
A
- carries blood
- exchange nutrients, waste products, and gases with tissues
- transports substances
- helps regulate blood pressure
- directs blood flow to tissues
5
Q
It is a self-regulating process in which a living organism can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external environment or conditions
A
Body homeostasis
6
Q
Plasma is how many % of blood
A
55%
7
Q
Plasma consists of:
A
- 91% water
- 7% protein
- 2% other solutes
8
Q
Formed elements is how many % in blood
A
45%
9
Q
Is characterized by a clear, extracellular matrix
Contains different proteins like albumin (most abundant), globulin, fibrinogen (necessary for blood clotting), and prothrombin
A
Plasma
10
Q
Serum does not contain
A
Fibrinogen
11
Q
Total RBC count:
A
Female: 4.2-5.4x10¹²/L
Male: 4.5-6.2x10¹²/L
12
Q
Those having obvious granules. Polymorphic nuclei with 2 or more lobes
A
Granulocyte
13
Q
Examples of granulocyte (3)
A
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
14
Q
Those having few or no granules. But have a sorophilic granules are the Lysosomes. Nucleus is round or tinted
A
Agranulocyte
15
Q
Examples of agranulocyte (2)
A
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
16
Q
White blood cells that use phagocytosis to engulf bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances to protect the body
A
Phagocyte
17
Q
Examples of phagocytes (4)
A
- basophils
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- monocytes
18
Q
Involved in or related to the immune response of the body
A
Immunocyte
19
Q
T-Lymphocytes are from
A
Thymus gland
20
Q
B-Lymphocytes are synthesized in
A
Bone marrow
21
Q
Platelet lifespan is
A
120 days
22
Q
Platelet count is
A
150-450x10⁹/L
23
Q
It is exposed to the blood, the innermost layer. It has an internal elastic lamina which separates the intima from the media and composed of elastin with holes that allows diffusion of the substances to nourish cell in the blood vessel. It has simple squamous epithelium and thin subendothelial layer of loose connective tissue
A
Tunica Intima or Interna
24
Q
Consists of small amount of connective tissue and a simple squamous epithelium
A
Endothelium
25
Has external elastic membrane that separates the media from the tunica adventitia. Middle and thickest layer. Has smooth muscle and external elastic tissues which allow blood vessel to change diameter
Tunica Media
26
The outermost layer of the cell. Made of strong fibrous connective tissue, or the type 1 collagen and elastic fibers that supports and protects the blood vessels.
Tunica Adventitia or Externa
27
Most common and the smallest blood vessel. It connects the arterioles with venules. The "exchange vessels".
Capillaries
28
Metabolic exchange with the blood and the surrounding tissues via diffusion to transcytosis
Exchange vessels
29
Most common type of capillary
Continuous
30
Capillary with small circular fenestrae through the very thin squamous epithelial cells
Fenestrated
31
Capillary that permits maximal exchange of macromolecules between tissues and blood
Sinusoidal
32
Fenestrated capillaries can be found in the (3)
- kidney
- intestine
- endocrine glands
33
It carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body
Arteries
34
Are the "conducting arteries". It has the largest diameter and has the thickest one. It expands as blood surges into them and recoil when ventricles relax
Elastic arteries
35
Examples of elastic arteries (2)
- aorta
- common carotid artery
36
The "distributing arteries". It is a medium sized, it has a small diameter. Can carry blood further away from the heart to specific areas of the body
Muscular arteries
37
Examples of muscular arteries (3)
- brachial arteries
- femoral arteries
- renal arteries
38
It delivers blood to capillaries. The smallest artery.
Arterioles
39
Continuation of axillary artery which is mostly used for routine blood pressure measurement
Brachial artery
40
Often used palpated to measure the pulse
Radial artery
41
There are how many locations where you can feel the pulse
7
42
The 7 locations where you can feel the pulse
- temporal artery
- carotid artery
- brachial artery
- radial artery
- femoral artery
- popliteal artery
- dorsalis ventris artery
43
Supply pelvic organs including the thigh and lower extremities
Iliac arteries
44
Areas susceptible for injuries that can result to hemorrhage or nerve damage and pulse can also be detected here
Femoral triangle
45
The major arteries branching off the iliac arteries (7)
- internal iliac artery
- external iliac artery
- femoral artery
- popliteal artery
- anterior tibial artery
- posterior tibial artery
- dorsalis pedis artery
46
Carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries to the heart
Veins
47
The types of veins (3)
- large veins
- medium-sized veins
- venules
48
Collects blood from capillaries and drain into veins
Venules
49
Walls of the veins are much thinner than _____ because they do not have to withstand high internal pressure
Arteries
50
More superficial of the jugular vein. Drains blood from the skull, facial muscle and other superficial structures
External jugular vein
51
It receive most of the blood from the brain as well as face. It also merges into the subclavian vein in which in turn, becomes the brachiocephalic vein
Internal jugular vein
52
Main body's vein and is divided into two
Vena cava
53
Vena cava that receives blood from the head, shoulder, and arms
Superior vena cava
54
Vena cava that receives blood from the lower part of the body
Inferior vena cava
55
Is a frequent site for the administration of intravenous fluid
Cephalic vein
56
Most common site for growing blood or for blood extractions
Median cubital vein
57
Longest vein in body. Frequently harvested for use as graph in a coronary bypass surgery
Great saphenous
58
Broadest part, at the upper right. Where great vessels enter and leave the heart
Base
59
Pointed end, at the lower left. Point of maximum impulse, wherein the strongest and the loudest vein/beat can be felt or heard. Lies on the diaphragm
Apex
60
The heart is located ?
Posteriorly between the 2nd costal cartilage and the 6th costal cartilage
61
Surrounds the heart, double layer of fibrous tissue
Pericardium
62
Pericardium that is the outermost layer. Is the loose fitting sac of strong connective tissue
Fibrous pericardium
63
Pericardium that is divided into two layers: Parietal and visceral layer (epicardium). It covers the heart or veins
Serous pericardium
64
Layer in the serous pericardium that lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer
65
Layer of the serous pericardium that covers the heart's surface
Visceral layer/epicardium
66
It contains a lubricating fluid called pericardial fluid
Pericardial cavity
67
This fluid prevents the two layers (fibrous and serous) from rubbing against each other and creating frictions as the heart beats
Pericardial fluid
68
Inner layer of the heart wall, consists of squamous epithelial cells and covers the heart's chambers and blood vessels
Endocardium
69
Middle layer of the heart wall, consists of cardiac muscle tissue. The thickest and performs the work of the heart and is capable of constant contractions and relaxations that creates the pumping necessary to maintain the flow of the blood throughout the body
Myocardium
70
The outer layer of the heart wall and the visceral layer. Consists of a thin layer of squamous epithelial cells that covers the heart surface. Also has cellular layer
Epicardium
71
The upper chambers
Right and left atrium
72
Lower chambers
Right and left ventricles
73
Located between atria and ventricles. Has two types: Tricuspid and Bicuspid (Mitral) valve
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
74
Prevents backflow from the Right ventricle to right atrium
Tricuspid valve
75
Prevents backflow from left ventricle to left atrium
Bicuspid (Mitral) valve
76
It is a heart valve that is divided into two: Pulmonary and aortic valve
Semilunar valves
77
Prevents backflow from pulmonary artery to right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
78
Prevents backflow from aorta to left ventricle
Aortic valve
79
Bring deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from all parts of the body
Superior and inferior vena cava
80
Takes blood away from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygen
Pulmonary artery
81
Bring oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Pulmonary veins
82
Takes blood away from the left ventricle to the rest of the body
Aorta
83
Receives blood from the coronary veins and empties the blood into the right atrium
Coronary sinus
84
System of blood vessels that carries blood from the right ventricle through the lungs and back to the left atrium. Involves right ventricle, lungs, and left atrium. Includes a network of arteries, veins, and lymphatics that functions to exchange blood to other tissues of the lungs and heart and vice versa. Our pulmonary arteries carry oxygen poor blood (or deoxygenated) from the heart to the lungs. While the blood is in the lungs, the blood diverges into the numerous pulmonary arteries wherein it releases carbon dioxide and is replenish the oxygen
Pulmonary circulation
85
System of blood vessels that carries blood from the left ventricle through all parts of the body and back to the right atrium. Involves the left ventricle, tissues of the body, and the right atrium. Carries oxygenated (oxygen rich) blood
Systemic circulation
86
Decreased RBC count with abnormal hemoglobin
Anemia
87
Increased RBC count
Polycythemia
88
Increased RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
Polycythemia vera
89
An elevated WBC count
Leukocytosis
90
An abnormally low WBC count
Leukopenia
91
Cancer of the blood or bone marrow
Leukemia
92
An elevated platelet count
Thrombocytosis
93
An abnormally low platelet count
Thrombocytopenia
94
The formation of blood clot in a blood vessel
Thrombosis
95
Localized clotted mass of blood
Hematoma
96
The ballooning out of an artery caused by a weakening of the blood vessel. Cause is the development of atherosclerosis combines with high blood pressure, total weakness of blood vessels, trauma, bacterial infections.
Aneurysm
97
Occurs when the arterial walls thicken
Arteriosclerosis
98
Occurs when deposits of fat form along the walls of the arteries
Atherosclerosis
99
Swollen veins result from a slowing of blood flow back to the heart
Varicose veins
100
Most common site for aneurysm (3)
- Aorta
- renal arteries
- circle of arteries/circular at the base of the brain
101
If aneurysm rupture
Massive hemorrhage will result
102
The high blood pressure or "silent killer". It requires the heart to work harder than normal. Major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, heart failure and may lead to kidney damage
Hypertension
103
A person is considered hypertensive if the systolic blood pressure is greater than ____ and diastolic pressure is greater than _____
140 and 90 mmHg
104
The big arterial pressure during ventricular activity contraction or systole
Systolic blood pressure
105
Minimum arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation or diastole
Diastolic pressure
106
Sound when taking blood pressure
Korotkoff sound
107
When patient has hypertension, there is a high rate of developing ______ and this increases the probability of blood clot and blood cell/vessel will rupture
Arteriosclerosis
108
Any change or deviation from the normal rate of rhythm of the heart
Arrhythmia
109
Slow heart rate (fewer than 60 beats/min)
Bradycardia
110
Rapid heart rate (more than 100 beats/min)
Tachycardia
111
Indicate some defects in the valves of the heart
Murmurs
112
Heart attack; caused by a lack of blood supply to the myocardium
Myocardial infarction
113
Inflammation of the outer membrane covering the heart
Pericarditis
114
Inflammation of the heart muscle
Myocarditis
115
Inflammation of the membrane that lines the heart and covers the wall
Endocarditis
116
A temporary heart condition brought on by stressful situations. People with this syndrome may have sudden chest pain or think they're having a heart attack. Symptoms are chest pain and shortness of breath. It is treatable and it reverses in days or weeks
Broken heart syndrome/takotsubo cardiomyopathy
117
Why is it called "Takotsubo cardiomyopathy"?
Because it refers to an apical ballooning syndrome or stress cardiomyopathy
