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Physiological Systems > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the upper respiratory system consist of

A

Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx

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2
Q

What does the Lower respiratory system consist of

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles

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3
Q

What is our lung size due to

A

Body size and oxygen demand for metabolism

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4
Q

Which gender has a higher vital lung capacity

A

Males with more than 4L and females with Less than 4L

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5
Q

What is the difference between male and female vital lung capacity

A

1.5L

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6
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have

A

3

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7
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have

A

2 lobes

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8
Q

Why does the left lobe have different shapes

A

Due to the cavity notch having to accommodate the heart

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9
Q

What does the primary bronchi divide into

A

The secondary and tertiary bronchi

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10
Q

What does the trachea and bronchi have around them

A

Rings of cartilage

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11
Q

What does the rings of cartilage provide

A

A rigid structure

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12
Q

What happens to the rings of cartilage as we go further down the bronchi

A

Turn into plates of cartilage

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13
Q

Why is it important for the rings or cartilage turn into plates of cartilage

A

Important for lungs to function as it’s more flexible

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14
Q

What is the alveoli covered in

A

Capillaries

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15
Q

What happens in gas exchange

A

Oxygen is absorbed for cellular respiration (to form ATP) and co2 is released ( which is metabolism waste)

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16
Q

What does the trachealis muscle do

A

Controls the airways by opening and closing

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17
Q

What are the lungs used for during foetal life

A

To produce surfactant

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18
Q

Why do the lungs produce surfactant during foetal life

A

So are ready to breathe air at birth

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19
Q

What do alveolar epithelial type 2 cells produce

A

Surfactant

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20
Q

What does surfactant reduce

A

Reduces surface tension

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21
Q

What do alveolar epithelial type 1 cells for

A

Gas exchange (O2 and CO2)

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22
Q

When do type 2 cells mature

A

Late in pregnancy (week 36)

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23
Q

What can premature babies develop if type 2 cells mature late in pregnancy

A

Respiratory distress syndrome

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24
Q

What are type 1 and 2 cells also referred as

A

Pneumocyte

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25
Q

What is the function of alveolar macrophage

A

To engulf bacteria

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26
Q

Inspiration is what kind of process

A

An active process

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27
Q

What happens to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles during inspiration

A

They contract which increases the thoracic cavity

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28
Q

What pressure does air flow into the lungs

A

Negative

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29
Q

What process is expiration

A

Passive process

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30
Q

What happens to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles during expiration

A

They relax and the thoracic cavity recoils to its resting position

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31
Q

What pressure does air flow out of the lungs

A

Positive

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32
Q

What type of process is breathing

A

Cyclic process

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33
Q

What is the purpose of breathing

A

To maintain high O2 levels and low CO2 levels

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34
Q

What type of muscles are used if exercising or taking a deep breath

A

Accessory respiration muscles (inhalation)

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35
Q

What does eupnic breathing mean

A

At rest breathing

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36
Q

What does a high O2 level stimulate

A

Inspiration

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37
Q

What type of receptors are in the medulla and what does it do

A

There are chemoreceptors which sense a change in O2 levels so stimulates deeper breathing (increase of O2 levels)

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38
Q

What does the medulla do

A

Monitors falling Ph levels in cerebrospinal fluid and blood

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39
Q

What happens to breathing rate and depth when CO2 increases

A

It increases

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40
Q

What does exercise change breathing from and to

A

From 5L to 100L per minute

41
Q

What is oxygen therapy

A

Breathing air enriched with O2

42
Q

When is oxygen therapy used

A

It’s used in medical emergencies and in chronic illnesses such as COPD

43
Q

Why is oxygen therapy used

A

To reduce respiratory distress

44
Q

What is breathing controlled by

A

The autonomic nervous system

45
Q

What do the pons do

A

Allow voluntary control and smooths out the transition between breathing in and out

46
Q

What is rhythm set by

A

The pre botzinger complex

47
Q

What are the two types of nuclei in our brain called

A

Chemoreceptors and pre botzinger complex

48
Q

What do the nerves in the medulla stimulate

A

Stimulates breathing (diaphragm and rib cages to inhale and exhale)

49
Q

What is the thoracic cavity

A

An enclosed system

50
Q

Where does each lung sit inside

A

Pleural cavity

51
Q

What is the pleural cavity lined with

A

Pleural membrane

52
Q

What lubricates lung movement

A

Intrapleural fluid

53
Q

What type of muscle is the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

A

Skeletal muscles

54
Q

What does the elastic tissue in the lungs and thoracic wall enable

A

Chest to relax and exhale passively

55
Q

What type of pressures are involved in respiration

A

Atmospheric pressure (Patm)
Alveolar pressure (Palv)
Intrapleural pressure (Pip)
Trans pulmonary pressure (tp)

56
Q

how are the lungs kept expanded (refer to pressure)

A

the difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure is negative (-4mmHg) which is called transpulmonary pressure

57
Q

what is compliance

A

how elasticated the lungs are

58
Q

how does thickening of lungs affect compliance

A

thickening reduces compliance which means more transpulmonary pressure is needed to change the lungs volume

59
Q

what is Boyle’s law

A

gases in a closed system

60
Q

relating to boyle’s law what happens to the pressure if it’s an increased volume

A

pressure decreases as the gas molecules have more space to move

61
Q

relating to Boyle’s law what happens to pressure if there’s a decreased volume

A

the pressure increases as there is less space for the gas molecules to move

62
Q

how does air flow

A

down a pressure gradient

63
Q

what is the equation for flow

A

flow = P1-P2/R

64
Q

how can airway resistance be determined

A

by the diameter of the airway. if the diameter of an airway is increased then there is reduced resistance

65
Q

describe the pressure and airflow during inspiration

A
  • the thoracic volume increases
    -the pressure in the lungs decreases
    -air flows through the airway to the lower pressure in the lungs (down a pressure gradient)
66
Q

describe the pressure and air flow during expiration

A

-the thoracic volume decreases
-the pressure in the lungs increases
-air flows through the airways to lower pressure which is outside the body (down a pressure gradient)

67
Q

what is tidal volume

A

normal breathing which is approx 500ml but can increase with exercise

68
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume

A

deep breath, air that is inspired after normal inspiration. approx 3L

69
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume

A

air exhaled after normal expiration which is approx 1.2L

70
Q

what is residual volume

A

left over breath in the lungs which is approx 1.2L

71
Q

what is vital capacity

A

total amount of air exhaled after maximum inhalation (erv+,irv+ tv) which is approx 3.4L for women and 4.8L for men

72
Q

what is functional reserve capacity

A

volume of air in the lungs after normal exhalation which is approx 2.4L (ERV + RV)

73
Q

what is total lung capacity

A

volume of air in the lungs after maximum inhalation

74
Q

what is minute ventilation

A

volume of air inhaled after 1 minute

75
Q

what is the calculation of minute ventilation

A

tidal volume x respiratory rate which is normally 600ml/min

76
Q

what is alveolar ventilation affected by

A

breathing rate and depth

77
Q

what is the anatomical dead space

A

150ml (volume of the conducting airways)

78
Q

what is volume alveolar ventilation

A

4200ml/min

79
Q

what is the lung test

A

forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)

80
Q

what is the variant of the vital capacity in the lung test

A

it’s maximum inspiration then volume is expired as fast as possible

81
Q

what does the ratio of the total volume expired to the total volume expired in 1 second show about pulmonary function

A

if the ration is more than 80% then lungs are healthy, unobstructed and unrestricted but if less than 80% then may have obstructive pulmonary disease

82
Q

what are examples of breathing disorders in humans

A

-acidocis/alkalosis which are caused by too much/ not enough breathing
-respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary fibrosis which causes the total lung capacity to be less than 80%
-obstructive lung diseases (asthma) and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (emphysema) leads to reduced forced vital capacity

83
Q

name lower airway obstruction diseases

A

emphysema, cystic fibrosis, asthma, chronic bronchitis

84
Q

name upper airway obstruction diseases

A

upper airway tumor, epiglottis, foreign body obstruction

85
Q

what does breathing provide that is needed for metabolism

A

O2

86
Q

what is the metabolic rate

A

the rate cells use O2 to produce energy which is 20k joules/litre of O2 can increase by 10% when exercising (300Kjoules /hour at rest)

87
Q

when glucose is oxidised what does it produce

A

CO2, metabolic H2O and ATP

88
Q

is metabolism aerobic or anaerobic

A

aerobic

89
Q

is metabolism aerobic or anaerobic during exercise and what does it produce

A

anaerobic and it produces lactic acid (so less ATP is produced)which is changed into pyruvate (by the liver)

90
Q

what does the circulatory system do during gas exchange

A

it carries O2 to the tissues and removes CO2 from the tissues

91
Q

what does the pulmonary system do during gas exchange

A

takes in O2 from the air and removes CO2 from the body

92
Q

what does the systemic circulation do during gas exchange

A

carries O2 to the tissues and removes CO2 from the tissues

93
Q

what type of pressure do the gases diffuse down

A

a partial pressure gradient

94
Q

What is the partial pressure of o2

A

159mmHg

95
Q

What is the partial pressure of CO2

A

0.3

96
Q

Alveolar Partial pressure of o2

A

130mmHg

97
Q

Alveolar partial pressure of co2

A

27mmHg

98
Q

Why is blood flow to the lungs when standing greatest at the base compared to top

A

Due to gravity and low pulmonary blood pressure

99
Q

Why is haemoglobin efficient in gas exchange

A

They carry co2 so the can be removed and o2 binds to it so it can be transported

Physiological Systems (7 decks)

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