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Physiological Systems > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the nervous system

A

•Function is control and co-ordination
• it’s fast, has short lived responses and is electrically mediated

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2
Q

What are examples of glial cells

A

Ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes

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3
Q

What do ependymal cells do

A

Assist in the production of cerebrospinal fluid

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4
Q

What are microglia and what do they do

A

•They are immune cells for our brain •remove debris waste by phagocytosis (phagocytic)
•can recruit other white blood cells

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5
Q

What do astrocytes do

A

•Absorb/recycle neurotransmitters
•involved in regulating/recycling neurotransmitters
•also highlighted by GSAP markers
•formation of blood brain barrier

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6
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do

A

•Myelinate central nervous system dendrites (up to 50 axon)

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7
Q

What are neurons

A

The functional units of the nervous system

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8
Q

What type of cells are the most important in the brain

A

Glial cells as they do everything a neuron can’t do

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9
Q

What can glial cells do

A

•store glycogen
•potassium buffering
•contact every synapse in brain

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10
Q

What do we have more of glial cells or neurons?

A

Glial cells

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11
Q

What cells in the peripheral nervous system myelinate axons

A

Schwann cells

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12
Q

What is the function of neurons

A

To process information which are mediated by neuronal membrane functions

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13
Q

What are the three regions of a neuron

A

• cell body and dendrites (receive info- inputs)
•axon (needed for transmission
•axon terminals (contacts other neuron to pass the info-outputs)

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14
Q

How are neurons classified

A

Based on their structure

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15
Q

Where are the purkinjee neurons located

A

In the cerebellum

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16
Q

unipolar neuron

A

Cell body in the middle but not directly attached

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17
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Cell body in middle and directly attached to axon

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18
Q

Suniunipolar neuron

A

Cell body to the side

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19
Q

What is an afferent neuron

A

A sensory neuron (carry nerve impulse from skin to spinal cord)

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20
Q

What is an efferent neuron

A

A motor neuron (carry info from the spinal cord to muscle)

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21
Q

What is divergence

A

The spread of info to several neurons

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22
Q

What is convergence

A

When there are several neurons synapse on a single neuron so lots of info is collected together in one area of the brain

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23
Q

What is serial processing

A

When one neuron sends info to another (stepwise processing of information)

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24
Q

What is parallel processing

A

When lots of neurons receive the same info (divergence has to occur)
Example reflection arc (stepping on a pin)

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25
Q

What is reverberation

A

Positive feedback loop
Example maintenance of wakefulness (reinforcing you’re awake)

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26
Q

What is the central nervous system split into

A

The brain and spinal cord

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27
Q

What what protects our brain

A

•bone
•cerebrospinal fluid
•meninges

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28
Q

What are the three roots the spinal cord split into

A

Cervical root, thoracic root and lumbar root

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29
Q

Name the lobes in the brain

A

Parietal lobe, frontal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe

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30
Q

What are the divisions of the brain

A

•Medulla
•pons
•midbrain
•limbic system
•diencephalon
•cerebrum
•cerebellum

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31
Q

As you go down the divisions of the brain what happens

A

It’s complexity increases

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32
Q

What is the oldest part of the brain

A

The medulla

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33
Q

What is the function of the medulla

A

•autonomic control
•carries out basic functions

34
Q

What is the origin of the cranial nerve

A

The medulla

35
Q

What is the midbrain part of

A

The reticular formation

36
Q

What is the reticular formation

A

Maintenance of wakefulness and aspects of visual and auditory processing

37
Q

How many cranial nerves are there

A

12

38
Q

Where are nerves supplied to

A

head and neck but not vagus nerve

39
Q

What is the diencephalon split into

A

Hypothalamus and thalamus

40
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A

•Controls release of own and different hormones of the pituitary gland
•controls body temperature
•nerves in hypothalamus regulate behavioural patterns like eating

41
Q

What is the function of the thalamus

A

Acts as a filter as it’s the final relay point for sensory information that will go into cortex

42
Q

Where is there cerebellum situated

A

Below the cerebrum and behind the brainstem

43
Q

What is the cerebellum divided into

A

2 lobes that are further divided into 9 lobules

44
Q

What does the cerebellum consist of

A

Outer grey matter and internal white matter

45
Q

What connects the cerebellum to the brainstem

A

3 pairs of nerve fibres called cerebellar peduncles

46
Q

What are the cerebellar peduncles

A

•inferior= cerebellum - medulla
•middle= cerebellum - pons
•superior= cerebellum- midbrain

47
Q

What does the inferior cerebellar peduncle do

A

Receives inputs from proprioceptors (sensory receptors)

48
Q

What does the middle cerebellar peduncle do

A

Voluntary motor activity

49
Q

What does the superior cerebellar peduncle do

A

Fibres from cerebellum to motor cortex via thalamus

50
Q

What can happen if there is a loss of cerebellum

A

Significant motor abnormalities such as:
•staggering walk and difficulty standing- cerebellar ataxia
•loss of coordination (asynergia) and muscle tone (hyptonia)

51
Q

Why is there electrical stimulation in the cerebellum

A

To avoid losing sensation or movement

52
Q

What is the function the cerebellum

A

Controls postural muscles and for rapid muscular activity such as typing

53
Q

The cerebrum is split into 2 cerebral hemispheres but by what

A

Longitudinal fissures

54
Q

How made lobes does each hemisphere have

A

4 lobes

55
Q

What are the 2 hemispheres connected by

A

The corpus callosum

56
Q

Which one grows quicker the white matter or cortex

A

The cortex

57
Q

What is the outer layer of the hemispheres

A

The cortex

58
Q

What are peaks called

A

Gyri

59
Q

What are troughs called

A

Sulci

60
Q

What is the cortex divided into

A

Motor, sensory, association and integrative areas

61
Q

what is an action potential

A
  • communication of information
  • conduction of info along a nerve cell
  • membrane phenomenon
62
Q

what’s the intracellular recording of an action potential

A
  • depolarisation: decrease in membrane potential so it becomes less negative
  • repolarisation: increase in membrane potential so it becomes more negative
  • hyperpolarisation: the membrane potential returns to it’s resting membrane potential.
63
Q

what is the ionic basis of an action potential

A

firstly, Na+ increases in permeability so it’s removed from the extracellular fluid. The peak of the action potential is almost the same value as the Na+ electrochemical equilibrium potential (as nernst suggests) which means increased Na+ permeability is needed. the Na+ moves as the voltage gated Na+ channels open

64
Q

what binds to phosphorylation sites

A

lots of toxins are produced which then bind to it

65
Q

what triggers an action potential

A
  • depolarisation to threshold has to occur before an action potential can be generated.
  • the depolarisation has to bring the membrane at the axon hillock to threshold which is normally 15-30 mV (above resting membrane potential).
66
Q

what happens at threshold

A

the voltage gated sodium channels open (depolarisation) which causes an influx of sodium ions.

67
Q

what happens at the action potential peaks

A
  • reversal of membrane potential from -60mv to +40mv
  • the inactivation of the sodium channels starts to occur meaning the channels start to close when the membrane potential reaches +30mv (don’t open again until repolarisation)
  • the voltage regulated potassium channels start to open
68
Q

what happens when the action potential returns to rest

A
  • the potassium ions move out of the cell across a electrochemical gradient (passive movement, repolarisation)
  • the membrane potential starts to return to resting level
  • K+ channels close
  • a little hyperpolarisation occurs
  • the sodium-potassium pump restores the intracellular and extracellular ion concentration back.
69
Q

what is the refractory period

A

this is the period of time where the first action potential is generated and it’s impossible or difficult to generate a second one.

70
Q

what is the relative refractory period

A
  • relative RP is when the sodium channels regain their resting conditions to when the membrane potential is at resting level (membrane is excitable and even stronger if threshold applied)
71
Q

what is the absolute RP

A
  • the time from when the sodium channels open to when inactivated which is 0.4 - 1second
    the membrane is inexciteable
72
Q

what does resting suggest about the membrane potential

A

that it’s stable

73
Q

what are membrane potentials measured as

A

voltage

74
Q

what is the value of resting membrane potential

A

-70mv to -90mv

75
Q

what surrounds a neuron

A

plasma membrane

76
Q

what are two types of plasma membrane

A

extracellular and intracellular fluid

77
Q

what is the difference between the composition of extracellular and intracellular fluid

A
  • one difference is that extracellular fluid has higher levels of Na+ (145) compared to intra (20)
  • another difference is that intracellular fluid has higher K+ levels (150) compared to extra (4)
78
Q

what causes the difference in the compositions between extracellular and intracellular fluids

A

the sodium/potassium pump is electronegative

79
Q

what is K+ efflux

A

when potassium ions leave a cell

80
Q

what is Na+ influx

A

when sodium ions enter a cell

81
Q

what can K+ efflux develop on a membrane

A

can lead to the development of a voltage across a membrane

Physiological Systems (7 decks)

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