Homeostasis and Diversity Flashcards
What is homeostasis
•Means steady state
•an internal environment is maintained relatively constant
•internal dynamic equilibrium
Why do cells need stability
For optimal function
What in the body is kept stable
•ECF (extracellular fluid)
•interstitial fluid
•plasma
•ph, temp, hormone and nutrient levels
What are the elements in a control system
Detector, comparator, effectors
regulated variable
A sensor exists to keep this variable in the limits
Nonregulated variable
Changes to control the regulated variable
What can happen if there is a loss of homeostasis
Can lead to disease
What is feed forward
•limits change
• it’s anticipatory behaviour which reduces disruption to set points
Anatomy
Scientific description of the structure of organisms
Physiology
Part of science that is concerned with the processes and functions of organisms
Physiological
Normal healthy functioning
Pathology
Part of science that is concerned with the cause, origin and nature of disease
Levels of physiology
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, whole body, reproduction
What are 4 types of tissue
Epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle tissue
What are 4 types of cells
Muscle, neural, epithelial and connective tissue cells
What are neural cells
Signalling cells
What are muscle cells
Contractile cells
What are epithelial cells
•Sheet-like external body covering
•internal cavity lining and renal tubules
•specialised endocrine cells
Where are connective tissue cells found
They are found in blood, lymph, bone, fat, tendons
Why do motor neurons have long axons
They have to travel long distances
State 2 neurons
Hippocampal pyramidal neuron and the motor neuron to muscle
State 3 types of muscle
Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle
What do compact bones form
Haversian systems
Examples of white blood cells
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes
Where are platelets found
Blood
What is a tissue
A collection of cells that carry out a specific function
What is an organ
When 2 or more tissues carry out a specific function
What is an organ system
2 or more organs work together
What are the internal fluid compartments
Total body volume which is divided into total body water, intracelular fluid and extra cellular fluid. The extra cellular fluid is subdivided into interstitial fluid and plasma
How many organ system’s do we have
11
What is the food processing system
Gastrointestinal system
What is the gas exchange system
Respiratory system
What is the distribution system
Cardiovascular system
What is the excretory system
Renal system
What system is responsible for movement and support
Muscular and skeletal system
What are the control systems
Nervous and endocrine (hormones) system
What is the protective system
Integumentary (skin) and immune system
What is the reproductive system
Gender specific systems
What are the main hormone producing tissues
Hypothalamus (dopamine), adrenal gland (adrenaline), thyroid gland (thyroid hormone - T3 T4), testes (testosterone), ovaries (oestrogen and progesterone), pancreas (insulin), pituitary gland (FSH and LH), parathyroid gland (parathyroid hormone)
What does negative feedback maintain
Homeostasis
What type of disorder can failure of homeostasis cause
•diabetes (insulin failure)
•heat stroke
•neuroendocrine disorders
•hypertension (high blood pressure)
•obesity
What is negative feedback
When a change in a variable initiates a response which cancels out the change
What is positive feedback
When a change in a variable initiates more disruption which amplifies the initial change
Which type of feedback is most important
Negative feedback
