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Physiological Systems > circulatory and vascular system > Flashcards

circulatory and vascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what is this system divided into

A

divided into 2 : taking blood away from the heart (arteries) and back to the heart (veins)

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2
Q

what type of blood does the left side of the heart carry?

A

oxygenated blood

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3
Q

what type of blood does the right side of the heart carry

A

deoxygenated blood

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4
Q

name some types of blood vessels

A
  • elastic conducting arteries
  • muscular distributing arteries
  • arterioles
  • capillaries
  • venules
  • veins
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5
Q

what is the tunica intima

A
  • its the innermost layer
  • endothelium
  • thin/single layer
  • has tight junctions to prevent leaks
  • produces vasoactive substances (dialate or constrict)
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6
Q

what is the tunica media

A
  • its the middle layer
  • connective tissue and smooth muscle
  • adds strength so can withstand a lot of pressure
  • has internal/external lamina
  • has nerves for sympathetic innervation
  • its important for the control of blood pressure as can change diameter.
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7
Q

what is the tunica adventitia/ externa

A
  • connective tissue (collagen and elastin)
  • controls over expansion /collapse
  • vasa-vasorum (needed if blood vessels are too big- so own blood supply) in some large vessels
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8
Q

what is endothelial dysfunction

A

when the large blood vessels on the hearts surface constrict instead of dialating

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9
Q

composition of capillaries

A
  • very small lumen
  • wall is one cell thick (endothelium)
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10
Q

composition of arteries

A
  • small lumen
  • thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres
  • thick outer wall
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11
Q

composition of veins

A
  • large lumen
  • thin layer of muscle and elastic fibres
  • fairly thin outer wall
  • has valves
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12
Q

what is the difference between arteries and veins

A
  • veins have valves and arteries don’t
  • arteries have thick layers whereas veins have thin layers
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13
Q

how is the diameter of blood vessels regulated

A

by mediators which are released by the inner layer endothelial cell. these mediators are called vasoconstrictors and vasodialators

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14
Q

what are examples of vasoconstrictors

A

noradrenalin, endothelin, thromboxane and adrenaline

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15
Q

what are examples of vasodialators

A

histamine, nitric acid, bradykinin and adenosine

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16
Q

composition of venules

A
  • narrow lumen
  • no tunica media
17
Q

composition of medium diameter veins

A
  • thin tunica media
  • some smooth muscle
18
Q

composition of large diameter veins

A
  • thick tunica externa
  • relatively thick tunica media
18
Q

what is blood flow controlled by

A

the vasoconstriction or dialation of small arteries or arterioles

18
Q

composition of larger veins

A
  • has valves
  • varicose veins form in valves
19
Q

what are precapillary sphincters

A

they help control blood flow in capillaries

20
Q

what are smooth muscle contractions and relaxation of precapillary sphincters regulated by

A

by local (metabolism) and extrinsic (neural) mechanisms

21
Q

what happens to blood flow to skeletal muscle and intestines when exercising

A

the blood flow to skeletal muscles increases but flow to the intestines decreases

22
Q

Are there valves in the veins in the brain

A

No

23
Q

Why is the flow slow in the capillaries for gas exchange

A

For better gas and nutrients exchange

24
Q

Describe the exchange of fluids in the capillaries

A

There is a net of loss of fluid that goes in the interstitial fluid causing a fall in blood pressure. The plasma protein causes an osmotic gradient.
The fluids then form urine in the kidneys and lymph

25
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries found and not found

A

They are found in tissues all over the body but not in the CNS, bone marrow and epidermis

26
Q

Why is the fluid that enters the lymph capillaries returned to the blood

A

To prevent edema (swelling fit to accumulated fluid) and to maintain normal blood pressure and volume

27
Q

What vein does the lymph flow to

A

Subclavian vein

28
Q

What type of white blood cells does lymphatic fluid contain and not contain

A

Contains white blood cells but no red blood cells

29
Q

What system are the lymph nodes also part of

A

Immune system

Physiological Systems (7 decks)

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