RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
serve as a passageway for air to pass to and from the lungs;
Nose
filters impurities and humidifies.
Nose
external openings of nasal cavities
Nostril / Nares
other term for nasal cavity
vestibule
narrow vertical divider that separates the nasal cavities
Nasal septum
upper chambers of the nasal cavities; increase the surface area
conchae
air-filled extensions of the nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
serves as a resonating chamber in speech
paranasal sinuses
hair-like projections which help in filtering out hair
vibrissae
common site of infection
sinuses
Inflammation of the sinus
sinusitis
Frontal Sinus
Pain is felt above the eyebrow
Ethmoid Sinus
Pain in and around eyes
Maxillary Sinus
Pain around cheeks
Sphenoid Sinus
Pain behind eyes
Common causative organisms: Sinusitis
a. Streptococcus pneumoniae
b. Haemophilus influenza
c. Moraxella catarrhalis
Catarrhal symptoms
coryza (runny nose)
Other symptoms of Sinusitis
= headache, ear pain, fever
TYPE OF SINUSITIS
Viral
Acute
Chronic
Fungal
Viral sinusitis
infects mucus membranes of sinus (no meds)
Acute Sinusitis
Due to allergic reaction
Chronic Sinusitis
2 wks after upper respiratory tract infection
Fungal sinusitis
Caused by candida albicans
Why not ASA
Possibility to develop nasal polyps
Codeine
- For pain
Instruct not to drive
↑OFI
Codeine- SE:
drowsiness, constipation
Antibiotic of Sinusitis
Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin
7-10 days
Nasal congestion of Sinusitis
Dimetap, Sudafed
Dimetap, Sudafed. How long?
24-72 hours
Tube-like structure that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx
PHARYNX
Three regions of Pharynx:
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
The pharynx functions as a_______________________________.
passageway for the respiratory and digestive tracts
It regulates the passage of air to the lungs and food and fluid to the esophagus
LARYNGOPHARYNX
Muscular, box-shaped passageway posterior to the nose
NASOPHARYNX
Includes the back part of tongue , tonsils, soft palate, and the sides and walls of the throat
OROPHARYNX
Keeps food and liquid from getting into the respiratory system
EPIGLOTTIS
A lymph node that help to filter out bacteria and prevent other germs to prevent infection in the body
TONSILS
1-3x a year
TONSILLITIS
Causative agent of TONSILLITIS:
GABHS
S/SX of Tonsillitis
a. Dysphagia
b. Throat discomfort (hot and acidic beverages)
c. Halitosis
d. Fever
To Relieve s/sx of tonsillitis
warm saline gargle
Eliminate bacteria
↑OFI
Surgery of tonsillitis; how many times in a year?
4-6x a year
Pre Op tonsillitis: the pt. should not have a URTI?
yes, to prevent wound dehiscence
Pre Op tonsillitis: Check prothrombin time
prone to bleeding
Bleeding s/sx
FHHDM
frequent swallowing
hemoptysis
hypotension
decrease loc
melena
black tarry stool / swallowed blood
Melena (normal 1-3 days)
Recommended position after tonsillectomy when unconscious
Prone with head turned to side with pillow under chest
Recommended position after tonsillectomy once awake
semi-fowlers (promote lung expansion)
TT: Provide ice – cold fluids
ice chips
Avoid ASA in?
Tonsillectomy
________ is contraindicated after tonsillectomy, including ice cream
Milk; makes secretion viscous
Avoid red/dark-colored fluids/beverages
it mask signs of bleeding
Avoid coughing, sneezing, blowing nose for________
1-2 weeks= cause wound dehiscence
TT: Expected color of stool for few days
black tarry stool (melena)
Voice box
LARYNX
A cartilaginous epithelium – lined structure that connects the pharynx and trachea
LARYNX
TOTAL LARYNGECTOMY (s/sx)
hint: LL
o Loss of voice
o Loss of smell
Larynx Major function:
vocalization
Initial manifestation of laryngeal Ca:
persistent hoarseness of voice
Also protects the lower airway from foreign substances and facilitates coughing
LARYNX
After total laryngectomy? Inability to:
BSWGV
Flap of cartilage located in the throat behind the tongue and in front of the larynx
EPIGLOTTIS
Forms the entrance to the larynx/ covers the larynx
EPIGLOTTIS
Windpipe
TRACHEA
Composed of smooth muscle with C-shaped rings (16-20) of cartilage at regular intervals
TRACHEA
Serves as the passage between the larynx and the bronchi; allowing the passage of air
TRACHEA
C-shaped rings
(16-20)
Paired elastic structures enclosed in the thoracic cage.
Also, Major organs of the respiratory system.
LUNGS
How many lobes does the right lung have?
right lung has 3 lobes and is slightly larger
than the left lung.
mediastinum
It is the area that contains the heart, trachea,
esophagus, and many lymph nodes.
Predisposing factors to lung
cancer
Smoking, asbestos exposure, and hereditary
factors.
Warning signs of lung cancer
PHRCA
late signs of lung cancer
WWAA
pneumonectomy
removal of a lung.
What is the recommended position for a patient
undergoing pneumonectomy?
The patient should be positioned toward the
affected side to avoid leakage of fluid on the
unaffected side.
lobectomy
removal of a lobe.
What is the recommended position for a patient
undergoing lobectomy?
The patient should be positioned toward the
unaffected side.
hallmark symptom of pneumonia
Rusty colored sputum.
What is the diagnostic test for identifying the
causative organism in pneumonia?
Sputum culture.
What is the diagnostic test for showing lung
consolidation in pneumonia?
X-ray.
What is the pleura?
A serous membrane that lines the lungs and wall of
the thorax.
function of the pleura
To lubricate the thorax and lungs and permit
smooth motion of the lungs within the thoracic
cavity with each breath.
Lungs is separated by the__________
mediastinum
lobes of lung
Right 3 lobes
Left 2 lobes
amount of fluid in the pleural space
10-20 ml.
pleural effusion
Accumulation of fluid in pleural space.
hydrothorax
Water in pleural space.
Visceral pleura
covers the lungs
Parietal pleura
lines the thorax
Blood in pleural space.
hemothorax
Air in pleural space.
pneumothorax
inflammation of the pleura.
pleurisy
pneumothorax
presence of air in the pleural
space
bronchiectasis
dilatation of the bronchioles.
hallmark symptom of bronchiectasis
persistent productive cough
alveoli
tiny air sacs that function as basic
respiratory units
Type 1 alveolar cells
form the alveolar walls and are
responsible for the major exchange of gases.
What is the recommended position during a
thoracentesis procedure?
sitting upright and leaning forward
Gold standard for diagnosing
bronchiectasis
CT scan.
What is thoracentesis?
removal of fluid or air from the
pleural cavity.
What is the recommended position after a
thoracentesis procedure?
unaffected side to prevent
leakage.
What is the major exchange that occurs in the
alveoli?
Gas exchange.
Type 2 epithelial cells
secrete surfactant
A phospholipid that lines
the inner surface and prevents alveolar collapse.
surfactant
Type 3 cells
macrophages
ingest foreign matter
and act as an important defense mechanism.
macrophages
What does the Lecithin Sphingomyelin Ratio test
measure?
The amount of 2 substances found in the amniotic
fluid during pregnancy.
normal ratio for LS ratio test?
2:1
Indication for the LS Ratio test
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).
Hallmark of emphysema
Barrel chest/ AP chest diameter.
safest amount of oxygen for patients
with emphysema
1-2 L (not to depress normal breathing).
What dietary recommendations are given for
patients with emphysema?
HIGH Protein, Vit C,
LOW carbs, ¯fat.
large tubes that connect to the trachea
BRONCHI
smaller branches of the bronchial airways
BRONCHIOLES
How many alveoli is?
300 million
about 300 million alveoli are arranged in clusters of _________.
15-20
3 Types of Alveolar cells
TYPE 1, 2, 3.
LOW PH HIGH CO2
emphysema
High Co2; teaching?
Pursed lip breathing
Respiratory alkalosis; give?
brown paper bag
Purulent sputum amount per day?
> 500 ml/day
dilatation of bronchioles means?
results to decrease ability to clear mucus
amount of fluid to withdrawn in thoracentesis
60ml
why not to exceed in 60 ml in withdrawing in throacentesis
to prevent FVD
can determine fetal lung maturity
surfactant
corticosteroids for fetal lung maturity? 2
Dexamethasone and Betamethasone
